Question 1

1. Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior resulting from experience. a. maturation b. development c. learning d. perception

Accepted Answer

c; Easy

Question 2

2. The study of learning is closely associated with the __________ approach in psychology. a. psychodynamic b. Gestalt c. cognitive d. behaviorist

Accepted Answer

d; Easy

Question 3

3. According to your text, the behaviorists viewed the study of learning as a more scientific alternative to the use of introspection. In this instance, the behaviorists were reacting to the work of the _________ psychologists. a. structuralist b. functionalist c. psychodynamic d. Gestalt

Accepted Answer

a; Moderate

Question 4

4. Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between learning on the one hand, and conditioning on the other? a. Conditioning and learning are the same thing. b. Conditioning is part of learning. c. Learning is part of conditioning. d. Learning and conditioning are unrelated.

Accepted Answer

b; Moderate

Question 5

5. The ability to associate stimuli with responses is termed __________. a. conditioning b. learning c. perception d. cognition

Accepted Answer

a; Easy

Question 6

6. Stimulus is to response as _________ is to __________. a. mind; body b. conditioning; learning c. environment; behavior d. behavior; environment

Accepted Answer

c; Moderate

Question 7

7. How are conditioning, insight, and modeling related, if they are at all? a. Conditioning, insight, and modeling are all types of learning. b. Conditioning, insight, and modeling are all similar to learning. c. Conditioning, insight, and modeling are all the same type of learning. d. The three processes are unrelated.

Accepted Answer

a; Moderate

Question 8

8. ___________ is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology. a. Thorndike b. Skinner c. Pavlov d. Watson

Accepted Answer

c; Moderate

Question 9

9. Pavlov\'s dogs learned to associate the appearance of a lab assistant with the sight of food. This suggests that classical conditioning involves an association between: a. a stimulus and either another stimulus or a response b. a stimulus and a response c. two responses d. two stimuli

Accepted Answer

d; Moderate

Question 10

10. _________ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that would elicit the same response naturally. a. Classical conditioning b. Operant conditioning c. Observational learning d. Instrumental conditioning

Accepted Answer

a; Easy

Question 11

11. Broadly speaking, nature is to nurture as the _______ is to the ________. a. CS; US b. CR; UR c. neutral stimulus; CS d. UR; CR

Accepted Answer

d; Difficult

Question 12

12. In Pavlov\'s study, the US was _______; the neutral stimulus was _________; and, finally, the CS was _________. a. meat; the bell; meat b. the bell; the bell; meat c. the bell; meat; meat d. meat; the bell; the bell

Accepted Answer

d; Moderate

Question 13

13. Tim loves dill pickles. Now, the sight of a jar on the supermarket shelf makes his mouth water. In the terminology of classical conditioning, the sight of the jar is a(n) _________. a. CS b. US c. neutral stimulus d. CR

Accepted Answer

a; Moderate

Question 14

14. Alexis uses cocaine, which activates her sympathetic nervous system. Expecting her dealer, her hands shake and her heart pounds. Which alternative below correctly identifies the neutral stimulus, the CS, and the US? a. neutral stimulusâknock on the door; CSâcocaine; USâcocaine b. neutral stimulusâknock on the door; CSâknock on the door; USâpounding heart c. neutral stimulusâknock on the door; CSâknock on the door; USâcocaine d. neutral stimulusâcocaine; CSâknock on the door; USâcocaine

Accepted Answer

c; Difficult

Question 15

15. In classical conditioning, how are the neutral stimulus and the CS related? a. They are not related; they are completely different stimuli. b. They are the same thing; the terms are interchangeable. c. The neutral stimulus becomes the CS. d. The CS becomes a neutral stimulus.

Accepted Answer

c; Moderate

Question 16

16. __________ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency when the CS is presented in the absence of the US. a. Extinction b. Habituation c. Adaptation d. Deconditioning

Accepted Answer

a; Easy

Question 17

17. Which of the following scenarios exemplifies extinction? a. Alexis is a former cocaine user. Now that she no longer uses, her hands no longer shake and her heart no longer pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car. b. Alexis uses cocaine. She no longer feels quite the same rush as she did when she first started using. c. Alexis is a former cocaine user in recovery. After a relapse, though, her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car. d. Alexis uses cocaine. To feel the effects of the drug, she needs a larger amount of the drug than she did in the past.

Accepted Answer

a; Moderate

Question 18

18. Which of the following sequences correctly arranges the phases of the classical conditioning process, from first to last? a. acquisition --> spontaneous recovery --> extinction b. extinction --> spontaneous recovery --> acquisition c. spontaneous recovery --> acquisition --> extinction  d. extinction --> acquisition --> spontaneous recovery  e. acquisition --> extinction --> spontaneous recovery

Accepted Answer

e; Difficult

Question 19

19. Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies spontaneous recovery? a. Alexis is a former cocaine user. Now that she no longer uses, her hands no longer shake and her heart no longer pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car. b. Alexis uses cocaine. She no longer feels quite the same rush as she did when she first started using. c. Alexis is a former cocaine user in recovery. After a relapse, though, her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car. d. Alexis uses cocaine. Her heart pounds and her hands shake not only when she sees her dealer\'s car pull into her drive, but also when she sees a similar car pull into her drive.

Accepted Answer

c; Moderate

Question 20

20. Which of the following terms best expresses the relationship between stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination? a. They are unrelated. b. They are opposites. c. They are the same thing. d. Stimulus discrimination is a type of stimulus generalization.

