question

social psychology

answer

scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

question

attribution theory

answer

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

question

fundamental attribution error

answer

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

question

attitudes

answer

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events

question

central route persuasion

answer

attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

question

peripheral route persuasion

answer

attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as speaker's attractiveness

question

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

answer

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

question

cognitive dissonance theory

answer

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent; for example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

question

conformity

answer

adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

question

normative social influence

answer

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

question

informational social influence

answer

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

question

social facilitation

answer

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

question

social loafing

answer

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

question

deindividuation

answer

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

question

group polarization

answer

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within a group

question

culture

answer

the behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

question

groupthink

answer

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

question

norms

answer

rules for accepted and expected behavior

question

personal space

answer

the portable buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies

question

prejudice

answer

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude to a group and its members; generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to a discriminatory action

question

stereotype

answer

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

question

discrimination

answer

unjustifiable negative behavior (ACTION) toward a group and its members

question

ingroup

answer

"us" -- people with whom we share a common identity

question

outgroup

answer

"them" -- those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

question

ingroup bias

answer

the tendency to favor our our group

question

scapegoat theory

answer

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

question

other-race effect

answer

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races; also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias

question

just-world phenomenon

answer

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

question

agression

answer

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

question

frustration-aggression principle

answer

the principle that frustration--the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal--creates anger, which can generate aggression

question

passionate love

answer

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

question

compassionate love

answer

a deep, affectionate attachment

question

equity

answer

Both partners receive in proportion to what they give. When equity exists—when both partners freely give and receive

question

self-disclosure

answer

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

question

altruism

answer

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

question

bystander effect

answer

any particular bystander was less likely to give aid with other bystanders present

question

social exchange theory

answer

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

question

reciprocity norm

answer

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

question

social-responsibility norm

answer

an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them

question

mirror-image perceptions

answer

As we see "them"—as untrustworthy and evil intentioned—so "they" see us. Each demonizes the other.

question

conflict

answer

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

question

social trap

answer

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

question

mirror-image perception

answer

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful the views the other side as evil and aggressive

question

self-fulfilling prophecy

answer

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

question

superordinate goals

answer

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

question

GRIT

answer

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction--a strategy designed to decrease international tensions

question

social context

answer

The combination of (a) people, (b) the activities and interactions among people, (c) the setting in which the behavior occurs, and (d) the expectations and social norms governing behavior in that setting.

question

situationism

answer

The view that environmental conditions influence people's behavior as much or more than their personal disposition does

question

social role

answer

One of several socially defined patterns of behavior that are expected of a person in a given setting or group

question

social norms

answer

A group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for its members' attitudes and behaviors

question

Asch effect

answer

A form of conformity in which a group majority influences individual judgments

question

Reward Theory of Attraction

answer

A social-learning view that says we like best those who give us maximum rewards at minimum cost

question

Principle of proximity

answer

The notion that people at work will make more friends among those who are nearby-with whom they have the most contact

question

similarity principle

answer

The notion that people are attracted to those who are most similar to themselves

question

match hypothesis

answer

The prediction that most people will find friends and mates that are perceived to be of about the same level of attractiveness

question

expetancy-value theory

answer

A theory that people decide whether to pursue a relationship by weighing the potential value of the relationship against their expectation of success in establishing the relationship

question

cognitive dissonance

answer

A highly motivating state in which people have conflicting cognitions, especially when their voluntary actions conflict with their attitudes

question

self-serving bias

answer

An attributional pattern in which one takes credit for success but denies responsibility for failure. Contrast with the Fundamental Attribution Error

question

scapegoating

answer

Blaming an innocent person or a group for one's own troubles

question

cohesiveness

answer

solidarity, loyalty, and a sense of group membership

question

mutual interdependence

answer

A shared sense that individuals or groups need each other in order to achieve common goals

question

Solomon Asch

answer

studied the concept of conformity; people are more likely to conform in groups

question

Robert Cialdini

answer

came up with the foot-in-the-door theory

question

John Darley and Bibb Latané

answer

came up with bystander effect; We will help only if the situation enables us first to notice the incident, then to interpret it as an emergency, and finally to assume responsibility for helping

question

Leon Festinger

answer

came up with the cognitive dissonance theory; (the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent)

question

Irving Janis

answer

came up with the theory of groupthink (way of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives)

question

Stanley Milgram

answer

student of asch; studied how people comply to social pressures (the teacher and the student with the shocks, how far will the "teacher" go?)

question

Muzafer Sherif

answer

he wanted to see if enemies could override their differences so he took 20 boys and made two groups; created athletic competitions to make the boys hate each other; however, within a few days, he made the boys friends again by creating an imaginary third group for the boys to defeat together

psych- social psychology – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards