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Bandura criticizes Skinner for his

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study of individual animal subjects rather than on human subjects interacting with one another.

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All of the following are ways Albert Bandura differs from Skinner except

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learning as a function of reinforcement.

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In Albert Bandura's approach to psychology,

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learning can occur without direct reinforcement.

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Bandura believes that reinforcement

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can occur vicariously and still affect behavior.

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Bandura believes that all forms of behavior can be learned

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without directly experiencing any reinforcement and by observing the behavior of others.

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The observational learning approach

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all of these

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The fundamental feature of Bandura's theory is his

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idea of learning by observation or example.

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Bandura pointed out that operant conditioning is

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an inefficient way to learn certain skills.

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In modeling, new responses are acquired

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before ever performing or displaying them.

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Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment demonstrated the power of

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modeling.

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The behavior of children who watched an adult model attack a Bobo doll was

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twice as aggressive as the behavior of children in the control group.

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According to Bandura, parents of aggressive children are probably

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aggressive.

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Bandura has found that verbal modeling

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works best when interspersed with modeled demonstrations.

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Bandura believed that people are more likely to discard their inhibition against aggressive behavior if they see other people doing so. This is called

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disinhibition.

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_________ can involve what a person looks at or perceives when they observe others.

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Modeling

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According to studies, the disinhibiting power of modeling is enhanced when the

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all of the answers

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According to Bandura, deviant people

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followed different models that the rest of society considers undesirable.

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Hostile and aggressive behaviors, as seen in research, tend to be strongly imitated

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especially by children.

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In modeling experiments, as the similarity between model and subject decreases, the degree of modeling

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decreases.

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All of the following characteristics of models are important except

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bonds of friendship between model and subject.

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A child is more likely to model its behavior after a person

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rather than a cartoon character.

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Which behaviors are more likely to be imitated?

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all of the answers

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Which of kind of behavior is most likely to be imitated by children?

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aggressive

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People who are low in ___________ and ____________ are much more likely to imitate a model's behavior than are people high in these two areas.

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self-confidence/self-esteem

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Bandura's research has shown that observers pay closer attention to modeled behavior that

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produces positive or negative consequences rather than neutral outcomes.

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Each of the following is a process of observational learning except

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extinction processes.

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According to Bandura, attentional processes

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can be influenced by the model's attractiveness and confidence.

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To retain behavior that has been observed, a person must

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encode the model's behavior and represent it symbolically.

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Internal and verbal representational systems

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help the observer retain the model's behavior.

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In Bandura's __________ learning, we form a mental picture of the model's behavior and use it as a basis for imitation at a future time.

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observational

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In the production processes, what has been observed and retained is

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translated into overt behavior.

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Incentive and motivational processes

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influence attentional and retention processes as well as performance of the desired behavior.

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In modeling and observational learning, reinforcement

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is not required for learning to occur.

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Bandura sees the self as a

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set of cognitive processes and structures.

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Bandura says much of our behavior is regulated by

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self-reinforcement.

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Bandura believes self-reinforcement

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is like requiring personal standards of behavior and achievement.

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Self-administered reinforcement

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all of the answers

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Self-reinforcement is

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somewhat like the conscience or superego, which Bandura denied.

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If you want competent, confident people, find ways to increase their sense of

answer

self-efficacy.

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Self-efficacy is determined by

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how well we meet our behavioral standards.

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Persons high in self-efficacy

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believe they deal effectively with life events.

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All of the following are sources of information about efficacy except

answer

performance on projective tests.

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The most influential source of efficacy judgments is

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performance attainment.

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Seeing other people fail at some activity

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can lower self-efficacy.

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All of the following are ways of increasing self-efficacy except

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counseling to increase enactive attainment.

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All of the following statements about the developmental aspects of modeling are true except which?

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Modeling is not important in development until after age two.

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By about the age of ____, children have developed sufficient attentional, retention, and production processes to begin imitating behavior some time after the observation rather than immediately.

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2.

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Self-efficacy in old age

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may be lowered because of declining physical abilities and retirement from work.

