Psych Test 6 – Flashcards

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Bandura criticizes Skinner for his
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study of individual animal subjects rather than on human subjects interacting with one another.
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All of the following are ways Albert Bandura differs from Skinner except
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learning as a function of reinforcement.
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In Albert Bandura's approach to psychology,
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learning can occur without direct reinforcement.
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Bandura believes that reinforcement
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can occur vicariously and still affect behavior.
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Bandura believes that all forms of behavior can be learned
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without directly experiencing any reinforcement and by observing the behavior of others.
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The observational learning approach
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all of these
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The fundamental feature of Bandura's theory is his
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idea of learning by observation or example.
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Bandura pointed out that operant conditioning is
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an inefficient way to learn certain skills.
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In modeling, new responses are acquired
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before ever performing or displaying them.
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Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment demonstrated the power of
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modeling.
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The behavior of children who watched an adult model attack a Bobo doll was
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twice as aggressive as the behavior of children in the control group.
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According to Bandura, parents of aggressive children are probably
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aggressive.
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Bandura has found that verbal modeling
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works best when interspersed with modeled demonstrations.
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Bandura believed that people are more likely to discard their inhibition against aggressive behavior if they see other people doing so. This is called
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disinhibition.
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_________ can involve what a person looks at or perceives when they observe others.
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Modeling
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According to studies, the disinhibiting power of modeling is enhanced when the
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all of the answers
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According to Bandura, deviant people
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followed different models that the rest of society considers undesirable.
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Hostile and aggressive behaviors, as seen in research, tend to be strongly imitated
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especially by children.
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In modeling experiments, as the similarity between model and subject decreases, the degree of modeling
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decreases.
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All of the following characteristics of models are important except
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bonds of friendship between model and subject.
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A child is more likely to model its behavior after a person
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rather than a cartoon character.
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Which behaviors are more likely to be imitated?
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all of the answers
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Which of kind of behavior is most likely to be imitated by children?
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aggressive
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People who are low in ___________ and ____________ are much more likely to imitate a model's behavior than are people high in these two areas.
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self-confidence/self-esteem
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Bandura's research has shown that observers pay closer attention to modeled behavior that
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produces positive or negative consequences rather than neutral outcomes.
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Each of the following is a process of observational learning except
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extinction processes.
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According to Bandura, attentional processes
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can be influenced by the model's attractiveness and confidence.
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To retain behavior that has been observed, a person must
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encode the model's behavior and represent it symbolically.
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Internal and verbal representational systems
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help the observer retain the model's behavior.
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In Bandura's __________ learning, we form a mental picture of the model's behavior and use it as a basis for imitation at a future time.
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observational
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In the production processes, what has been observed and retained is
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translated into overt behavior.
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Incentive and motivational processes
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influence attentional and retention processes as well as performance of the desired behavior.
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In modeling and observational learning, reinforcement
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is not required for learning to occur.
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Bandura sees the self as a
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set of cognitive processes and structures.
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Bandura says much of our behavior is regulated by
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self-reinforcement.
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Bandura believes self-reinforcement
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is like requiring personal standards of behavior and achievement.
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Self-administered reinforcement
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all of the answers
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Self-reinforcement is
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somewhat like the conscience or superego, which Bandura denied.
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If you want competent, confident people, find ways to increase their sense of
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self-efficacy.
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Self-efficacy is determined by
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how well we meet our behavioral standards.
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Persons high in self-efficacy
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believe they deal effectively with life events.
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All of the following are sources of information about efficacy except
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performance on projective tests.
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The most influential source of efficacy judgments is
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performance attainment.
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Seeing other people fail at some activity
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can lower self-efficacy.
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All of the following are ways of increasing self-efficacy except
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counseling to increase enactive attainment.
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All of the following statements about the developmental aspects of modeling are true except which?
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Modeling is not important in development until after age two.
