Psych: Chapter 14 Social Thinking
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Social Psychology
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The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
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Attribution theory
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The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the -Situation -Or the person's disposition
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Fundamental Attribution Theory
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The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, -to underestimate the impact of the situation and -to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
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To "brainwash" captured American soldiers during the Korean war, Chinese communists made effective use of
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the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. (Start small and build)
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We are likely to conform to group pressure when
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we admire the group's status and attractiveness
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Conformity is best described as
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adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard.
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Masked bandits might be more likely than unmasked bandits to physically injure their victims due to
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deindividuation.
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To analyze how people explain others' behavior, Fritz Heider developed
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attribution theory.
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A dispositional attribution is to ________ as a situational attribution is to ________.
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personality traits; assigned roles
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Two social norms that influence altruistic behavior are a. reciprocity and social responsibility. b. social-responsibility and social exchange. c. reciprocity and social facilitation. Incorrect d. social facilitation and social exchange.
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reciprocity and social responsibility.
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In explaining our own behavior or the behavior of those we know well, we often resort to
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situational attributions.
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Yuri decided to delay his road trip after hearing a weather forecaster warn that a severe snowstorm would pass through the area within several hours. Yuri's decision best illustrates the impact of
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informational social influence.
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The two-factor theory of emotion specifically suggests that passionate love can be facilitated by
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physical arousal.
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The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated social-psychology research on
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Altruism
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Feeling responsible for behavior that violates our conscience is most likely to contribute to
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cognitive dissonance.
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The chameleon effect involves
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automatic mimicry.
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The tragic decision to launch the space shuttle Challenger resulted in part from the minimal expression of dissenting views among NASA personnel and advisors. This best illustrates the dangers of
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groupthink.
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In group situations, the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint that fosters arousal and anonymity is called
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deindividuation
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You would probably be LEAST likely to commit the fundamental attribution error in explaining why
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you failed a college test.
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People tend to prefer aNo ________ image of themselves, while their friends prefer a ________ version of them.
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mirror; actual
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When people look at images of Black and White faces, the different responses in viewers' facial muscles indicate
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implicit prejudice
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Conformity resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval is said to be a response to
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normative social influence.
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The just-world phenomenon often leads people to
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believe that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer.
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A significant danger of media violence is that impressionable viewers are subsequently more likely to enact the ________ provided by the media.
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social scripts
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Norman Triplett observed that adolescents wound a fishing reel faster in the presence of someone working simultaneously on the same task. This best illustrates
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social facilitation
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Katya donated money to a religious charity in order to boost her own feelings of self-esteem. Jennifer failed to contribute to the same charity because she was fearful of running out of money. Differences in their behavior are best explained in terms of
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social exchange theory.
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If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as "strong" when the words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this finding would illustrate
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implicit prejudice
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Research on physical attractiveness indicates that men are more likely than women to
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judge members of the opposite sex as more attractive if they have a youthful appearance.
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A 16-year-old boy shoots a neighbor for no apparent reason. This vivid example strongly influences people's judgments of all teen boys because people
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estimate the frequency of group characteristics in terms of how memorable those characteristics are.
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The text indicates that the clusters of suicides that sometimes follow a highly publicized suicide may be the result of
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suggestibility.
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Cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding the
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Foot in the door
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After Ravi lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the newly chosen president's reputation. Ravi's behavior is best explained in terms of the
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frustration-aggression principle
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Melissa regularly donates blood to an international blood bank simply because she believes she ought to help anyone with a medical need for a blood transfusion. Melissa's altruism best illustrates the impact of
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the social-responsibility norm.
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Simple "non-zero-sum games" have been used in laboratory settings to study
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social traps
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Observers watching videos of speed-dating encounters can detect a man's level of romantic interest ________ accurately than a woman's. If women at a speed-dating event stay seated while the men circulate, men wish for future contact with ________ of their speed dates than do women.
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more; more
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When Armen first heard the hit song "Lose Yourself," he wasn't at all sure he liked it. The more often he heard it played, however, the more he enjoyed it. Armen's reaction illustrates
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mere-exposure-effect
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Our attitudes about another person are MOST likely to influence the way we treat that person if our attitudes are
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stable.
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When White university women withheld criticism of a flawed essay written by a Black fellow student, they demonstrated
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patronization.
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A sincere word of apology often helps to reduce the tension between two conflicting parties. This best illustrates the value of
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conciliation
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A failure to assume personal responsibility for helping in an emergency situation often plays an important role in the
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bystander effect.
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In Milgram's experiments, participants were torn between whether they should respond to the pleas of the ______ or the demands of the ______.
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"learner"; experimenter
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After giving in to her friends' request that she drink alcohol with them, 16-year-old Jessica found that she couldn't resist the pressure they exerted on her to try cocaine. Her experience best illustrates
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the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
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Compared with nonplayers, people with extensive exposure to violent video gaming display ________ desensitization to violence, and they are ________ likely to help an injured victim.
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more, less
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The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior is called
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the fundamental attribution error.
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Conformity resulting from the acceptance of others' opinions about reality is said to be a response to
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informational social influence.
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In most desegregated schools, ethnic groups resegregate themselves in the lunchrooms. People in each group often think they would welcome more contact with the other group, but they assume that the other group does not reciprocate the wish. This pattern of thinking best illustrates
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mirror-image perceptions.
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Extensive exposure to violent pornographic films contributes to a
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increasing willingness to hurt women that is due primarily to the film's depiction of sexual violence.
