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Changes such as an increase in height or the size of the brain are called

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maturation.

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Which psychologist is best known for working with children and a Bobo doll to study whether aggressive behavior is learned by watching others be aggressive?

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Albert Bandura

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What are the two kinds of behavior that all organisms are capable of?

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involuntary and voluntary

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_____ is learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior.

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Observational learning

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Which of the following is one of Bandura's elements of observational learning?

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memory

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Pavlov initially set out to study his dogs'

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digestive systems.

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Small steps in behavior that are reinforced, one after the other, to create a particular goal behavior are known as

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successive approximations.

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In his classical conditioning experiment, Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to salivate when they

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heard the sound of the metronome.

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Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful is called

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latent learning.

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It is believed that animals revert quickly to instinctual behaviors when the new tasks they are learning have a strong association with

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obtaining food.

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_________ is the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning).

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Extinction

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The law of effect states if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it is likely to

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be repeated.

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In his study of rats in mazes, Tolman concluded that the rats in the group that didn't receive reinforcement for solving the maze had

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learned the maze by wandering around in it and forming a cognitive map.

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In a(n) ________, the occurrence of reinforcement is more predictable and therefore the individual being reinforced is more likely to adjust his response to the timing of the reinforcement.

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fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

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A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response is a/an

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unconditioned stimulus.

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Birds, who find their food by sight, will avoid any object or insect that simply looks like the one that made them sick. This is a result of

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biological preparedness.

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In Seligman's study on dogs, the dogs that were not conditioned to fear the tone

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jumped over the fence when the shock started.

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Further studies that followed Köhler's work with chimpanzees

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have found support for the concept of animal insight.

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The cognitive perspective of classical conditioning involves

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the mental activity of consciously expecting something else to occur.

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In Köhler's experiment, Sultan the chimp first used just one stick that was lying in his cage to rake the banana into the cage, and then learned to fit two sticks together. This was an example of

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insight.

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A teacher has decided to give 'caught being good' tickets to her students when they behave according to class rules. This teacher also rewards students with gold stars each time they improve their math speed. This teacher is using

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operant conditioning.

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Carla was bitten by a dog when she was a toddler. She's older now, but still backs up in fear whenever a dog approaches her. This is an example of

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conditioned emotional response.

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After a childhood filled with cavities, Kyle has an active dislike of the dentist's drill. His tendency to become anxious when hearing a similar-sounding noise is termed

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stimulus generalization.

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Whenever Vernon comes home too late on a Saturday night, his parents refuse to give him his weekly allowance. Vernon's parents are using what technique to modify his behavior?

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punishment by removal

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In a later modification of the classic Bobo doll experiment, the children who saw a model beat up the doll and then get rewarded showed aggression toward the doll. Which of the following statements is true about the other children, who saw the model get punished rather than rewarded?

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They did not beat up the doll until offered a reward to demonstrate what the model had done.

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For classical conditioning to be successful, the CS must

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come before the UCS.

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Operant conditioning is dependent on

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voluntary behavior.

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Köhler determined that insight

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cannot be gained through trial-and-error learning alone.

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The neutral stimulus must be paired with the unconditioned stimulus _______ in order to result in successful conditioning.

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several times

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\"Little Albert\" acquired a conditioned emotional response to the rat when its presentation was coupled with

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a loud noise.

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Observational learning cannot take place if the learner does not first

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pay attention to what is happening.

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In operant conditioning, _______ is the key to learning.

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reinforcement

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Experiments have shown that laboratory rats will experience conditioned taste aversion for a food they swallow _____ before becoming nauseated.

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up to 6 hours

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A behavior is more resistant to extinction if it is

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partially reinforced

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_______ is an example of punishment by removal.

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Grounding a teenager

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Three-year-old Ellie sees her big brother go across the monkey bars. Ellie tries to do the monkey bars but her arms are not strong enough to hang or long enough to reach the next bar. According to Bandura, Ellie is lacking which element of observational learning?

answer

imitation

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Which of the following is an example of maturation?

answer

One-year-old baby Jesse could not walk two months ago but now he can.

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Which of the following would be considered negative reinforcement?

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a child who had previously been whining to a parent that they want candy becomes quiet after getting the candy

question

A recent study suggests a link between spanking and

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aggression in children.

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The learning/performance distinction is a kind of

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latent learning.

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Which of the following individuals believed that cognition was an important part of behavior?

answer

Martin Seligman

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The four elements of observational learning are attention, memory, ______, and ______.

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imitation; desire

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________ pioneered the empirical study of the basic principles of classical conditioning.

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Ivan Pavlov

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One of B. F. Skinner's famous experiments involved

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teaching rats to learn how to obtain food.

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In defining learning, _____ refers to the fact that when people learn anything, some part of their brain is physically changed to record what they've learned, and that change remains even if the behavior doesn't.

