Test Answers on Psych Chapter 15 – Flashcards
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The concept of personality most clearly embodies the notion of: a. moral integrity b. self-consciousness c. behavioral consistency d. self-actualization e. gender identity
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c
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Mark typically responds to stress in a calm and thoughtful manner. Chandler usually becomes agitated. The reactions of Mark and Chandler indicate that each has a distinctive: a. reaction formation b. collective unconscious c. oedipus complex d. self-serving bias e. personality
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e
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The belief that some distressing physical symptoms could not be readily explained in terms of neurological impairments contributed most directly to: a. allport's interest in personality traits b. freud's interest in unconscious conflicts c. maslow's interest in self-actualization d. bandura's interest in personal control e. rogers' interest in unconditional positive regard
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b
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Freud believed that certain troubling symptoms could be traced to painful unconscious memories. This led him to suspect that these symptoms resulted from: a. genetic defects b. an inferiority complex c. psychological processes d. an internal locus of control e. reciprocal determinism
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c
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Free association is central to the process of: a. factor analysis b. self-serving bias c. psychoanalysis d. reciprocal determinism e. unconditioned positive regard
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c
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Which of the following techniques was Freud most likely to use in an attempt to discover the hidden conflicts underlying his patients' symptoms? a. factor analysis b. free association c. projective testing d. fixation e. unconditional positive regard
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b
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In suggesting that the mind is like an iceberg, Freud was most clearly emphasizing the importance of the: a. ego b. superego c. instincts d. unconscious e. psychosexual stages
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d
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Who emphasized that slips of the tongue often reveal the personality dynamics that contribute to psychological disorders? a. allport b. freud c. bandura d. maslow e. rogers
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b
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A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax, close his eyes, and state aloud whatever thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as: a. fixation b. free association c. factor analysis d. hypnosis e. projection
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b
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Forgotten memories that we can easily recall were said by Freud to be: a. displaced b. projected c. preconscious d. fixated e. unconscious
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c
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According to Freud, the unconscious is: a. the part of personality that cannot process information b. the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware. c. a set of universal concept acquired by all from our common past d. a reservoir of deeply repressed memories that does not affect behavior e. the personality structure that abides by the reality principle
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a
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Which of the following techniques did Freud use to discover the latent content of his patients' dreams? a. fixation b. factor analysis c. projective testing d. free association e. the barnum effect
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d
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Freud believed that ________ were the "royal road to the unconscious." a. projective tests b. dreams c. erogenous zones d. psychosexual stages e. hypnotic trances
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b
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When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his: a. superego b. collective unconscious c. ego d. id e. oedipus complex
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d
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Ego is to id as ________ is to ________. a. unconscious; conscious b. biology; morality c. reality principle; pleasure principle d. regression; repression e. self-serving bias; self-esteem
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c
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When 16-year-old Hafez received a large inheritance from his grandfather, he was tempted to purchase an expensive new car. He decided, instead, to deposit all the money into a savings account for his college education. Hafez shows signs of a: a. weak superego b. weak id c. strong collective unconscious d. strong ego e. strong self-serving bias
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d
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According to Freud, the part of personality that represents our sense of right and wrong and our ideal standards is the: a. collective unconscious b. ego c. self-concept d. id e. superego
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e
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No matter how long and hard Lerae studies, she always feels she hasn't studied as much as she should have. A Freudian psychologist would suggest that Lerae shows signs of a: a. weak id b. weak ego c. weak superego d. strong id e. strong superego
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e
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Bruce wants to be a loving husband but at the same time wants to express his disgust for some of his wife's habits. According to Freud, Bruce's ________ might enable him to partially satisfy both desires. a. actualized self b. collective unconscious c. superego d. oedipus complex e. ego
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e
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According to Freud, understanding how the id, ego, and superego interact is essential to grasping the nature of: a. self-actualization b. the collective unconscious c. reciprocal determinism d. motivational conflict e. an inferiority complex
