question

Nightmares are more common in children than in adults because _____.

answer

children spend more of their sleep in the REM state

question

In the brain, creating a mental image is _______ seeing an actual image.

answer

almost the opposite of

question

Mariam takes 20 minutes daily to sit by herself and meditate. A fully meditative state is a form of

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altered consciousness.

question

A more creative method of problem-solving is the use of

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divergent thinking.

question

Vygotsky believed that

answer

language could help a child learn to learn control social behavior.

question

The debate over whether animals use real language centers around

answer

the fact that none of the animals have achieved language development comparable to a 3-year-old human.

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If an instructor was referring to a stream during a lecture, a student's mental image is likely to be

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a picture-like image.

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Heuristics could also be called

answer

"rules of thumb."

question

When the solution to a problem suddenly comes to mind, it is called

answer

insight.

question

One barrier to innovative problem solving is persisting in using techniques that have been successful in the past, also known as

answer

mental set.

question

Which of the following parts of the body controls the sleep-wake cycle?

answer

hypothalamus.

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A mechanical problem-solving technique is also referred to as

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trial and error.

question

A person with sleep apnea

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stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more.

question

Kanzi, the chimpanzee, communicates with researchers by using

answer

abstract symbols on a keyboard and making some sounds.

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________ is the ability to adapt and deal with new problems or challenges the first time you encounter them.

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Fluid intelligence

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Natural cycles of activity that bodies must go through are called

answer

biological rhythms.

question

Piaget theorized that _____ preceded and aided the development of ______.

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concepts; language

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The rhythm and emphasis of communicating is part of which language structure?

answer

pragmatics

question

Delta waves begin to appear in which stage of sleep?

answer

non-REM Stage 3

question

The cognitive universalism theory states that

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concepts are universal and influence the development of language.

question

Niles has begun to fall asleep suddenly during the day, sometimes in inappropriate places. Niles is most likely suffering from

answer

narcolepsy.

question

Which of the following images is the most subordinate concept?

answer

magnolias

question

On Sara's walk to campus one morning, she was thinking about what a nice day it was, how many people were already on campus, and how she had to stop by the bookstore on her way to class. Sara was experiencing

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waking consciousness.

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Theodora suffers from an inability to get to sleep, and then to stay asleep. Which of the following would help Theodora with her insomnia?

answer

going to bed and getting up on a regular schedule

question

Derek was lying on the couch and had fallen asleep when all of a sudden his body jerked and he woke up because he felt like he was falling. Derek was most likely in which stage of sleep?

answer

non-REM Stage 1

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_______ can help us interpret or deal with new information or events that we have never encountered

answer

Concepts

question

A hypnic jerk is likely to occur during

answer

non-REM Stage 1 sleep.

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A mental image that is larger and covers more distance

answer

takes longer to view than one that is smaller and more compact.

question

Examples of algorithms are

answer

mathematical formulas.

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Language allows people to ______ and _______.

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communicate with one another; represent their own mental activity

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A prototype is an example of

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a concept.

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Functional fixedness is

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a barrier to successful problem solving.

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Recent studies support Rosch-Heider's theory of______, rather than the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

answer

a cognitive universalism

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The system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences is

answer

syntax.

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Many researchers believe that

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at least some animals experience a kind of consciousness.

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According to Csikszentmihalyi, people who are creative

answer

are mostly pretty normal.

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A sudden loss of muscle tone is called

answer

cataplexy.

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Abby's new puppy cries each night when left in her crate. When Abby picks up the puppy and holds her to her chest the puppy stops crying and falls asleep. However, after she puts the puppy back in the crate the crying begins again. After a few nights, Abby suddenly realizes that her heartbeat is helping the dog fall asleep. She places a ticking clock next to the crate and the puppy goes right to sleep at night. Abby's realization is an example of

answer

insight.

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Even after her girlfriends reported seeing her boyfriend Jeff out at clubs with other women, Jackie continues to believe her boyfriend and his friends who say the women are just old neighborhood friends. This is an example of

answer

confirmation bias.

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When a person, while solving a problem, is hesitant or unable to think beyond solutions that have worked in the past, he or she is stuck in

answer

a mental set.