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By about the age of ____, children have developed sufficient attentional, retention, and production processes to begin imitating behavior some time after the observation rather than immediately.
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2.
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Self-efficacy in old age
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may be lowered because of declining physical abilities and retirement from work.
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Bandura's approach to behavior modification is based on the assumption that
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abnormal behavior is learned.
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Bandura does not attempt to deal with
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modifying or changing learned behaviors.
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Bandura applied modeling techniques
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to eliminate fears and other intense emotional reactions
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A snake phobia can be eliminated by
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having subjects observe a live model, then actually handle the snake.
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One advantage of modeling as therapy is that it can
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be used with groups.
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The modeling approach to behavior modification
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can improve self-efficacy.
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Modeling has been shown to
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all of these
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Bandura's work on ______________ has been criticized for exploiting people, manipulating and controlling them against their will.
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behavior modification.
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Arguing in favor of behavior modification, Bandura says it
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actually increases personal freedom.
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According to Bandura's position on free will versus determinism, we are
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(along with our environment) reciprocal determinants of each other.
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Bandura sees human nature as influenced by
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past learning experiences
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Triadic reciprocality is the interaction of behavior, environment, and
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cognitive factors.
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Bandura points out that reinforcement
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does not automatically change behavior.
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Bandura's assessment techniques include
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self-report inventories and self-ratings.
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Bandura's research
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studies large groups of subjects and compares their average performance by statistical analysis.
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Research on self-efficacy shows that it is
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partly a function of gender and age.
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Research suggests that women perceive themselves as high in self-efficacy
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when they have traditionally female occupations.
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High self-efficacy is associated with
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all of the answers
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Self-efficacy has been shown to influence
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academic performance.
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People high in self-efficacy
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set higher goals for themselves on the job.
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In a study of adults in Germany, those who scored high in personal self-efficacy presented themselves on Facebook as
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relaxed, funny and cool in comparison to others that were low in personal self-efficacy.
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Julian Rotter advanced a(n)
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social-learning approach to psychology.
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When Rotter began teaching at Ohio State, ___________ was the director of the clinical psychology program.
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George Kelly
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Julian Rotter had an early interest in ____ insights about human nature.
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cognitive
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Rotter assessed research participants with the use of
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self-report inventories.
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Rotter developed the Internal-External (I-E) Scale to measure his concept of locus of control. Another scale to assess locus of control is the
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Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Scale.
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If Jim says he has the "luck of the Irish", his locus of control is probably
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external.
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People apparently become more internally oriented as they grow older, peaking in
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middle age.
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Women who have been physically abused tend to show an ____ locus of control.
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external
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More college students have been found to have an _______ rather than an ______ orientation of locus of control.
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internal/external
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A study of adolescents in the African nation of Botswana showed Black male and female adolescents were more likely to be externally oriented than were ____ adolescents.
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White
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For ____, success is viewed more as a product of external than internal factors.
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Asian-Americans
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As far as cultural differences studies, students from more collectivist cultures scored _____________________, while those students from individualistic cultures tended to score _____________________.
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high in external locus of control/high in internal locus of control
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People higher in internal locus of control experience less
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anxiety and depression.
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Research shows that people scoring ______ in internal academic locus of control were more likely to persist in online college programs than those _____ in internal academic locus of control.
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high/low
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____ oriented people may be physically healthier than ____ oriented people.
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Internally; externally
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According to physical health differences studies, internals tend to be more cautious about their health and are more likely
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to wear seat belts, exercise, and quit smoking.
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In recent research, children whose mothers were depressed and had little education or income were likely to
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develop an external locus of control.
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Evidence suggests that locus of control is learned in childhood and is directly related to
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parental behavior.
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Those children in large single-parent families headed by women tended to have a(n)____ locus of control.
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external
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Rotter noted that ____ has become "one of the most studied variables in psychology."
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locus of control
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The concepts of Bandura's ____ and of Rotter's concept of ____ have a strong relationship, according to research.