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d
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According to Freud's theory, the behavior of a newborn is controlled by: a. the reality principle b. the ego c. the superego d. the id e. anal instincts
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d
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Katrinka habitually makes nasty, hostile comments about her teachers. Freud would have suggested that her behavior illustrates the powerful influence of the: a. collective unconscious b. superego c. ego d. id e. oedipus complex
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d
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The pleasure principle is to the ________ as the reality principle is to the ________. a. oral stage; anal stage b. id; superego c. id; ego d. oedipus complex; electra complex e. conscious; unconscious
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c
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According to Freud's theory, the ego: a. is the executive part of personality b. develops before the id c. operates on the pleasure principle d. is the major source of guilt feelings e. operates only on a conscious level
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a
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While attending college, Saeb impulsively and carelessly spends all his time and money on "wine, women, and song." Freud would have suggested that Saeb shows signs of a(n): a. strong ego b. inferiority complex c. weak id d. electra complex e. weak superego
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e
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Although Garth wants to interact sexually with his girlfriend, he also wants to avoid premarital sex. Freud would have suggested that both desires might be partially satisfied by Garth's: a. ego b. projections c. id d. superego e. oedipus complex
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a
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During the early psychosexual stages, the id's psychic energy is focused on: a. free associations b. defense mechanisms c. erogenous zones d. attributional styles e. complexes
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c
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Two-year-old Damien frequently refuses to obey his parents because he derives immense pleasure from demonstrating his independence from their control. Freud would have suggested that Damien is going through the ________ stage of development. a. phallic b. anal c. genital d. latency e. oral
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b
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According to Freud, the most important erogenous zone during earliest infancy consists of the: a. eyes b. mouth c. bowels d. breasts e. urethra
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b
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Freud suggested that in the process of development, people pass through: a. a genital stage before they enter a latency stage b. a latency stage before they enter a phallic stage c. a genital stage before they enter a phallic stage d. a latency stage before they enter a genital stage e. a phallic stage before they enter an oral stage
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d
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According to Freud, children develop unconscious sexual desires for the parent of the opposite sex during the ________ stage. a. oral b. genital c. phallic d. anal e. latency
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c
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A boy's sexual desires for his mother and feelings of hostility toward his father constitute what Freud called: a. reaction formation b. the oedipus complex c. reciprocal determinism d. an oral fixation e. displacement
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b
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Boris does not like chemistry, but he has chosen it as his college major simply to prove that he is just as smart as his father, who is an outstanding chemist. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to suggest that Boris suffers from an unresolved: a. oral fixation b. free association c. external locus of control d. oedipus complex e. projection
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d
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Freud suggested that the superego develops through the process of: a. self-actualization b. fixation c. free association d. reciprocal determinism e. identification
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e
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Freud emphasized that unresolved childhood conflicts often lead to: a. reciprocal determinism b. the self-reference phenomenon c. unconditional positive regard d. an external locus of control e. fixation
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e
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Ingrid is a married woman who pursues sexual gratification by means of kissing rather than through sexual intercourse. According to Freud, this illustrates a(n): a. oedipus complex b. self-serving bias c. fixation d. projection e. rationalization
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c
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Byron is always looking to others for advice, approval, and affection. According to the psychoanalytic perspective, Byron is most likely fixated at the ________ stage. a. phallic b. anal c. latency d. genital e. oral
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e
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According to psychoanalytic theory, boys' fear of castration is most closely associated with: a. an oral fixation b. free association c. learned helplessness d. the oedipus complex e. the genital stage
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d
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One night after he heard his parents arguing, 4-year-old Wei had a vivid dream in which he saved his mother from being bitten by a large snake. A psychoanalyst would most likely suspect that Wei's dream reflects a(n): a. oral fixation b. reaction formation c. self-serving bias d. oedipus complex e. external locus of control
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d
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Freud suggested that the process of identification is most directly responsible for the development of: a. the oedipus complex b. free association c. the superego d. erogenous zones e. an inferiority complex
