Psych Final: Chapter 15 Therapy – Flashcards

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Antianxiety Drugs
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reduce sympathetic nervous system arousal and thus create calmness, relieve muscle tension and reduce anxiety; Benzodiazepines commonly used; affect GABA receptors
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Antipsychotic Drugs
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aka neuroleptics/major tranquilizers; commonly used to treat "positive" symptoms of psychosis (hallucinations, delusions, etc) and (to a lesser degree) severe depression; affect primarily dopamine receptors
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Mood Stabilizers
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these are used most often in bipolar illness; lithium and valproate based drugs such as Depakote and Depakene are widely used mood stabilizers and are often helpful in lessening mania/hypomania
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Antidepressants
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used to treat depression as well as many other disorders such as anxiety, social anxiety, OCD, etc; several categories exist
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Tricyclics
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antidepressant; imipramine; primarily block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine (making more of these neurotransmitters available to the CNS); used less often today due to side effect and overdose concerns
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Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
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block the enzyme (MAO) that breaks down the catecholamines, allowing for more availability of these neurotransmitters
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Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
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widely used today; include drugs such as Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil; slow the reuptake of serotonin after it is released from a neuron making more serotonin available; have fewer side effects but are generally no more effective than the tricyclics and MAOIs
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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
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involves a brief electrical current of moderate intensity passing through the brain from two electrodes placed on the outside of the brain
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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
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induces widespread neuron firings in the central nervous system and brief changes in the autonomic nervous system, blood-brain barrier, and other areas
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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
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multiple administrations of "electroshock" common in earlier decades; today it is usually limited to fewer than a dozen sessions of moderate intensity shock; memory problems are now less common
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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
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has often been used in the past as a last resort for severely depressed patients who do not respond to other treatments, but is now used fairly often as an initial treatment
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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
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can be quite helpful in severe depression; disadvantages include cost, potential memory disruptions, etc.
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Psychosurgery
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the most extreme and least used treatment for psychiatric disorders; involves surgery on brain tissue
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Egaz Moniz
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in 1949 was awarded a Nobel Prize for developing the lobotomy; this involved cutting nerve fibers between the frontal lobes and other parts of the brain; though successful for some in reducing problematic behaviors, also led to permanent damage for patients
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Potential Problems With Drug Therapy
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may relieve symptoms without "curing"
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Potential Problems With Drug Therapy
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there is still much researchers don't know about how medications act, their side effects, and their interactions with other drugs
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Potential Problems With Drug Therapy
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drugs do not help everyone; some people experience no/minimal benefits
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Potential Problems With Drug Therapy
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people can develop a tolerance to psychoactive drugs and experience a withdrawal-type syndrome when going off of them
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Potential Problems With Drug Therapy
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there is the potential for overdose, either intentional or accidental; potential for accidental/intentional death varies by drug type/class
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Psychoanalysis
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a person's psyche (mind) is analyzed; based on Freud's central belief that abnormal behavior is caused by unconscious conflicts among the three parts of the psyche (id, ego, and superego); designed to bring unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness
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Free Association
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in psychoanalysis, reporting whatever comes to mind without monitoring its contents
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Transference
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in psychoanalysis, the patient may displace (or transfer) unconscious feelings about a significant person in his or her life onto the therapist
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Resistance
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in psychoanalysis, the person's inability or unwillingness to discuss or reveal certain memories, thoughts, motives, or experiences
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Cognitive Therapy
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therapy that treats problem behaviors and mental processes by focusing on faulty thought processes and beliefs
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Aaron Beck
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developed cognitive-behavior therapy to treat psychological problems, especially depression
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Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
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combines cognitive therapy (changing faulty thinking) with behavior therapy (changing faulty behaviors)
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Selective Perception
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focusing selectively on negative events while ignoring positive events; "why am I the only person alone at this party?"
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Overgeneralization
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overgeneralizing and drawing negative conclusions about one's self-worth; "I'm worthless because I failed that exam"
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Magnification
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exaggerating the importance of undesirable events or personal short-comings, and seeing them as catastrophic and unchangeable; "she left me, and I'll never find someone like her again"
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All-Or-Nothing Thinking
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seeing things in black-or-white categories-everything is either totally good or bad, right or wrong, a success or a failure; "if I don't get straight A's, I'll never get a good job"
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Client-Centered Therapy
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developed by Carl Rogers; encourages people to actualize their potential and relate to others in genuine ways; using the term client instead of patient because he believed the label "patient" implied being sick or mentally ill rather than responsible and competent
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Client Centered Therapy
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treating people as clients demonstrates they are the ones in charge of the therapy; also emphasizes the equality of the therapist-client relationship
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Empathy
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an accurate understanding of another's experiences
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Unconditional Positive Regard
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a genuine caring for people based on the innate value of individuals
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Genuineness/Congruence
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aka authenticity; being aware of one's own thoughts and feelings and being able to share them honestly with others
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Active Listening
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this involves reflecting, paraphrasing, and clarifying what the client says and means
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Group Therapy
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here, a number of people meet together to work toward therapeutic goals; economical; usually involves a group of 6 to 10 patients; offers benefits such as: group support, feedback and information, behavior rehearsal
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Feedback And Information
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individuals can learn from the experiences of others in the group, and feedback may be more convincing when it comes from several group members rather than only from a therapist
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Behavioral Rehearsal
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group members can role play certain social situations and develop new skills that might be difficult to develop with only a therapist
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Self-Help Groups
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not technically therapy groups as they do not involve a professional guiding the group
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Self-Help Groups Examples
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Alcoholics Anonymous/NA/CA/GA and other "12 step" programs; cancer and other illness support groups; NAMI groups; client-run drop in centers; etc
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