Psych Exam 3: Chapter 8 Development – Flashcards
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Developmental Psychology
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A Field of psychology that examines physical, cognitive, and socioemotional changes across the lifespan
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Maturation
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Physical growth beginning with conception and ending when the body stops growing
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Critical period
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Specific time frame in which an organism is sensitive to environmental facts, and certain behaviors and abilities are readily shaped or altered by events or experiences
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Cross-sectional method
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A research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time
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Longitudinal method
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A research design that examines the same sample of people over a period of time to determine age-related changes
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Cross-sequential method
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A research design that examines groups of people of different ages, following them across time
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Chromosomes
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Inherited threadlike structures composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
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A molecules that provides the instructions for the development and production of cells
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Gene
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Specified segment of a DNA molecule
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Genotype
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An individual's complete collection of genes
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Phenotype
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The observable expression or characteristics of one's genetic inheritance
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Epigenetics
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A field of study that examines the processes involved in the development of phenotypes
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Dominant gene
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One of a paid of genes that has power over the expression of an inherited characteristic
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Recessive gene
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one of a pair of genes that is dominated by the other gene in the pair
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Zygote
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a single cell formed by the union of a sperm cell and egg
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Monozygotic twins
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identical twins who develop from one egg inseminated by two sperm, and are genetically similar to any sibling pair
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Dizygotic twins
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fraternal twins who develop from two eggs inseminated by two sperm, and are genetically similar to any sibling pair
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Embryo
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The unborn human from the beginning of the 3rd week of pregnancy, lasting through the 8th week of prenatal development
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Teratogens
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Environmental a gens that can damage the growing zygote, embryo, or fetus
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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Delays in normal development that result from moderate to heavy alcohol use during pregnancy
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Fetus
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The unborn human from 2 months following conception to birth
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Cooing
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Production of vowel-like sounds by infants, often repeated in a joyful manner
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Babbling
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The combining of consonants with vowels typically displayed at the age of 4-6 months
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Telegraphic speech
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Two-word phrases typically used by infants around the age of 18 months
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Schema
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A collection of ideas that represent a basic unit of understanding
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Assimilation
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Using existing info and ideas to understand new knowledge and experiences
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Accommodation
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A restructuring of old ideas to make a place for new info
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Sensorimotor stage
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Paiget's stage of cognitive development during which infants use their sensory capabilities and motor skills to learn about the surrounding world
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Object Permanence
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A milestone of the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development; an infant's realization that objects and people still exist even when out of sight or touch
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Preoperational stage
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Piaget's stage of cognitive development during which children can start to use language to explore and understand their worlds
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Egocentrism
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Being able to imagine the world only from one's own perspective
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Conservation
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Refers to the unchanging properties of volume, mass, or amount in relation to appearance
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Concrete operational stage
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Piaget's stage of cognitive development during which children begin to think more logically, but mainly in reference to concrete objects and circumstances
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Formal operational stage
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Piaget's stage of cognitive development during which children begin to think more logically and systematically
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Scaffolding
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Pushing children to go just beyond what they are competent and comfortable doing, while providing help in a decreasing manner
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Temperament
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Characteristic differences in behavioral patterns and emotional reactions
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Attachment
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The degree to which an infant feels an emotional connection with primary caregivers
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Adolescence
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The transition period between late childhood and early adulthood
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Puberty
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The period of development during which the body changes and becomes sexually mature and capable of reproduction
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Primary Sex characteristics
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Organs associated with reproduction, including ovaries, uterus, vagina, penis, scrotum, and testes
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Secondary sex characteristics
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The development of pubic, underarm and body hair in boys and girls along with the variety of other gender-specific bodily changes not associated with reproduction
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Menarche
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the point at which menstruation begins
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Spermarche
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a boy's first ejaculation
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Identity
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A sense of self based on values, beliefs, and goals
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Preconventional moral reasoning
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Kohlberg's stage of moral development in which a person, usually a child, focuses on the consequences of behaviors, good or bad, and is concerned with avoiding punishment
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Conventional moral reasoning
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Kohlberg's stage of moral development in which right and wrong are determined by the individual's beliefs about morality, which sometimes do not coincide with society's rules and regulations
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Postconventional moral reasoning
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Kohlberg's stage of moral development in which right and wrong are determined by the individual's beliefs about morality, which sometimes do not coincide with society's rules and regulations
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Menopause
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The time when a woman no longer ovulates, her menstrual cycle stops, and she is no longer capable of reproduction
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Crystalized intelligence
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Knowledge gained through learning and experience
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Fluid intelligence
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The ability to think in the abstract and create associations among concepts
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Authoritarian Parenting
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A rigid parenting style characterized by strict rules and poor communication skills
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Authoritative Parenting
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A parenting style characterized by high expectations, strong support, and respect for children
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Permissive parenting
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A parenting style characterized by low demands of children and few limitations
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Uninvolved parenting
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A parenting style characterized by a parent's indifference to a child, including a lack of emotional involvement