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Bandura's approach to behavior modification is based on the assumption that

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abnormal behavior is learned.

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Bandura does not attempt to deal with

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modifying or changing learned behaviors.

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Bandura applied modeling techniques

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to eliminate fears and other intense emotional reactions

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A snake phobia can be eliminated by

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having subjects observe a live model, then actually handle the snake.

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One advantage of modeling as therapy is that it can

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be used with groups.

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The modeling approach to behavior modification

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can improve self-efficacy.

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Modeling has been shown to

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all of these

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Bandura's work on ______________ has been criticized for exploiting people, manipulating and controlling them against their will.

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behavior modification.

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Arguing in favor of behavior modification, Bandura says it

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actually increases personal freedom.

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According to Bandura's position on free will versus determinism, we are

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(along with our environment) reciprocal determinants of each other.

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Bandura sees human nature as influenced by

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past learning experiences

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Triadic reciprocality is the interaction of behavior, environment, and

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cognitive factors.

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Bandura points out that reinforcement

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does not automatically change behavior.

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Bandura's assessment techniques include

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self-report inventories and self-ratings.

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Bandura's research

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studies large groups of subjects and compares their average performance by statistical analysis.

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Research on self-efficacy shows that it is

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partly a function of gender and age.

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Research suggests that women perceive themselves as high in self-efficacy

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when they have traditionally female occupations.

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High self-efficacy is associated with

answer

all of the answers

question

Self-efficacy has been shown to influence

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academic performance.

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People high in self-efficacy

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set higher goals for themselves on the job.

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In a study of adults in Germany, those who scored high in personal self-efficacy presented themselves on Facebook as

answer

relaxed, funny and cool in comparison to others that were low in personal self-efficacy.

question

Julian Rotter advanced a(n)

answer

social-learning approach to psychology.

question

When Rotter began teaching at Ohio State, ___________ was the director of the clinical psychology program.

answer

George Kelly

question

Julian Rotter had an early interest in ____ insights about human nature.

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cognitive

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Rotter assessed research participants with the use of

answer

self-report inventories.

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Rotter developed the Internal-External (I-E) Scale to measure his concept of locus of control. Another scale to assess locus of control is the

answer

Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Scale.

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If Jim says he has the "luck of the Irish", his locus of control is probably

answer

external.

question

People apparently become more internally oriented as they grow older, peaking in

answer

middle age.

question

Women who have been physically abused tend to show an ____ locus of control.

answer

external

question

More college students have been found to have an _______ rather than an ______ orientation of locus of control.

answer

internal/external

question

A study of adolescents in the African nation of Botswana showed Black male and female adolescents were more likely to be externally oriented than were ____ adolescents.

answer

White

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For ____, success is viewed more as a product of external than internal factors.

answer

Asian-Americans

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As far as cultural differences studies, students from more collectivist cultures scored _____________________, while those students from individualistic cultures tended to score _____________________.

answer

high in external locus of control/high in internal locus of control

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People higher in internal locus of control experience less

answer

anxiety and depression.

question

Research shows that people scoring ______ in internal academic locus of control were more likely to persist in online college programs than those _____ in internal academic locus of control.

answer

high/low

question

____ oriented people may be physically healthier than ____ oriented people.

answer

Internally; externally

question

According to physical health differences studies, internals tend to be more cautious about their health and are more likely

answer

to wear seat belts, exercise, and quit smoking.

question

In recent research, children whose mothers were depressed and had little education or income were likely to

answer

develop an external locus of control.

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Evidence suggests that locus of control is learned in childhood and is directly related to

answer

parental behavior.