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c
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Freud referred to a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage as: a. reaction formation b. projection c. fixation d. displacement e. repression
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c
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Freud suggested that orally fixated adults are especially likely to exhibit: a. passive dependence b. an inferiority complex c. an electra complex d. the self-reference phenomenon e. messiness and disorganization
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a
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When she was 8 years old, Inge was sexually abused by her uncle. At 14, Inge felt uncomfortable whenever she saw this uncle but was unable to understand why she felt this way. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to suggest that Inge is using the defense mechanism of: a. repression b. reaction formation c. rationalization d. regression e. displacement
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a
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Freud suggested that slips of the tongue illustrate an incomplete: a. fixation b. displacement c. rationalization d. projection e. repression
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e
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Freud would have suggested that an excessive fixation is most likely to contribute to: a. reaction formation b. regression c. learned helplessness d. an electra complex e. self-serving bias
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b
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Parents who disguise hostility toward their children by becoming overly protective of them are very likely using the defense mechanism of: a. projection b. regression c. rationalization d. reaction formation e. displacement
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d
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The defense mechanism by which people disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others is called: a. projection b. displacement c. fixation d. reaction formation e. rationalization
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a
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Mrs. Smith, who is White and unconsciously in favor of racial segregation, tells her friends that most Blacks prefer to live in residential neighborhoods inhabited predominantly by Blacks. According to psychoanalytic theory, Mrs. Smith best illustrates: a. fixation b. reaction formation c. projection d. displacement e. regression
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c
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The defense mechanism in which self-justifying explanations replace the real, unconscious reasons for actions is: a. projection b. reaction fixation c. rationalization d. displacement e. identification
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c
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Melissa is unconsciously fearful that her husband is a better cook than she. Recently, she refused his offer to prepare dinner because, said she, "You could better spend the time playing with our kids." Melissa's comment best illustrates: a. regression b. projection c. rationalization d. displacement e. reaction formation
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c
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While Professor Gomez was going through a painful divorce, he tended to create unnecessarily difficult tests and gave his students unusually low grades. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to view the professor's treatment of students as an example of: a. reaction formation b. rationalization c. displacement d. projection e. regression
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c
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Psychoanalytic theory suggests that the ego disguises threatening impulses and reduces anxiety by means of: a. free association b. self-actualization c. unconditional positive regard d. defense mechanisms e. learned helplessness
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d
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According to Freud, the defense mechanism that underlies all others is: a. regression b. reaction formation c. projection d. displacement e. repression
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a
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Freud suggested that a man's inability to remember his childhood Oedipus complex illustrates: a. rationalization b. fixation c. repression d. displacement e. projection
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c
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Although Camile has detailed memories of her high school experiences, she remembers very little about the boyfriend who abruptly broke off their marriage engagement. According to psychoanalytic theory, it appears that Camile is using the defense mechanism of: a. reaction formation b. regression c. repression d. displacement e. projection
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c
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Coping with anxiety by retreating to behavior patterns characteristic of an earlier, more infantile stage of development is called: a. fixation b. projection c. reaction formation d. regression e. displacement
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d
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For several months after he lost the job he had held for nearly 20 years, Mr. Ullomi frequently lost his temper and suffered periodic crying spells. His behavior is most clearly an example of: a. displacement b. oedipus complex c. reaction formation d. regression e. projection
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d
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Which defense mechanism involves the conscious expression of feelings that are the opposite of unconscious feelings? a. regression b. projection c. rationalization d. reaction formation e. displacement
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d
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A religious leader who attempts to overcome his hidden doubts with intense expressions of spiritual certainty illustrates most clearly the defense mechanism of: a. reaction formation b. projection c. regression d. displacement e. fixation
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a