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self-efficacy; locus of control
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All of the following are examples of an internal locus of control except
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having little belief in the possibility of controlling one's life.
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A person with an external locus of control would be likely to say
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"You can't fight city hall."
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Zuckerman conducted research on a limited-domain aspect of personality called
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sensation seeking.
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Zuckerman assessed his research with the use of
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questionnaires.
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According to Zuckerman, those who have a desire for intense experiences and have the willingness to take risks are probably
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sensation seeking.
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Zuckerman used the ______________, a 40-item paper and pencil questionnaire, as his method of research.
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Sensation Seeking Scale
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A person who has a job as a police officer or race-car driver, according to Zuckerman, is
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sensation seeking.
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Zuckerman used the method of ____ to identify sensation seeking.
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factor analysis
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According to Zuckerman, the need to seek release in uninhibited social activities is called
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disinhibition.
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According to Zuckerman's research, ____ people are more inclined to seek adventure, risk, and novel experiences than ____ people.
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younger; older
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According to Zuckerman, sensation seeking begins to ________ during the middle school years and then ______ in one's 20s.
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increase/decrease
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Asians scored ____ on the Sensation Seeking Scale for thrill seeking than did people in Western countries.
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lower
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On the Sensation Seeking Scale, college students scored __________ compared to those who did not attend college.
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the same
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According to research on Zuckerman's theory of sensation seeking, those who experiment with drugs, alcohol, and marijuana use have ____ scores in comparison to those who do not take drugs or alcohol.
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higher
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Those that have high rates of illicit sex, smoke cigarettes, and drink alcohol are probably
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sensation seekers.
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Prosocial risk takers, such as police officers and firefighters, had significantly ____ scores for sensation seeking than for those who are identified as anti-social risk takers.
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lower
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_______ sensation-seeking scores correlate positively with extraversion, as described by Jung and measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
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High
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High scores on the Sensation Seeking Scale correlate strongly with other measures of ________ factors
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personality.
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A condition resulting from the perception that we have no control over our environment is called
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learned helplessness.
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Which phrase is consistent with Seligman's theory of learned helplessness?
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"If they can't do anything about this, neither can I!"
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Elderly residents of a nursing home who were given greater choices in their daily lives
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were happier and more physically active.
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If you are a person who expects good things to happen to you, then you are a
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optimist.
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According to Seligman, a(n) ____ explanatory style can prevent learned helplessness.
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optimistic
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In research, Japanese college students were found to be more ____ than American students.
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pessimistic
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Seligman found that a feeling of having ____ control is related to learned helplessness.
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less
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To Seligman, people with an optimistic explanatory style tend to
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believe their own actions are of consequence when they are experiencing health problems.
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__________ were shown to develop stronger immune systems and to be more likely to recover from heart attacks.
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Optimists
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The optimistic explanatory style varies the most across
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cultures.
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People with an optimistic explanatory style tend to ___________ than people with a pessimistic explanatory style.
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recover faster from some medical procedures
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Research shows that optimists are more likely to indulge in____ than pessimists.
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gambling
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Learned helplessness has been found to be related to
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depression.
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People who have a more ____________ lifestyle will recover more quickly from failure or negative life pressures, as they also experience less feelings of helplessness.
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optimistic
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Learned helplessness during infancy and early childhood can predispose us to a(n)
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pessimistic explanatory style.
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__________ psychology deals with happiness, excellence, and optimal life functioning.
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Positive
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Research shows that ______ and _____ may not have a strong relationship to happiness.
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age/gender
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Physical well-being is an important component of subjective well-being in ______ people.
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older
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Overall, people who do not have children report _______ happiness than people with children. People with __________ children are the least happy group.
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greater/very young
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Research in Germany found the most important choices among life goals that related directly to happiness included the characteristics of one's partner, a healthy lifestyle,
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a proper balance of work and leisure, and social involvement.
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