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Those children in large single-parent families headed by women tended to have a(n)____ locus of control.

answer

external

question

Rotter noted that ____ has become "one of the most studied variables in psychology."

answer

locus of control

question

The concepts of Bandura's ____ and of Rotter's concept of ____ have a strong relationship, according to research.

answer

self-efficacy; locus of control

question

All of the following are examples of an internal locus of control except

answer

having little belief in the possibility of controlling one's life.

question

A person with an external locus of control would be likely to say

answer

"You can't fight city hall."

question

Zuckerman conducted research on a limited-domain aspect of personality called

answer

sensation seeking.

question

Zuckerman assessed his research with the use of

answer

questionnaires.

question

According to Zuckerman, those who have a desire for intense experiences and have the willingness to take risks are probably

answer

sensation seeking.

question

Zuckerman used the ______________, a 40-item paper and pencil questionnaire, as his method of research.

answer

Sensation Seeking Scale

question

A person who has a job as a police officer or race-car driver, according to Zuckerman, is

answer

sensation seeking.

question

Zuckerman used the method of ____ to identify sensation seeking.

answer

factor analysis

question

According to Zuckerman, the need to seek release in uninhibited social activities is called

answer

disinhibition.

question

According to Zuckerman's research, ____ people are more inclined to seek adventure, risk, and novel experiences than ____ people.

answer

younger; older

question

According to Zuckerman, sensation seeking begins to ________ during the middle school years and then ______ in one's 20s.

answer

increase/decrease

question

Asians scored ____ on the Sensation Seeking Scale for thrill seeking than did people in Western countries.

answer

lower

question

On the Sensation Seeking Scale, college students scored __________ compared to those who did not attend college.

answer

the same

question

According to research on Zuckerman's theory of sensation seeking, those who experiment with drugs, alcohol, and marijuana use have ____ scores in comparison to those who do not take drugs or alcohol.

answer

higher

question

Those that have high rates of illicit sex, smoke cigarettes, and drink alcohol are probably

answer

sensation seekers.

question

Prosocial risk takers, such as police officers and firefighters, had significantly ____ scores for sensation seeking than for those who are identified as anti-social risk takers.

answer

lower

question

_______ sensation-seeking scores correlate positively with extraversion, as described by Jung and measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

answer

High

question

High scores on the Sensation Seeking Scale correlate strongly with other measures of ________ factors

answer

personality.

question

A condition resulting from the perception that we have no control over our environment is called

answer

learned helplessness.

question

Which phrase is consistent with Seligman's theory of learned helplessness?

answer

"If they can't do anything about this, neither can I!"

question

Elderly residents of a nursing home who were given greater choices in their daily lives

answer

were happier and more physically active.

question

If you are a person who expects good things to happen to you, then you are a

answer

optimist.

question

According to Seligman, a(n) ____ explanatory style can prevent learned helplessness.

answer

optimistic

question

In research, Japanese college students were found to be more ____ than American students.

answer

pessimistic

question

Seligman found that a feeling of having ____ control is related to learned helplessness.

answer

less

question

To Seligman, people with an optimistic explanatory style tend to

answer

believe their own actions are of consequence when they are experiencing health problems.

question

__________ were shown to develop stronger immune systems and to be more likely to recover from heart attacks.

answer

Optimists

question

The optimistic explanatory style varies the most across

answer

cultures.

question

People with an optimistic explanatory style tend to ___________ than people with a pessimistic explanatory style.

answer

recover faster from some medical procedures

question

Research shows that optimists are more likely to indulge in____ than pessimists.

answer

gambling

question

Learned helplessness has been found to be related to

answer

depression.

question

People who have a more ____________ lifestyle will recover more quickly from failure or negative life pressures, as they also experience less feelings of helplessness.

answer

optimistic

question

Learned helplessness during infancy and early childhood can predispose us to a(n)

answer

pessimistic explanatory style.

question

__________ psychology deals with happiness, excellence, and optimal life functioning.

answer

Positive

question

Research shows that ______ and _____ may not have a strong relationship to happiness.

answer

age/gender

question

Physical well-being is an important component of subjective well-being in ______ people.

answer

older

question

Overall, people who do not have children report _______ happiness than people with children. People with __________ children are the least happy group.

answer

greater/very young

question

Research in Germany found the most important choices among life goals that related directly to happiness included the characteristics of one's partner, a healthy lifestyle,

answer

a proper balance of work and leisure, and social involvement.

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