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The idea that people deprived of REM sleep will become paranoid and seem to be mentally ill is now known as

answer

REM myth.

question

Insomnia can be helped by

answer

going to bed only when sleepy.

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____ percent of dreams take place in REM sleep.

answer

90

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A person has entered Stage 4 sleep when delta waves account for more than ___ percent of the brain wave pattern.

answer

50

question

Which is NOT an example of a biological rhythm?

answer

the need for daily exercise

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Nearly ____ percent of an infant's sleep is REM, compared to about ____ percent for a normal, healthy adult

answer

50; 20

question

If people are awakened during _____ sleep, they will probably not believe that they were actually asleep.

answer

non-REM Stage 1

question

In the early stages of sleep, _______ waves appear.

answer

theta

question

According to philosopher Daniel Dennett, consciousness is made up of multiple "channels" that

answer

people must organize and that are influenced by social groups and culture.

question

Which statement about prototypes is TRUE?

answer

A person's knowledge about a type of object affects the person's prototype for the category.

question

Mechanical solutions may involve solving by

answer

rote.

question

The term that refers to the mental activity that takes place in the brain when a person is processing information, and includes things such as problem solving, communication, and organization of material, is

answer

cognition.

question

An educated guess based on prior experience is a(n)

answer

heuristic

question

In waking up and getting ready for class in the morning, one might follow a(n)

answer

script.

question

Most divergent thinking happens

answer

during some automatic activity, like walking.

question

A circle is an example of

answer

a formal concept.

question

Vygotsky believed that _____ was a way for children to plan their behavior, develop self-control, and organize actions so that their goals could be obtained.

answer

private speech

question

The theory that thought processes and concepts are controlled by language is

answer

the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

question

In some languages, changing the ______ of a spoken word can change its entire meaning.

answer

intonation

question

A recent study has shown that for a group of individuals with ______, computerized cognitive exercises that placed increasing demands on auditory perception were beneficial.

answer

schizophrenia

question

Daydreaming and being hypnotized are both examples of

answer

altered states of consciousness.

question

Michael painted the picture and The picture was painted by Michael have the same semantic meaning but different

answer

syntax.

question

Grammar includes the rules of syntax, morphology, phonemes, and

answer

pragmatics.

question

In a well known animal language research study, Kanzi the chimp

answer

demonstrated four consistent sounds to represent banana, grapes, juice, and the word yes.

question

Writing a term paper may be best approached by using

answer

subgoals.

question

A heuristic in which the differences between the starting situation and the goal is determined and then steps are taken to reduce that difference is known as the

answer

means-end analysis.

question

People who believe that aliens have come to earth may disregard evidence that crop circles are human-made. This is an example of

answer

confirmation bias.

question

Attempting to understand, organize, and communicate information to others is all part of

answer

cognition.

question

Natasha saw a picture of her "dream" dorm room in a catalog. With the goal of making her dorm room look like the one in the catalog, she made a list of things she'd have to buy. This is an example of

answer

a means-end analysis

question

In order for people to be able to tell you how many televisions they have in their house, they would probably use

answer

a mental image.

question

Research has shown brain activity in the ______ during tasks involving visual perception.

answer

parietal lobes

question

The ________ involves estimating the likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory.

answer

availability heuristic

question

Csikszentmihalyi found that

answer

creative people are not necessarily unconventional in all aspects of their lives.

question

Which of the following is TRUE about sleepwalking?

answer

It is at least partially due to heredity.

question

The heart rate slows, breathing becomes more shallow and irregular, and an EEG would show the first signs of sleep spindles in

answer

non-REM Stage 2 sleep.

question

As ______ accumulates in the body, a person will begin to feel sleepy.

answer

melatonin

question

The body is at its lowest level of functioning during

answer

non-REM Stage 4.

question

Nearly ____ percent of an infant's sleep is REM, compared to about ____ percent for a normal, healthy adult.

answer

50; 20

question

If a person experiences increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights, it is called

answer

REM rebound.

Psych101: Chapter 6 Consciousness And Cognition Test Questions – Flashcards

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