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Mr. Ignatenko thinks that most unemployed people are to blame for their own misfortune. His belief is best explained in terms of
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just-world
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High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of
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father care.
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If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as "strong" when the words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this finding would illustrate
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implicit prejudice.
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Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study
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conformity.
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Prejudice involves a three-part mixture of
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beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action.
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Just hearing someone reading a neutral text in a sad voice creates "mood contagion" in listeners. This best illustrates
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the chameleon effect.
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Diffusion of responsibility often plays an important role in the
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bystander effect.
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The ingroup is the set of people with whom we share a common
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identity.
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A predisposition to sexual violence is facilitated by Select one: a. dominance motives. b. a history of child abuse. c. the disinhibiting effects of alcohol. d. all of these factors.
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d. all of these factors.
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In which of the following groups is social loafing LEAST likely?
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restaurant food servers who are allowed to keep the individual tips they receive
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Six-year-old Ezra believes that boys are better than girls, while 5-year-old Arlette believes that girls are better than boys. Their beliefs most clearly illustrate
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ingroup bias.
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Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study
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conformity.
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Most people feel ________ positively about women in general than about men in general. Women tend to like women ________ than men like men.
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more, more
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In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" were LEAST likely to deliver the highest levels of shock when
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the "teachers" observed other participants refuse to obey the experimenter's orders
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The level of obedience in the Milgram experiments was highest when the "teacher" was ________ the experimenter and ________ the "learner."
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close to; at a distance from
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Professor Maslova attends faculty meetings simply to gain the approval of the college dean. Professor Maslova's behavior exemplifies the importance of
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normative social influence.
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Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that
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animals can be bred for aggressiveness.
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Magazine computer ads seldom feature endorsements from Hollywood stars or great athletes. Instead, they offer detailed information for consumers to develop more positive opinions about the company's products. This advertising strategy best illustrates
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central route persuasion.
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People may unconsciously harbor negative racial associations. This best illustrate the subtle nature of
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implicit prejudice
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After a light turns green, drivers take about 15 percent less time to travel the first 100 yards when another car is beside them at the intersection than when they are alone. This best illustrates
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social facilitation.
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Verbal behavior intended to hurt another person is an example of
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aggression
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British soldiers who lined up at parade rest on the last voyage of the steamship Birkenhead best illustrated that obedience
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can be an act of heroism.
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The text defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people ________ one another.
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think about, influence, and relate to
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Individuals who are normally law-abiding may vandalize and loot when they become part of a mob. This change in behavior is best understood in terms of
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deindividuation.
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People tend to like the letters of their own name better than other letters. This is best explained in terms of
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the mere exposure effect.
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Class members are asked to work cooperatively in groups on major course papers. Every member of a group is to receive exactly the same grade based on the quality of the group's paper. This situation is most likely to lead to
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social loafing.
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People are less likely to give aid if an emergency occurs in the presence of many observers. This is known as
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the bystander effect
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After their country was ravaged by a series of earthquakes, two bitterly antagonistic political groups set aside their differences and worked cooperatively on effective disaster relief. This cooperation best illustrates the importance of
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superordinate goals.
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Naseeb disagrees with his classmates on an issue. During a class discussion of the issue, Naseeb is MOST likely to conform to his classmates' opinion if he
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believes the rest of the class is unanimous in their position.
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In most desegregated schools, ethnic groups resegregate themselves in the lunchrooms. People in each group often think they would welcome more contact with the other group, but they assume that the other group does not reciprocate the wish. This pattern of thinking best illustrates
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mirror-image perceptions.
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The concept of a superordinate goal is best illustrated by
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the intent of management and labor to produce a fuel-efficient automobile that will outsell any car on the market.
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Diffusion of responsibility often plays an important role in the
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Bystander Effect
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After a yearlong drought, the city of Pine Bluffs has banned all lawn sprinkling. Many residents believe, however, that continued watering of their own lawn will have little effect on total water reserves. Consequently, there is a disastrous drain on city water reserves caused by widespread illegal sprinkling. This incident best illustrates the dynamics of
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Social Traps
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In explaining our own behavior or the behavior of those we know well, we often resort to
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situational attributions.
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People are especially likely to demonstrate the fundamental attribution error in cultures that value
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Individualism
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Portrayals of women as initially fleeing but subsequently enjoying coercive sexual encounters illustrate what is known as
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The rape myth
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An observer is likely to express greater liking for a same-sex stranger if that person's image has some distinctive features of the observer's own face. This best illustrates the impact of
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The chameleon effect
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Two friends quarreled over possession of a single orange without realizing that one of them simply wanted orange juice and the other simply wanted the orange peel to make a cake. This classic episode best illustrates that people sometimes fail to recognize
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win-win solutions.
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A situation in which the individual pursuit of self-interest leads to collective destruction is known as
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a social trap.
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Joie, age 19, is a Black female university sophomore. Research on how we categorize social information suggests that Joie is most likely to believe that most
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Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike.
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Two social norms that influence altruistic behavior are
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Reciprocity, Social Responsibility
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Toby publicly agrees with his fraternity brothers that Ahmed, a senior, would make the best student senate president. On the secret ballot, however, he actually votes for Yoram. Toby's public conformity to his fraternity brothers' opinion best illustrates the power of
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normative social influence.
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An observer is likely to express greater liking for a same-sex stranger if that person's image has some distinctive features of the observer's own face. This best illustrates the impact of
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the mere exposure effect.