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As her parents became increasingly more abusive toward her, Amity began, with apparent sincerity, to emphatically express her great admiration for her parents. Amity's behavior illustrates most clearly the defense mechanism of: a. regression b. projection c. displacement d. rationalization e. reaction formation
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e
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Although Eduardo has repressed his own homosexual desires, he is distressed by a false suspicion that many men frequently stare lustfully at his body. According to psychoanalytic theory, Eduardo's thinking best illustrates: a. displacement b. regression c. projection d. reaction formation e. rationalization
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c
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Unconsciously motivated by miserliness, Mr. Rioja refused to send his son money to buy the books he needs for his college courses. In defending his actions, Mr. Rioja explained that "parental financial aid prevents teenagers from developing into mature, independent adults." Mr. Rioja's explanation is an example of: a. fixation b. rationalization c. projection d. displacement e. reaction formation
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b
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Displacement refers to the process by which people: a. offer self-justifying explanation in place of real, but unacceptable, unconscious reasons for action b. consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable, unconscious impulses c. disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others d. retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of an earlier stage of development e. redirect aggressive or sexual impulses toward less threatening targets
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e
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Shortly after receiving a traffic ticket for speeding, Fred made numerous hostile comments to his wife about the incompetence of women drivers. Fred's comments illustrate most clearly the defense mechanism of: a. reaction formation b. rationalization c. identification d. displacement e. repression
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d
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Hasina was an abused child; as an adult, she is homeless and squanders any money she can find on alcohol. Alfred Adler would have suggested that Hasina suffers from: a. an electra complex b. the spotlight effect c. an oral fixation d. feelings of inferiority e. the barnum effect
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a
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Karen Horney, a prominent neo-Freudian, disputed Freud's assumption that women: a. have weak superegos b. suffer an electra complex c. often experience learned helplessness d. have stronger sexual instincts than men e. never experience a phallic stage of development
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a
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Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized the influence of the collective unconscious in personality development? a. jung b. adler c. horney d. maslow e. bandura
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a
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Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized that personality development is strongly influenced by feelings of inferiority? a. jung b. allport c. horney d. maslow e. adler
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e
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Carl Jung emphasized the importance of ________ in personality functioning. a. social interest b. inferiority feelings c. psychosexual stages d. the collective unconscious e. unconditional positive regard
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d
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Celine recently had a vivid dream that was strikingly similar to an ancient but unfamiliar religious myth. This coincidence would have been of particular interest to: a. adler b. rogers c. allport d. jung e. horney
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d
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Henry Murray found that children's perceptions of photographs were biased by their previous participation in a frightening game. Their perceptual reactions most clearly highlighted the potential value of: a. projective tests b. free association c. unconditional positive regard d. reciprocal determinism e. an internal locus of control
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a
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Mr. Dutoit was asked by his psychotherapist to look at some ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each. Mr. Dutoit was most likely taking the: a. TAT b. myers-briggs type indicator c. MMPI d. personal orientation inventory e. rorschach test
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a
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Tests that present ambiguous stimuli designed to uncover hidden personality dynamics are called ________ tests. a. empirical b. projective c. multiphasic personality d. factor analytic e. aptitude
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b
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The Thematic Apperception Test requires people to respond to: a. incomplete sentences b. ambiguous pictures c. unfamiliar melodies d. meaningless inkblots e. focus questions
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b
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Rona was asked by her psychotherapist to describe what she saw in 10 ambiguous inkblots. Rona was most likely responding to a(n) ________ test. a. projective b. thematic apperception c. multiphasic personality d. aptitude e. empirically derived
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a
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Twelve-year-old Cawley demonstrates a strongly masculine sense of self-identity even though he was raised without a father or father substitute. This fact represents the most serious threat to ________ theory of personality. a. maslow's b. freud's c. bandura's d. rogers' e. allport's
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b
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Survivors of traumatic events, such as rape or attempted murder, are often haunted by persistent and vivid memories of this experience. This most clearly serves to challenge Freud's concept of: a. free association b. learned helplessness c. motivational conflict d. repression e. fixation
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d
