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Nutrients and oxygen are transferred from a mother to her developing fetus through the

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Placenta

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If research suggested that a pregnant mother's use of an artificial sweetener caused harm to the fetus, the artificial sweetener would be considered a(n)

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Teratogen

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When touched on the cheek, infants reflexively

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Open their mouths

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The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by

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Piaget's cognitive development theory.

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Two closed, pyramid-shaped beakers containing clearly identical amounts of a liquid are judged by a child to hold different amounts after one of the beakers is inverted. The child apparently lacks a

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Concept of conservation

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A child's realization that others may have beliefs that the child knows to be false best illustrates the development of

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A theory of mind

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The process of imprinting occurs during a brief developmental phase known as

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A critical period

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Although 3-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room, he periodically returns to his mother's side for brief moments. Adam most clearly displays signs of

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Secure attachment

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"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes, you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a(n) ________ parenting style.

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Authoritarian

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During adolescence, maturation of the ________ lags behind maturation of the ________.

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frontal lobes; limbic system

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Adolescents' sense of what's fair is most likely to change from simple equality to what's proportional to merit when they achieve

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formal operations.

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Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates ________ morality.

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postconventional

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Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing

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Role of confusion

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Adolescents are most likely to be influenced by their parents with respect to ________, and they are most likely to be influenced by their peers with respect to ________.

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career choices; clothing preferences

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A public initiation into adult responsibilities and status is called a

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Rite of passage

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Physical exercise in late adulthood has been found to

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enhance muscle strength, help prevent heart disease, and stimulate brain cell development.

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The preferred age for retirement is quite different in Mexico than in Western Europe. This best illustrates that ________ differs from culture to culture.

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The social clock

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Among older adults, hearing loss, and its associated social isolation, predicts the incidence of depression and

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neurocognitive disorder (dementia).

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Since the advent of the Internet, there has been a(n) ________ in the percentage of American couples who report meeting online. The percentage meeting online is currently ________ among same-sex couples than among heterosexual couples.

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Increase; Larger

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here is very little relationship between the age of an adult and his or her

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Level of life satisfaction

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Normal vision accompanied by prosopagnosia best illustrates the distinction between

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sensation and perception

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The local fire department sounds the 12 o'clock whistle. The process by which your ears transform the sound waves from the siren into neural impulses is an example of

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Transduction

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A subliminal message is one that is presented

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below one's absolute threshold for awareness.

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Weber's law is relevant to an understanding of

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difference thresholds.

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If you move your watchband up your wrist an inch or so, you will feel it for only a few moments. This best illustrates

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sensory adaptation.

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The wavelength of light determines its

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Hue

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Receptor cells in the human eye that are the most sensitive to fine detail are called

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Cones

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Multiple ________ send combined messages to a bipolar cell, whereas a single ________ may link directly to a single bipolar cell.

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Rods; Cones

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The opponent-process theory is most useful for explaining a characteristic of

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Afterimages

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Some stroke victims lose the capacity to perceive motion but retain the capacity to perceive shapes and colors. Others lose the capacity to perceive colors but retain the capacity to perceive movement and form. These peculiar visual disabilities best illustrate our normal capacity for

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parallel processing

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The way in which you quickly group the individual letters in this test item into separate words best illustrates the principle of

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Proximity

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The fact that we recognize objects as having a consistent form regardless of changing viewing angles illustrates

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perceptual constancy.

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The Moon illusion refers to our tendency to perceive the Moon as unusually

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Large when it is near the horizon

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Immanuel Kant and John Locke would have been most likely to disagree about the extent to which perception is influenced by

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Cultural experience

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Damage to the basilar membrane is most likely to affect one's

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Audition

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Dissociation has been used as an explanation for

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hypnotic pain relief.

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Receptor cells for the vestibular sense send messages to the

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Cerebellum

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Holding a heavy rather than a light clipboard leads people to perceive job candidates as more important. This best illustrates

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embodied cognition.

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Psychics are unable to make millions of dollars betting on horse races. This undermines their claims to possess the power of

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Precognition

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When holding a gun themselves, people become more likely to perceive another person as gun-toting rather than as simply holding a phone or wallet. This best illustrates the impact of

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Contexts effects

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Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates

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associative learning

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The first time that Liza heard the loud sound of her father's bass drum, she responded with fear. The fear response is most clearly an example of

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respondent behavior

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John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of

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observable behavior.

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Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n)

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conditioned stimulus.

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Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a

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UR

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Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates

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spontaneous recovery

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A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Kim-Li still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates

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generalization.

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Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. This illustrates

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the law of effect.

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in teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as

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shaping.

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If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.

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conditioned

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Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 50,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

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fixed-ratio

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During a typical morning, Colin checks the clock frequently before being reinforced with confirmation that the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break has arrived. In this case, Colin's behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

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fixed-interval

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Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.

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decreases; increases

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Rats most easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with

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novel tastes

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An organism's ability to mentally anticipate that a US will follow a CS is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective.

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cognitive

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if one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates

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observational learning.

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An empathic husband who sees his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. According to many researchers, this best illustrates the functioning of

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mirror neurons.

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Most of the TV shows that 9-year-old Fred watches involve violence. This is most likely to lead Fred to

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perceive the injuries of victims of violence as less severe.

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Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of

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negative reinforcement.

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If you have a "frightening experience" immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates

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classical conditioning.

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After Maya told her friend the 5-digit password to a protected website, her friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her friend's ________ memory.

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short-term

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The encoding of information directly into long-term storage without the aid of working memory best illustrates

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automatic processing.

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Mr. Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf several times each week on a particular course. Yet the more he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the need to distinguish between

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explicit memory and implicit memory.

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Another term for implicit memory is ________ memory.

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nondeclarative

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Mentally rehearsing the glossary definitions of unfamiliar terms in order to remember them for a later test illustrates

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effortful processing.

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Employing the single word HOMES to remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes best illustrates the use of

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acronyms.

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Many students review course material at various times during a semester so they will be prepared for the final exam. These students are especially likely to retain the information far into the future. This best illustrates the value of

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distributed practice.

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The semantic processing of the words in a short poem illustrates

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deep processing.

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Which of the following is central to the processing of procedural memories?

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basal ganglia

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Conscious memories of emotionally stressful events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the

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amygdala.

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Which of the following is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory?

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long-term potentiation

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The happier Judie is, the more readily she recalls positive life experiences. This best illustrates that emotional states can become

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retrieval cues.

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At a block party, Cyndi is introduced to eight new neighbors. Moments later, she remembers only the names of the first three and last two neighbors. Her experience best illustrates

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the serial position effect.

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After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle accident, Arotza cannot form new memories. He can, however, remember events before the accident. Arotza's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates

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anterograde amnesia.

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During her evening Spanish language exam, Janica so easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning that she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty best illustrates

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proactive interference.

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Mrs. McBride can't consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would be too anxiety-arousing to do so. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates

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repression.

question

After Teresa was verbally threatened by someone in a passing car, she was asked whether she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was a male rather than a female. Teresa's experience best illustrates

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the misinformation effect.

question

Answering practice test questions about text material you have studied is a useful strategy for

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becoming aware of what you do not yet know

question

Researchers now recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory and refer to it as ________ memory.

answer

working

question

When you have to make a long-distance call, dialing an unfamiliar area code plus a seven-digit number, you are likely to have trouble retaining the just-looked-up number. This best illustrates the limited capacity of ________ memory.

answer

short-term

Psych exam chapters 5- 8 – Flashcards

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