Accepted Answer

b; Moderate

Question 21

21. Often, a conditioned response may be elicited not only by the original CS, but by a similar one as well. This is known as stimulus: a. control b. discrimination c. generalization d. diffusion

Accepted Answer

c; Easy

Question 22

22. June\'s cat runs to the kitchen at the sound of the electric can opener, but not when a blender is used. June\'s cat is demonstrating stimulus: a. control b. extinction c. generalization d. discrimination

Accepted Answer

d; Easy

Question 23

23. In ________ conditioning, an existing CS can act as a US in a pairing with a new CS. b. generalized c. superordinate d. second-order e. higher-level

Accepted Answer

d; Moderate

Question 24

24. May\'s cat runs to the kitchen not only when it hears the electric can opener, but also when it hears May open the cabinet to retrieve the can opener. Which alternative identifies the CS(s) for the cat\'s behavior of running? a. the sound of the can opener b. the sound of the cabinet door c. the smell of the food d. both A and B

Accepted Answer

d; Difficult

Question 25

25. May\'s cat runs to the kitchen not only when it hears the electric can opener, but also when it hears May open the cabinet to retrieve the can opener. This example illustrates ________ conditioning. When May\'s cat runs at the sound of the cabinet door opening, the sound is a(n) ________ stimulus. a. second-order; unconditioned b. second-order; neutral c. second-order; conditioned d. sequential; unconditioned

Accepted Answer

c; Moderate

Question 26

26. Which of the following defines unconditioned stimulus (US)? a. Something that naturally creates a response b. Something that creates a response only after conditioning c. A naturally-occurring behavior  d. A behavior that is acquired

Accepted Answer

a; Easy

Question 27

27. Which of the following defines conditioned stimulus (CS)? a. Something that naturally creates a response b. Something that creates a response only after conditioning c. A naturally-occurring behavior  d. A behavior that is acquired

Accepted Answer

b; Easy

Question 28

28. In classical conditioning, which of the following pairs are most similar? a. CS; US b. US; UR c. CS: CR d. UR; CR

Accepted Answer

d; Easy

Question 29

29. In its discussion of second-order conditioning, your text offers the example of feeling good each Friday, the day one receives one\'s paycheck. The paycheck is associated with the pleasures it can buy. With respect to this example, which of the following statements is true? a. Friday is a US for the response of feeling good. b. The paycheck is a US for the response of feeling good. c. Feeling good on a Friday is a UR. d. Friday is a CS in its association with the check.

Accepted Answer

d;; Moderate

Question 30

30. Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to an irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation. a. panic attack b. phobia c. psychosis d. neurosis

Accepted Answer

b; Easy

Question 31

31. Which of the following statements best expresses the implication of Garcia\'s taste conditioning work for Pavlov\'s theory of classical conditioning? a. Garcia\'s work extends Pavlov\'s theory. b. Garcia\'s work supports Pavlov\'s theory. c. Garcia\'s work constrains Pavlov\'s theory. d. Garcia\'s work refutes Pavlov\'s theory.

Accepted Answer

c; Moderate

Question 32

32. Garcia\'s taste conditioning research underscores the contribution of _______ to classical conditioning; it is most consistent with a(n) ___________ approach to psychology. a. nurture; evolutionary b. nurture; cognitive c. nature; cognitive d. nature; evolutionary

Accepted Answer

d; Difficult

Question 33

33. Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq. He suffers from PTSD. Now, back home in a quiet California neighborhood, he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire. In the terminology of classical conditioning, these sounds are best thought of as ________ stimuli. a. neutral b. unconditioned c. second-order d. conditioned

Accepted Answer

d; Moderate

Question 34

34. Janine completed several tours of duty in Afghanistan. She suffers from PTSD. Now, back home in Texas, she is frightened by firecrackers and cars backfiring. The fact that these sounds scare her reflects a process of stimulus _________. a. extinction b. discrimination c. generalization d. association

Accepted Answer

c; Moderate

Question 35

35. Based on your text\'s discussion, how might the classical conditioning processes underlying PTSD differ from those operating in more mundane circumstances? a. PTSD reflects especially strong CS-US associations. b. In PTSD, the CS-US associations are slow to extinguish. c. PTSD reflects especially extensive stimulus generalization. d. PTSD reflects a particularly high degree of stimulus discrimination. e. both A and B

Accepted Answer

e; Moderate

Question 36

TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS: 36. In classical conditioning, the stimulus that normally triggers a naturally occurring response is termed the unconditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

T; Easy

Question 37

37. In a Pavlovian experiment, a tone might serve as a US for the response of salivation.

Accepted Answer

F; Moderate

Question 38

38. The term adaptation is used to refer to the reduction in response that occurs when a CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the US.

Accepted Answer

F; Moderate

Question 39

39. Spontaneous recovery entails an increase in response.

Accepted Answer

T; Moderate

Question 40

40. An irrational fear of a specific object is termed a phobia.

Accepted Answer

T; Easy

Question 41

41. Garcia\'s taste conditioning work suggests that nature plays little role in classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

F; Moderate

Question 42

FILL-IN-THE-BLANK QUESTIONS:

Accepted Answer

...

Question 43

42. In Pavlov\'s study, the bell is both a(n) _______ stimulus and a conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

neutral; Moderate

Question 44

43. A bright flash automatically causes us to blink. It is a(n) ________ stimulus.

Accepted Answer

unconditioned; Moderate

Question 45

44. _________ occurs when an extinguished CR reappears after a period of rest.

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery; Moderate

Question 46

45. Adam was badly stung by a bee once. Now he is frightened not only of bees but of all flying insects. This example illustrates ____________.

Accepted Answer

stimulus generalization; Moderate

Question 47

46. Brittany is intensely and irrationally afraid of dogs. Brittany has a(n) _______.

Accepted Answer

phobia; Easy

Question 48

47. In ___________ conditioning, an existing CS may serve as a US in a pairing with a new CS.

Accepted Answer

second-order; Moderate

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