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Survivors' memories of Nazi death camp experiences most clearly challenge Freud's concept of: a. fixation b. repression c. the oedipus complex d. motivational conflict e. learned helplessness
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b
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According to terror-management theory, anxiety about our own mortality motivates our pursuit of: a. self-esteem b. parallel processing c. reciprocal determinism d. the collective unconscious e. an external locus of control
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a
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People who cheat on their taxes are especially likely to think many others do as well. This false consensus effect is most similar to Freud's concept of: a. displacement b. reaction formation c. regression d. projection e. fixation
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d
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The humanistic perspective emphasized the importance of: a. the self-reference phenomenon b. self-determinism c. reciprocal determinism d. factor analysis e. free association
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b
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Which theorist emphasized that an individual's personal growth is promoted by interactions with others who are genuine, accepting, and empathic? a. allport b. jung c. rogers d. freud e. bandura
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c
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Mrs. Sunstedt believes that parents should accept and try to understand their children's feelings and should honestly disclose their own inner feelings to their children. Her approach to parentchild interaction was most explicitly recommended by: a. bandura b. allport c. freud d. rogers e. jung
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d
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Carl Rogers suggested that the ________ is a central feature of personality. a. collective unconscious b. oedipus complex c. inferiority complex d. barnum effect e. self-concept
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e
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Carl Rogers emphasized that a positive self-concept is promoted by: a. an external locus of control b. unconditional positive regard c. collective unconscious d. reciprocal determinism e. free association
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b
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Lamont has frequently been rebellious, inconsiderate, and self-centered, yet the pastor of his local church has always accepted and respected him. The pastor's attitude toward Lamont is most explicitly recommended by: a. freud b. maslow c. rogers d. bandura e. adler
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c
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In assessing a client's personal growth, Carl Rogers measured the correspondence between: a. the pleasure principle and the reality principle b. ideal self and actual self c. the client's values and the therapist's values d. internal locus of control and external locus of control e. introversion and extroversion
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b
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Maslow most clearly interjected his own personal values into his study of self-actualized individuals by: a. selectively studying people with qualities he admired b. interpreting their flattering self-descriptions as self-serving bias c. overemphasizing the value of their loyalty to cultural norms d. using projective tests to assess their motives e. using free association and dream analysis
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a
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Humanistic psychologists would most likely be criticized for underestimating the value of: a. an internal locus of control b. self-serving bias c. social influence d. the spotlight effect e. individualism
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a
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Morris is hostile, aggressive, and socially destructive. According to Carl Rogers, this behavior pattern results from: a. reciprocal determinism b. cultural influences c. the collective unconscious d. inborn personality traits e. an internal locus of control
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a
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The MyersBriggs Type Indicator classifies people according to personality types identified by: a. gordon allport b. carl jung c. albert bandura d. carl rogers e. abraham maslow
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b
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The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator labels a person who is sympathetic, appreciative, and tactful as a(n) ________ type. a. thinking b. judging c. feeling d. intuitive e. perceiving
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c
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The ancient Greeks suggested that there was a strong relationship between four different personality types and: a. lunar cycles b. brian structures c. diving spirits d. ocean tides e. bodily fluids
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e
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Which of the following tests characteristically describes personality in flattering terms? a. rorschach inkblot test b. eysenck personality questionnaire c. myers-briggs type indicator d. MMPI e. TAT
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c
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Martin is optimistic, impulsive, excitable, and restless. In terms of the Eysencks' basic personality dimensions, he would be classified as: a. external-dependent b. manic-depressive c. unstable-extraverted d. passive-aggressive e. internal-mesomorphic
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c
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Coretta is quiet, pessimistic, anxious, and moody. In terms of the Eysencks' basic personality dimensions she would be classified as: a. unstable-introverted b. internal-impulsive c. manic-depressive d. external-dependent e. passive-aggressive
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a
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The tendency to accept favorable descriptions of one's personality that could really be applied to almost anyone is known as: a. the halo effect b. the barnum effect c. projection d. the self-reference phenomenon e. unconditional positive regard
