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Neurosis

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sexual conflict between one's instinctive desires and society's punishment for an individual's direct expression of those wishes

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free association

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Psychoanalytic technique in which a person is asked to report to the therapist his or her thoughts and feelings as they occur, regardless of how trivial, illogical, or objectionable their content may appear.

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Narcissism

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results when a person withdraws energy from others and directed it toward himself.

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erogenous zones

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areas of the body that provide sexual stimulation during various psychosexual stages of development, namely the mouth, anus, and penis, although Freud regarded the entire body as a zone.

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Freud's levels of consciousness

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conscious, preconscious, unconscious

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conscious level

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defined by Freud, it is that part of the mind or mental functioning of which individuals are aware, such as sensations, feelings, and experiences. 10%

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preconscious

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One of Freud's three topographical division of the psyche. It includes those thoughts and memories that are not conscious but that may be brought into conscious by the client's or the therapists efforts. Events, thoughts, and feelings can be easily recalled. 10-15 %

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unconscious

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feature of the person's psychological function that contains experiences, wishes, impulses, and memories that are not within his or her awareness because they may provoke anxiety. lowest and deepest level or awareness or unawareness. 75- 80% of mind

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ID

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Part of the person's personality structure that is present at birth that functions to discharge tension and then to return to a state of equilibrium. From the ID (the "it") originates all drives that propel psychic life. The ID is sometimes referred to as the amoral beast within us that seeks only its own gratification through tension discharge. One task of the ego is to dominate the id. Most basic of the 3 personality structures. Contains our instincts, needs. and wishes.

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Primary Process

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In Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, resolves tension created by the pleasure principle. Instead of acting on the dangerous and unacceptable urges, the id forms a mental image of desired object to substitute for an urge in order to diffuse tension and anxiety.

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Ego

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Refers to the "I" that declass out of the id. The ego is formed by the child's identifications. Ego exists primarily at the conscious level. It has been described as the conscious self. The ego is often viewed as a mediator between the id and the superego.

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Pleasure principle

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Principle that represents our striving toward pleasure and movement away from pain. We feel pleasure when tension is relieved. The id operates not he pleasure principle.

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Reality Principle

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the ego's sense of realistic and rational adaptation to life's issues.

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Secondary process

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In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, process that discharges the tension between the ego and the id that is bought on by libidinal urges or unmet needs

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Superego

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the part of the individual's personality that represents one's moral training. It strives for perfection and is usually associated with the teaching of one's parents.

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Morality principle

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The principles of right and wrong that are accepted by an individual or a social group. The superego governs the morality principle.

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Introjection

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A psychological term that indicates a psychological action by which a person is internalized and made a part of his or her own psyche. The term if often used by object relations and self theorists. Involves a process of the individuals incorporating the norms and standards of a culture into his or her culture.

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Anxiety

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is a state of tension within us that pushes us to do or not to do something. Three types: REALITY- anxiety about the external world, NORMAL or MORAL- anxiety about the superegos (parents should and wants) and NEUROTIC anxiety- anxiety that is suppressed sexual wish might surface). Is felt only by the ego (warning signal)

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Libido

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energy created by the life instincts. The psychosexual energy that originates in the id. Contains the instinctual drives of the id. It is a source of psychic energy. Positive perspective- love, cooperation, and prosocial actions.

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Psychosexual phases

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Freud's conception of life phases that individuals go through. Each phase has an erogenous zone, area of the body where people find sexual pleasure- the mouth, oral pleasure and so on.

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Fixation

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When a person becomes stuck at a particular psychosexual stage of development . Is a defense against anxiety.

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Oral Personality

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Person fixated at the oral stage of psychosexual development. One who has an oral personality wants to suck and to take in. Oral personalities are often viewed as needy and forever hungry for approval.

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Anal Personality

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meaning one who is dominated by a tendency to hold onto or to train. People who are fixated at this stage tend to be parsimonious, stubborn, hoarding, and perfectionist.

