Psychology 100 Test Answers – Flashcards
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A teratogen is a(n)
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substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm an unborn child
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Providing children with a safe haven in times of stress contributes most directly to
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secure attachment
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According to Piaget, children come to understand that the volume of a substance remains constant despite changes in its shape during the ________ stage.
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concrete operational
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According to Piaget, schemas are
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people's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences
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Parents who are demanding and yet sensitively responsive to their children are said to be
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authoritative
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Menopause refers to
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the cessation of menstruation
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If your close friend becomes obese, the odds of you likewise becoming obese increase. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on obesity.
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social influence
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The set point is
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the specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults over long periods of time
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The James-Lange theory of emotion states that
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to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event.
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The refractory period is the
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time span after orgasm during which a male cannot be aroused to another orgasm
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The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by
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Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer
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Anorexia nervosa is typically characterized by
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an obsessive fear of becoming obese
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An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is his or her
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personality
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Reaction formation refers to the process by which people
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consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious
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Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as
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unconditional positive regard
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Characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives are called
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traits
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The MMPI is an example of a(n):
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personality inventory
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The defense mechanism by which people disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others is called
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projection
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The social withdrawal and haunting nightmares of battle-scarred war veterans best illustrate symptoms of
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PTSD
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A disorder in which an individual is overexcited, hyperactive, and wildly optimistic is known as
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mania
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For the last month, Gabrielle has felt lethargic and has been unable to get out of bed in the morning. She has withdrawn from friends and family because she feels worthless and unlovable. Gabrielle is most likely suffering from
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major depressive disorder
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A generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by
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a continuous state of tension, apprehension, and autonomic nervous system arousal
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The prominent feature of mood disorders is the experience of
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emotional extremes
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Mr. Hunt believes that he is the president of the United States and that he will soon become the "King of the Universe." Mr. Hunt is most clearly suffering from
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delusions
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An integrative therapy that aims to modify both self-defeating thinking and maladaptive actions is known as
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cognitive-behavior therapy
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Selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors are frequently prescribed for the treatment of
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depression
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Light exposure therapy was developed to relieve symptoms of
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depression
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Which form of therapy would most likely help depressed patients by teaching them how to resolve disagreements with their friends?
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interpersonal psychotherapy
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A token economy represents an application of the principles of
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operant conditioning
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In treating alcohol dependency, therapists have clients consume alcohol that contains a nausea-producing drug. This technique is known as
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aversive conditioning
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The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to
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comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request
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Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to
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exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal
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Prejudice is best defined as
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an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members
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Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called
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stereotypes
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The bystander effect refers to the tendency for an observer of an emergency to withhold aid if the
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emergency is being observed by a number of other people
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The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called
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cognitive dissonance
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The understanding that something stays the same in quantity even though it's appearance changes is called
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Conservation (during the concrete phase)
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Occurs when individuals incorporate new information into existing schemas
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Assimilation
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Occurs when individuals adjust their schemas to new information
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Accommodation
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Parents are restrictive and punishing
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Authoritarian
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Parents encourage independence but set clear limits
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Authoritative
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Parents ignore or are uninvolved in the child's life
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Neglectful
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Parents place few demands on the child
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Indulgent
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The developmental change from behavior that is externally controlled to behavior that is controlled by internal, self-generated standard and principles.
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Internalization
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Moral Development
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Kohlberg's theory
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Moral thinking is based on punishments and rewards.
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Pre-conventional Morality
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Moral thinking is based on parental standards or societal laws.
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Conventional Morality
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Moral development is based on self-governing standards.
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Post-Conventional Morality
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As children grow and develop they are socialized by and socialize others—parents, peers, and others. A series of conflicts ensues and people must find a way to resolve them.
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Social Development: Erikson's theory:
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A post-narcissistic love of the human ego --- as an experience which conveys some world order and spiritual sense, no matter how dearly paid for.
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Ego integrity
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How does the environment respond to needs?
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Basic Trust vs Mistrust (0-1 year)
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Exert will, do for self. Caregivers task is to provide the appropriate amount of control.
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Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (1-3 years)
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Is a need or desire that energizes or directs behavior. It involves the question of why people behave, think, and feel the way they do. Motivated behavior is energized, directed, and sustained.
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Motivation
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The body's tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry such as blood glucose around a particular level. Homeostasis keeps the body functions within narrow limits.
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Homeostasis
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Dogs strapped into a harness and given repeated and unavoidable shocks develop
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Learned Helplessness
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Holds the key to behavior and is a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, feelings, wishes and memories.
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Freud's Theory of the Unconscious Mind
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Consists of instincts and is entirely unconscious, operates out of the pleasure principle and has no contact with reality.
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The Id
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Develops out of the demands and constraints of the environment, deals with the demands of reality, operates out of the reality principle, and houses the mental functions of reason, problem solving, and decision making.
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The Ego
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Is the moral branch of personality (morality principle), assesses the "right or wrong" of behavior, and deals with the id's sexual and aggressive impulses in moral terms.
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The Superego
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An intense fear of feeling trapped in a place where escape would be difficult or being separated from a safe place.
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Agoraphobia
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An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jump anxiety and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic incident. These anxiety-symptoms may develop immediately following a trauma or at a later time.
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
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Activates the body, especially during emergencies ("fight-or-flight").
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Sympathetic nervous system
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Is calming ("rest-and-digest").
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Parasympathetic nervous system
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Dissociative disorders are most likely characterized by
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Disruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity.
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A clinician has patient perform certain eye movements when thinking about disturbing material. Evidence from studies that included fully trained clinicians indicates that it is effective. Researchers are still not sure why it works. Many critics argue that it is simply exposure treatment.
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Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
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Is a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.
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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
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Is the study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior.
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Psychopharmacology
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An approach to psychotherapy that, depending upon a client's problem, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.
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Eclectic approach
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Is adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
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Conformity
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Is the loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
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Deindividuation