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b
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Frida was informed by a professional palm reader: "You generally communicate openly with others, but you have certain dark secrets that even your closest friends could never guess." The fact that Frida was impressed by the palm reader's insight into her personality best illustrates: a. the self-reference phenomenon b. the barnum effect c. the spotlight effect d. an external locus of control e. unconditional positive regard
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b
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In convincing people that they can accurately assess their personalities, astrologers, palm readers, and graphologists take advantage of: a. the spotlight effect b. the self-reference phenomenon c. the barnum effect d. free association e. factor analysis
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c
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As personality descriptions become more positive, the Barnum effect becomes stronger. This best illustrates: a. the spotlight effect b. unconditional positive regard c. self-serving bias d. an external locus of control e. attributional style
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c
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A personality inventory that utilizes only those items that have been shown to differentiate particular groups of people is called a(n) ________ test. a. factor analytic b. self-report c. aptitude d. projective e. empirically derived
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e
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A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of: a. emotional stability b. extraversion c. openness d. agreeableness e. conscientiousness
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e
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A person who is helpful and trusting most clearly ranks high on the Big Five trait dimension known as: a. emotional stability b. extraversion c. openness d. agreeableness e. conscientiousness
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d
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Walter Mischel's studies of college students' conscientiousness revealed only a modest relationship between a student being conscientious on one occasion and being similarly conscientious on another occasion. According to Mischel, this should make psychologists more cautious about emphasizing the consistency of: a. repression b. self-efficacy c. personality traits d. reciprocal determinism e. unconditional positive regard
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c
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Sheen is usually animated and talkative when he is with his girlfriend, but he is often quiet and reserved at home. He actively participates in many classroom discussions but frequently seems reluctant to talk with friends at the campus coffee shop. According to Walter Mischel, Sheen's behavior should lead us to question the consistency of: a. personality traits b. self-actualization c. reciprocal determinism d. defense mechanisms e. self-efficacy
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a
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Brenda has never cheated on a psychology test, but she often does so on chemistry tests. She recently stole some merchandise from a local store, but she also returned a lost billfold along with $28 to its rightful owner. Walter Mischel would have suggested that this pattern of behavior should make psychologists more cautious about emphasizing the consistency of: a. personality traits b. personal control c. defense mechanisms d. reciprocal determinism e. unconditional positive regard
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a
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People's scores on personality tests often fail to predict their behavior in a real-life situation. According to Walter Mischel, this should make us more cautious about emphasizing the consistency of: a. self-efficacy b. personality traits c. reciprocal determinism d. unconditional positive regard e. self-actualization
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b
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Short segments of surgeon-patient conversations were filtered to make the speech unintelligible while preserving its intonation, pitch, and rhythm. Listeners' ability to use this limited information to accurately assess which surgeons had been sued illustrated the potency of the surgeons': a. attributional style b. self-esteem c. expressive style e. self-serving bias
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c
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The humanistic perspective is to Maslow as the social-cognitive perspective is to: a. allport b. rogers c. adler d. bandura e. jung
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d
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According to Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among: a. mind, body, and behavior b. thoughts, emotions, and actions c. behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events d. id, ego and superego e. learned helplessness, locus of control, and optimism
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c
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Randy's substandard academic performance is both a result and a cause of his feelings of academic inferiority. This best illustrates the importance of: a. self-serving bias b. the barnum effect c. reciprocal determinism d. the self-reference phenomenon e. reaction formation
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c
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Analena's refusal to purchase fattening snacks at the grocery store is both a cause and a consequence of her superior dietary self-control. This best illustrates the importance of: a. the spotlight effect b. reciprocal determinism c. an external locus of control d. the self-reference phenomenon e. an optimistic personality
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b
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Because she is often rejected by her parents, Sally mistrusts other people and treats them with hostility, which leads to their rejection of her. This cycle of rejection, mistrust, hostility, and further rejection illustrates what is meant by: a. an external locus of control b. the spotlight effect c. the self-serving phenomenon d. reaction formation e. reciprocal determinism
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e