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Oedipal complex

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A boy' tendency (unconscious) usually occurring around the age of 5, to have sexual strivings toward his mother and to want to replace the father in her affections. ( from the play, Oedipus Rex, where he kills his father and marries his mother, once finds out what he did he gouges his eyes out)

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Electra complex

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A term used to represent the feminine equivalent of the male oedipal complex. girls desire their fathers, dropped the idea in later writings

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Penis envy

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Supposed envy of women toward males. Freud maintained that women blamed their mother for leaving them without a penis.

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Analysis

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Therapeutic strategy used for the purpose of giving a persons ego more control over id impulses.

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Psychoanalysis

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A lengthy insight therapy that was developed by Freud and aims at uncovering conflicts and unconscious impulses through special techniques, including free association, dream analysis, and transference.

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Psychoanalytic approach/ training

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long term and intense (5 years). Begins with asking the person to lie down, looking away from the therapist, and expresses whatever thoughts, feelings, or images come to mind, without censoring, suppressing, or prejudging them. Therapist sits and just listens in a nonjudgmental manner. Periodically the therapist interrupts the clients associations, helping him to reflect on the possible connections and significance of the associations. As the therapist intervenes is or her role changes from passive observer to and observer and interpreter. The underlying theory is that the clients thoughts and associations come from persistent dynamic internal drives that are organized unconsciously within. Therapists goal is to make the unconscious conscious, to interpret transferences, to work through and resolve transferences, and to strengthen the clients ego so the behavior is based more on reality and less or irrational guilty or urges. Childhood experiences are reconstructed, interpreted, and analyzed. IS directed toward achieving insight and self understanding.

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Blank screen

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Therapists stance or position that is assumed during therapy. Classical therapists use it to promote client transference. Very little self disclosure.

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Transference

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the client's unconscious projection onto the therapist feelings and fantasies that are displacements based on reactions to significant others in the client's past, especially parents, siblings, and significant relationships. Client was unconsicoulsy reenacting forgotten childhood memories and repressed unconscious fantasies. Prevents us from seeing others entirely objectively; rather we transfer them onto them qualities of other important figures of our earlier life.

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Working- through

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A phase of psychoanalytic therapy entails resolving clients basic conflicts. During this phase the therapist interprets the clients transference and resistance. slow, gradual process of working again and again with the insights that have emanated from the therapists interpretations of resistance and transference. Entails client's gaining insights to their issues as a result of transference analysis.

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Freud's major techniques of analysis

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Free association, dream analysis, analysis of resistance, and analysis of transference

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Dreams

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Symbolic expressions of the unconscious. Psychoanalysts analyze dreams as a means to get to client's unconscious.

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Manifest content

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surface meaning of the dream. A disguise of the true latent dream material. ex: dream of running and running and look back and no one is there.

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Latent content

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deeper, hidden, and symbolic meaning of dream. ex: feel overwhelmed by circumstance and that you wold like to run away from your responsibilities.

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Resistance

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Client's reluctance to deal with treating unconscious material that usually has been repressed. ex: client not attending sessions, arriving late, complaining about or refusing to make payments.

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Countertransference

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Any unconscious attitude or behavior on the part of the therapist that is prompted by the therapists need rather then the clients needs. Therapists enacts old conflicts from the family of origin onto the client.

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Ego psychology

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Branch of psychology that is considered an offshoot of the psychoanalytic school and that focuses on the development of the ego or the self at various stages of development.

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Ego defense mechanisms

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psychological strategies individuals use to cope with reality and to maintain their self images. . Protect a person from anxiety-provoking thoughts or threats to the self.

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Reaction formation

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an ego for defense against impulse that one views as threatening wherein one expresses the direct opposite of the impulse. This principle governs the pleasure principle. ex: person may experience extreme hostility toward a person but instead of expressing it he responds with kindness.

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Types of common defense mechanism

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Projection, repression, regression, intellectualization, denial, rationalization, reaction formation, sublimation, displacement, introjection.

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Psychosocial stages

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Stages that Erikson identified from infancy to old age. Each stage contains psychological and social tasks to be mastered if the individuals is to develop in a mature fashion.

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Identity crisis

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Term coined by Erikson to represent a developmental challenge that takes place during adolescence, whereby the youth attempts define his place in life with regard to sexual, personal, and career identity, making a vocational choice.

