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If you have frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates

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classical conditioning

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You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed to your eye. Blinking to the tone presented without an air puff is a

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Conditioned Response.

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Miguel was bitten by his neighbor's dog. After that, he became afraid when he saw that dog but not when he saw other dogs. This best illustrates the process of

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discrimination.

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Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy felt unexpectedly nervous when she saw her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her response to the dog best illustrates

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spontaneous recovery

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A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Kim-Li still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates

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generalization

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Matt regularly buckles his seatbelt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of

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negative reinforcement.

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Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.

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decreases; increases

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In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as

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shaping

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Young baseball players repeatedly swing at pitched balls because they occasionally hit them. This best illustrates the importance of

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partial reinforcement

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Children's tendency to imitate acts modeled on television best illustrates the importance of

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observational learning

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After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ________ memory

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short-term

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Many students review course material at various times during a semester so they will be prepared for the final exam. These students are especially likely to retain the information far into the future. This best illustrates the value of

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the spacing effect

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At a block party, Kita is introduced to eight new neighbors. Moments later, she can only remember the names of the first three and last two neighbors. Her experience illustrates

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the serial position effect

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The happier Judie is, the more readily she recalls her former teachers as warm and generous. This best illustrates that emotional states can be

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retrieval cues

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Janica studied French vocabulary in the morning and Spanish vocabulary in the afternoon. During her Spanish exam that evening, she finds herself remembering only the French terms. Her difficulty best illustrates

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interference

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After Teresa was verbally threatened by someone in a passing car, she was asked whether she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was a male rather than a female. Teresa's experience best illustrates

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the misinformation effect

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Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they first learned of the death of a close friend or family member. This best illustrates ________ memory.

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flashbulb

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Whenever Valerie feels afraid, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experience best illustrates

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mood-congruent memory

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While taking the final exam in American history, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the first president of the United States. Her difficulty most clearly illustrates

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retrieval failure

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When you are picking the correctly learned answer from several choices, you are testing your

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recognition

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To find Tabasco sauce in a large grocery store, you could systematically search every shelf in every store aisle. This best illustrates problem solving by means of

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an algorithm

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In his business dealings, Max finds that a tough competitive style of behavior is most effective. He uses the same tactics with his girlfriend, who would actually be more impressed by cooperative tenderness. Max's oversight best illustrates

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a fixation

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College students are more likely to use a condom when told that it has a 95 percent success rate than when told it has a 5 percent failure rate. This best illustrates the impact of

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framing

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Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with the ________ stage of language development.

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two-word

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Although diagnosed with autism and hardly able to speak sensibly, 18-year-old Keith can produce intricate and detailed drawings of scenes he has viewed only once. Keith illustrates a condition known as

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savant syndrome

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The older a person is when emigrating to a new country, the harder it is to learn the language. This best illustrates the importance of ________ for learning language.

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a critical period

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Before publishing her test of musical aptitude, Professor Reed gave it to a representative sample of people. This was most clearly necessary for test

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standardization

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Xavier's bathroom scale always overstates people's actual weight by exactly six pounds. The scale has ________ reliability and ________ validity.

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high; low

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Intelligence test scores are LEAST similar for

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nontwin siblings reared together

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Stereotype threat stimulates

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self-confirming expectations

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Preoccupied with their unmet need for food, volunteers on a severely restricted diet lost interest in sex and social activities. This best illustrates

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Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory

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A starving rat will lose all interest in food if its ________ is destroyed

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lateral hypothalamus

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In an attempt to lose some of the weight she gained from binge eating, Melissa uses laxatives and exercises until she is exhausted. Melissa most clearly demonstrates symptoms of

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bulimia nervosa

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In a classic experiment, obese patients whose daily caloric intake was dramatically reduced lost only 6 percent of their weight. This limited weight loss resulted from a(n) decrease in their secretion of ghrelin.

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decrease in their metabolic rate.

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Which theory suggests that you would not experience intense anger unless you were first aware of your racing heart or other symptoms of physiological arousal?

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James-Lange theory

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Antonio's car stalls in the middle of a railroad crossing just as a train is rapidly approaching. His emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by

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dilation of his pupils

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If you wrinkle your nose in disgust when presented with a strange-looking food, you are likely to experience an increasingly intense emotional aversion to the food. This best illustrates

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the facial feedback effect

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A celebrity actress experiences ever-increasing levels of professional acclaim following each successful movie role. Yet with each success, she experiences no more than a temporary surge of subjective well-being. This is best explained in terms of the

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adaptation-level phenomenon

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After receiving exciting news about the birth of a healthy grandson, Mr. Haney was easily persuaded to contribute a generous sum of money to a neighborhood church. This best illustrates the

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feel-good, do-good phenomenon

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Professor Crane was ecstatic when he learned that his research study had been approved for publication. His feelings of joy quickly disappeared, however, when he heard a colleague had three different research articles accepted for publication. His declining emotional satisfaction is best explained in terms of

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relative deprivation

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