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Because Mr. Maloney trusts his employees, he treats them very kindly. His kindness leads them to work diligently on his behalf, which in turn increases his trust in them. This pattern of trust, kindness, diligence, and increasing trust illustrates what is meant by: a. reaction formation b. the spotlight effect c. displacement d. external locus of control e. reciprocal determinism
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e
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Because Greta is an extravert, she frequently goes to parties where she is encouraged to laugh and socialize with her friends. Because Jim is an introvert, he frequently spends weekends in the library where it's easy to quietly reflect and study. Greta and Jim best illustrate what is meant by: a. an external locus of control b. reciprocal determinism c. the self-reference phenomenon d. the barnum effect e. reaction formation
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b
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Within the framework of Bandura's reciprocal determinism, an external locus of control refers to a(n): a. behavior b. genetic predisposition c. environmental factor d. cognitive factor e. defense mechanisms
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c
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The perception that one's fate is determined by luck reflects: a. reciprocal determinism b. self-serving bias c. an external locus of control d. the pleasure principle e. the spotlight effect
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c
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Sasha believes that the questions on college tests are so unrelated to course work that studying is useless. Sasha's belief most clearly illustrates: a. reciprocal determinism b. the false consensus effect c. an external locus of control d. the spotlight effect e. the barnum effect
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c
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Laura fails to recognize any connection between her unsafe sexual practices and the likelihood of contracting a sexually transmitted infection. Laura's lack of perceptiveness best illustrates the dangers of: a. free association b. the self-reference phenomenon c. the spotlight effect d. an external locus of control e. unconditional positive regard
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d
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Emma believes that she will succeed in business if she works hard and carefully manages her time. Her belief most clearly illustrates: a. reaction formation b. reciprocal determinism c. unconditional positive regard d. the self-reference phenomenon e. an internal locus of control
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e
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An individual who perceives an internal locus of control would most likely show signs of a: a. weak id b. strong id c. weak ego d. strong ego e. weak superegos
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d
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Julio believes that no matter how hard he works, the "system" is so biased against his ethnic group that he will be unable to achieve economic success. Julio's thinking most clearly demonstrates: a. displacement b. reaction formation c. the self-reference phenomenon d. an external locus of control e. the spotlight effect
answer
d
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Corbett refuses to take reasonable precautions to protect his health because he believes good health is just a matter of luck anyway. Corbett's attitude best illustrates: a. the barnum effect b. an external locus of control c. self-serving bias d. the self-reference phenomenon e. reciprocal determinism
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b
question
The perception that one can strongly influence the outcome and destiny of one's own life exemplifies: a. the self-reference phenomenon b. the spotlight effect c. the reality principle d. an external locus of control e. reciprocal determinism
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d
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Paula expects that diligent study will enable her to earn good grades on her tests. Paula's belief best illustrates: a. self-serving bias b. the spotlight effect c. an electra complex d. unconditional positive regard e. an internal locus of control
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e
question
Learned helplessness is most likely to result from: a. a self-serving bias b. an external locus of control c. the false consensus effect d. the self-reference phenomenon e. an oedipus complex
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b
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Dogs strapped into a harness and given repeated and unavoidable shocks developed: a. a fixation b. a reaction formation c. learned helplessness d. the false consensus effect e. unrealistic optimism
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c
question
Researchers have observed that the experience of repeated uncontrollable traumatic events contributes to: a. the false consensus effect b. learned helplessness c. the self-reference phenomenon d. an internal locus of control e. reaction formation
answer
b
question
Veena gets poor grades no matter how hard she studies, so she has simply given up studying. Veena's behavior most clearly reflects: a. learned helplessness b. an internal locus of control c. an inferiority complex d. the barnum effect e. an electra complex
answer
a
question
After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates: a. an inferiority complex b. the self-reference phenomenon c. learned helplessness d. an internal locus of control e. reaction formation
answer
c
question
Learned helplessness is most likely to promote: a. collectivism b. unconditional positive regard c. an internal locus of control d. the spotlight effect e. pessimism
answer
e
question
The best indicator of a person's level of optimism is his or her: a. ideal self b. gender identity c. attributional style d. unconditional positive regard e. self-esteem
answer
e
question
The trait of optimism is most closely related to a strong sense of: a. conditional positive regard b. free association c. reciprocal determinism d. personal control e. gender identity
answer
d
question
In order to assess how optimistic or pessimistic your classmates are, you would be best advised to discover: a. how old they expect to be at the time of their death b. what grades they anticipate receiving in future courses c. how they explain their academic failures, financial setbacks, and relationship difficulties d. how much financial debt they are willing to incur in order to complete their education e. how many people they consider to be their close friends