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relatively permanent

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_____ believed that classical conditioning occurred because the CS became a substitute for the UCS when paired closely together in time.

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Pavlov

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In order to increase reading among her class, Mrs. Gomez, a second-grade teacher, has students record their reading by placing stickers on a large chart. For every ten stickers, students receive a new book. Mrs. Gomez is using

answer

a token economy.

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In Tolman's study on rats, the second group, who did not get reinforced with food until the tenth day, then

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began to solve the maze immediately.

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Aggression in children is ________ violence on TV.

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positively correlated with

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The learning/performance distinction is demonstrated by

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the aggressive behavior by the children to the Bobo doll in Bandura's study.

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In order to be effective, a secondary reinforcer must be paired with a

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primary reinforcer.

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Punishment is more difficult than reinforcement because

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it is difficult to get rid of a well-established response.

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Four-year-old Joshua reacts with anxiety to the sound of thunder. A chair slides across the wooden floor, making a sound similar to thunder. Joshua reacts with some slight anxiety. This is an example of

answer

stimulus generalization.

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Russian physiologist Pavlov spent his career studying

answer

classical conditioning.

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When children witness other children cry when getting a vaccination, and the witnesses then cry before the needle even touches them, it is an example of

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vicarious conditioning.

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One of the first psychologists to conduct studies in an attempt to explain human behavior was

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John Watson.

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Ivan Pavlov was a Russian _____ who spent his life studying classical conditioning.

answer

physiologist

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The mental events that take place inside a person's mind while behaving are known as

answer

cognition

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In Seligman's study, dogs that had been harnessed and had learned there was nothing they could do to escape a shock

answer

would not attempt to escape when escape was possible.

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In Tolman's study of rats learning to run mazes, one group received rewards each time they exited the maze. Another group received no reinforcement at all. The other group received reinforcement

answer

after the tenth day.

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Tolman concluded that the rats who received reinforcement after the tenth day of the study had stored information about the maze as

answer

a cognitive map.

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In toilet training a cat, \"Lid Up, Seat Down\" is known in operant conditioning as

answer

preparing the training arena.

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Sammy and his friends are watching animated fight scenes on television. Based on Bandura's findings in the Bobo doll experiment, it seems likely that later, at play, Sammy and his friends will

answer

imitate many of the violent actions they witnessed on TV.

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The fact that learning can take place without the actual performance of the behavior is called

answer

learning/performance distinction.

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A five-year old watches his father dunk a basketball. Since the child is unable to reach the basket in the way his father can, the child cannot learn this behavior by observing because he cannot accomplish the step of

answer

imitation

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Infants and animals can be easily reinforced using

answer

primaryreinforcers

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In a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement,

answer

the number of required responses changes often.

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In operant conditioning, responses are _______, whereas in classical conditioning, responses are _______.

answer

voluntary; involuntary

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Secondary reinforcers get their reinforcing power from the process of

answer

classical conditioning.

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Severe punishments such as hitting

answer

provide a successful model for aggression.

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Most of the time, punishment

answer

will only temporarily suppress a behavior.

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Research suggests that once people learn something,

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it is always present somewhere in memory.

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In Pavlov's studies, the salivation of dogs in response to food in their mouths is the

answer

unconditioned response.

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In classical conditioning, the actual response involved in a CR and a UCR are the same. (For example, it might be salivation in both cases.) But what makes that response (salivation) considered conditioned or unconditioned depends on

answer

whether the subject is responding to a UCS or a CS.

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An unconditioned stimulus is always followed by a(n)

answer

unconditioned response.

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An infant crawling is an example of

answer

maturation.

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Tolman and Köhler were

answer

Gestalt psychologists.

question

Köhler believed that Sultan the chimp had solved the problem of reaching the banana

answer

by having a sudden perception of relationships.

question

_________ is more resistant to extinction than _______.

answer

Partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement

question

The Brelands determined that most Skinnerian behaviorists made the false assumption that

answer

all responses are equally able to be conditioned to any stimulus.

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In the \"puzzle box\" experiment, how did the cat first come to push the lever to get out of the box?

answer

through trial and error

question

Time-out is a form of

answer

punishment by removal.

question

According to Bandura, to learn anything through observation, the learner must first

answer

pay attention.

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The term \"extinction\" may be misleading because:

answer

learning is relatively permanent, meaning things are not \"unlearned\"

question

What is the classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

answer

Vicarious conditioning

question

In order to increase reading among the students in her class, Mrs. Gomez, a 2nd grade teacher, has students record their reading by placing stickers on a large chart. For every ten stickers, students receive a new book. Mrs. Gomez is using:

answer

a token economy

question

After a lengthy period during which the UCS was not applied, Pavlov's dogs stopped responding to the metronome. If a weaker conditioned response to the metronome occurred at some point after this, it would be a demonstration of:

answer

spontaneous recovery

question

This scientist conducted research to establish the theory known as cognitive perspective

answer

Robert Rescorla

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