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Object relations theory

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a relatively recent school of psychoanalytic thought emphasizes the self in relation to others. Entails exploring the clients internal, unconscious identifications and internalization of external objects.

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Object

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a term used in psychoanalytic theory to refer to a significant person in a childs life. is that to which a person relates. mental representation of other people.

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self object

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refers to a loss of boundaries, such as the self and objects are blurred, and the distinction between self and external object in unclear.

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Holding enviroment

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psychical and physical space within which an infant is protected without knowing that he or she is protected. A good holding environment is reliable one that makes one feel protected, understood, and loved. Therapists can provide a holding environment for clients.

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Good enough mother

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Winnicott used to describe a mother who responds adequately to her child's needs during early infancy and who gradually helps the child develop independence.

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False self

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when an infant does not have a good enough mothering, the child adopts the mother's self instead of developing his own self. Used in contrast to true self. based on compliance with parental wishes.

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Mirroring

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When the parent or primary caretaker indicated that he or she is happy with the child, the child's grandiose self is supported. The caretaker mirror or reflects the child's view of himself.

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Transmuting internalization

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Representations of interactions with others that gradually form a personality structure for the child. Children learn that they cannot always get what they want and that their parents make mistakes and are not perfect.

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Psychoanalytic vs psychodynamic theories

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Psychoanalysis emphasizes that people are driven by instincts and needs for sex and power, psychodynamic theories stress that people are given by a need for attachment and relationships and that mental health problems occur when these needs are not met ( much shorter therapy)

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Attachement theory

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theory developed by John Bowlby that described the bonding relationship between an infant and his mother.

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Relational Analysis

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A relatively recent branch of psychodynamic therapy founded on the belief that it is the relationship between the therapist and the client that is most important. The therapists countertransference during therapy is recognized and analyzed for what it says for the therapist and the clients relationship.

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Brief psychodynamic therapy (BPT)

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A time limited and shortened approach to therapy that uses psychoanalytic principles.

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collective unconscious

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Source of innumerable archetypes that influence our longings and relationships. Even though each of us grows up influenced by our parents and family, there is another level at which we are unconsciously driven or influenced by deep archetypal images. ex: love at first sight, deja vu,

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Archetypes

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Contents of the collective unconscious. Archetypes point to the fact that all human beings share a common physiology and a common way of perceiving the world through our senses. Some ex: include the mother, wise old man, and innocent child. These archetypes are inherited at birth and point to the belief that human beings share a similar longings and perceptions.

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Shadow

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Jungian archetype that represents the dark side of the ego; the evil we are potentially capable of is stored there. The shadow represents those parts of ourselves we cannot accept. Symbols of the shadow are the snake, dragon, and demons.

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complex

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A cluster of emotionally charged associations that are usually unconscious and gathered around an archetypal center. A complex can be conceptualized as repressed emotional themes. Both troubled and healthy people have complexes. First originate in childhood and they are always either the cause or the effect of a conflict or a clash between the end to adapt and persons inability to meet that challenge.

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Persona

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The socially acceptable mask that we wear to deal with the outer world; ones public image. Viewed positively, it is the "good impression" that we wish to make on others. From a negative perspective, persona suggests a type of falseness about a person- deceit.

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Anima

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the female component present in the collective unconscious of men

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Animus

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The male component of the unconscious of female psyche.

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Individuation

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Process by which a person integrates unconscious material into consciousness, with the result being that he or she becomes a psychologically whole person. Jung used the term to represent self realization. Is the human expression of our urge toward growth.

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Introverts

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Jung's term to refer to people who prefer the internal world of their own thoughts, feelings, and dreams. Those who prefer their own internal world of thoughts, feelings, dreams, and so on to the company of others. Energy flows inwards.

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Extroverts

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A personality typology developed by Jung that asserts that extroverts are people who prefer the external world of things, being with people, and participating in actions. Those who prefer their own external world of things, people, and activities. Energy flows outwards.

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Psychodynamic theory

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A theoretical school that includes Freud's contributions as well as those of his followers. It maintains that a therapist must take into account the unconscious factors in a clients life, individuals use ego defense mechanisms to deal with anxiety, and ones early upbringing in the family is the source of many difficulties presented in therapy.

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