answer
c
question
Most late adolescents perceive themselves as less vulnerable than their peers to the AIDS virus. This best illustrates: a. repression b. the spotlight effect c. reaction formation d. unrealistic optimism e. an external locus of control
answer
d
question
Unrealistic optimism could be best described as a(n): a. self-serving bias b. reaction formation c. fixation d. self-reference phenomenon e. external locus of control
answer
a
question
Sexually active undergraduate women perceive themselves as much less likely to experience an unwanted pregnancy than other women at their university. This best illustrates: a. an electra complex b. low self-esteem c. displacement d. the spotlight effect e. unrealistic optimism
answer
e
question
Martin Seligman advocates a positive psychology, which focuses on topics such as: a. optimism b. projection c. the barnum effect d. external locus of control e. free association
answer
a
question
The social-cognitive perspective suggests that the best way to predict a political candidate's performance effectiveness after election is to assess that individual's: a. current feelings of personal control b. specific political goals for the future c. general feelings of optimism about the future d. past performance in situation involving similar responsibilities e. personality traits as revealed by the MMPI
answer
d
question
Larry studies diligently because he is haunted by an image of himself being unable to get a job after graduation. Larry's diligence best illustrates the motivational impact of: a. an internal locus of control b. unconditioned positive regard c. learned helplessness d. possible selves e. the spotlight effect
answer
d
question
Medical students earn higher grades if they have a clear vision of themselves as successful doctors. This best illustrates the motivational significance of: a. possible serves b. unconditional positive regard c. self-serving bias d. an internal locus of control e. the spotlight effect
answer
a
question
When Professor McKay nervously began teaching a university class for the first time, he overestimated the extent to which his students would notice that he was anxious. His reaction best illustrates: a. self-serving bias b. an electra complex c. the spotlight effect d. the self-reference phenomenon e. reciprocal determinism
answer
c
question
Overestimating the extent to which others notice and evaluate our appearance and performance is called: a. external locus of control b. self-serving bias c. reaction formation d. the spotlight effect e. fixation
answer
d
question
Individuals with high self-esteem are more likely than those with low self-esteem to: a. work persistently at difficult tasks b. experience an external locus of control c. dismiss flattering descriptions of themselves as untrue d. underestimate the accuracy of their own beliefs e. associate with people whose attitudes and personality are very similar to their own
answer
a
question
Low self-esteem is associated with: a. an internal locus of control b. self-serving bias c. unhappiness d. unconditional positive regard e. extraversion
answer
c
question
People with high self-esteem are less likely than those with low self-esteem to: a. experience an internal locus of control b. overestimate the accuracy of their beliefs c. manifest self-serving bias d. succumb to conformity pressures e. have a strong ego
answer
d
question
A person whose self-esteem is momentarily threatened is especially likely to: a. demonstrate an independence from social pressure to conform b. criticize the shortcomings of others c. lack a clear sense of gender identity d. experience an internal locus of control e. be motivated by a desire for self-actualization
answer
b
question
By comparing themselves to members of their own ethnic group, minorities are most likely to maintain their: a. self-esteem b. free association c. attributional style d. external locus of control e. self-serving bias
answer
a
question
Athletes often attribute their losses to bad officiating. This best illustrates: a. an electra complex b. learned helplessness c. the spotlight effect d. self-serving bias e. the barnum effect
answer
d
question
Research on self-perception indicates that most people: a. suffer extensively from feelings of unrealistically low self-esteem b. feel more personally responsible for their failures than for their successes c.view themselves very favorably in comparison to most others d. underestimate the accuracy of their beliefs and judgements e. are unrealistically pessimistic about their personal future
answer
c
question
In one survey, Americans were more optimistic that they themselves would go to heaven than would either Michael Jordan or Bill Clinton. This best illustrates: a. the barnum effect b. the self-reference phenomenon c. the spotlight effect d. self-serving bias e. an internal locus of control
answer
d
question
Although Rolf frequently cheats on classroom tests, he justifies his behavior by erroneously thinking that most other students cheat even more than he does. His mistaken belief best illustrates: a. reciprocal determinism b. the spotlight effect c. reaction formation d. an external locus of control e. self-serving bias
answer
e
question
Which of the following is most likely to be associated with high self-esteem? a. the spotlight effect b. an electra complex c. self-serving bias d. an external locus of control e. reciprocal determinism
answer
c
question
The tendency to accept more personal responsibility for one's successes than for one's failures best illustrates: a. reaction formation b. an external locus of control c. self-serving bias d. the self-reference phenomenon e. the spotlight effect
answer
c
question
Mr. Carlson is a politician who credits his past election victories to his own effective communication and hard work; he attributes his past election losses to factors beyond his control. His assessments best illustrate: a. reciprocal determinism b. the barnum effect c. reaction formation d. self-serving bias e. the spotlight effect
answer
d
question
In national surveys, most business executives say they are more ethical than their average counterpart. This best illustrates: a. reaction formation b. an external locus of control c. the spotlight effect d. self-serving bias e. reciprocal determinism
answer
d
question
When people compare themselves with others, they are most likely to experience: a. the barnum effect b. an external locus of control c. the spotlight effect d. high self-esteem e. reciprocal determinism
answer
d
