question

observational learning

answer

My younger sister never stayed out past midnight because she saw me suffer the consequences. This is an example of _____ learning.

question

CS

answer

conditioned stimulus

question

stimulus

answer

any event or situation that provokes a response

question

freedom

answer

B. F. Skinner's critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual's personal _____.

question

perception

answer

the process by which sensory input is organized and interpreted

question

prosocial

answer

the opposite of antisocial behavior

question

operant conditioning

answer

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying __________ conditioning.

question

thalamus

answer

gateway from the sensory systems to the brain

question

classical conditioning

answer

a learned association between two stimuli that have been paired together. __________ conditioning

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afterimage

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an impression of a vivid sensation (especially a visual image) retained after the stimulus has ceased

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external

answer

According to B. F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by ______________ influences.

question

explicit memories

answer

memories of facts and personal events that can be consciously retrieved

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absolute threshold

answer

The minimum stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time is called the _______ threshold.

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chamber

answer

The Skinner box is another term for the operant conditioning ________.

question

pupil

answer

adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

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audition

answer

sense of hearing

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kinesthesia

answer

sense of knowing where are body parts are located involves receptors in the muscles, tendons, and joints

question

US

answer

Unconditioned (neutral) stimulus

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lens

answer

changes shape to bring images into focus

question

UR

answer

Unconditioned response

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iris

answer

regulates the amount of light entering the eye

question

sensation

answer

The process of receiving and representing stimulus energies by the sensory receptors

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photoreceptors

answer

rods and cones

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reinforcement

answer

an event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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punishment

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this can change behavior but may have a number of negative side effects

question

smell

answer

chemical sense associated with taste

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Law of Effect

answer

Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely is the Law of _________.

question

transduction

answer

The process by which our sensory systems transform stimulus energies into neural impulses

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Watson

answer

Studied classical conditioning in Little Albert

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blind spot

answer

The spot where the optic nerve leaves the eye

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behaviorism

answer

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

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perceptual set

answer

A perceptual ____ is a mental predisposition that influences what we perceive

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context

answer

Visual perceptions of objects often change when the objects are viewed in different surroundings. This best illustrates _____ effects.

question

cataract

answer

clouding of the lens in the eye

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vestibular

answer

semicircular canals

question

creativity

answer

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

question

associative learning

answer

Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

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shaping

answer

________ by successive approximation

question

partial

answer

_________ reinforcement leads to the strongest behaviors

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interaction

answer

Many perceptions involve more than one sense

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synapses

answer

the junctions between neurons

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phantom

answer

the experience of feeling pain in an amputated limb

question

Pavlov

answer

Russian physiologist who studied digestion in dogs and discovered classical conditioning.

question

implicit

answer

procedural memory; doing stuff automatically

question

latent

answer

learning that occurs without reinforcement

question

umami

answer

taste of foods rich in protein

question

CR

answer

Conditioned response

question

B.F. Skinner

answer

psychologist with very big forehead

question

subliminal

answer

a stimulus below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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discrimination

answer

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

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immediate reinforcers

answer

_________ reinforcers work better than delayed reinforcers

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cochlea

answer

a fluid-filled tube in the inner ear

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embodied

answer

If hikers perceive a hill as steeper when carrying heavy backpacks rather than light backpacks, this would best illustrate ______ cognition.

question

cognitive map

answer

Finding your way from the Psychology building to Student Union Memorial Center requires a cognitive ____.

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infantile amnesia

answer

A lack of conscious memories of your first three years of life best illustrates _______ amnesia.

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proximity

answer

The perceptual tendency to group together stimuli that are near each other

question

eardrum

answer

tympanic membrane

question

synesthesia

answer

For some people, hearing certain sounds may activate color-sensitive regions of the cortex so as to trigger a sensation of color.

question

motivation

answer

By demonstrating both intelligence and grit, highly successful people demonstrate the importance of both ability and

question

adaptation

answer

reduced sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus

question

closure

answer

The perceptual tendency to fill in gaps in order to perceive disconnected parts as a whole object

question

touch

answer

pressure, pain, warmth, and cold

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language

answer

Babies show clear signs of _________ development

question

conditioning

answer

A word psychologists use to mean "learning"

question

gestalt

answer

an organized whole

question

fovea

answer

the central focal point in the retina

question

acquisition

answer

the process of learning associations

question

aversion

answer

Learning that certain foods make you sick is called taste ________ learning.

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biological constraints

answer

Evidence that organisms most readily learn behaviors favored by natural selection best illustrates the importance of ___________ constraints.

question

modeling

answer

Bandura demonstrated that children will behavior as they see adults behave

question

olfaction

answer

sense of smell

question

generalization

answer

The tendency for a learned association to spread to similar stimuli

question

visual cliff

answer

The visual _____ is a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants.

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receiving

answer

the very first of three steps basic to all sensory systems

question

figure-ground

answer

The perception of an object as distinct from its surroundings is figure-________.

question

encoding

answer

getting information into memory

question

learning

answer

acquiring, through experience, new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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