Psych Chapter 11 Vocab
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stress
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the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging
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stressors
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events that cause a stress reaction
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distress
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the effect of unpleasant and undesirable stressors
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eustress
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the effect of positive events, or the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being
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catastrophe
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an unpredictable, large-scale event that creates a tremendous need to adapt and adjust as well as overwhelming feelings of threat
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social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)
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assessment that measures the amount of stress in a person's life over a 1-year period resulting from major life events
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college undergraduate stress scale (CUSS)
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assessment that measures the amount of stress in a college student's life over a 1-year period resulting from major life events
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hassles
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the daily annoyances of everyday life
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pressure
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the psychological experience produced by urgent demands or expectation for a person's behavior that come from an outside source
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frustration
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the psychological experience produced by the blocking of a desired goal or fulfillment of a perceived need
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aggression
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actions meant to harm or destroy; behavior intended to hurt or destroy another person
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displaced aggression
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taking out one's frustrations on some less threatening or more available target
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escape or withdrawal
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leaving the presence of a stressor, either literally or by a psychological withdrawal into fantasy, drug abuse, or apathy
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approach-approach conflict
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conflict occurring when a person must choose between two desirable goals
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avoidance-avoidance conflict
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conflict occurring when a person must choose between two undesirable goals
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approach-avoidance conflict
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conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects
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double approach-avoidance conflict
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conflict in which the person must decide between two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects
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multiple approach avoidance conflict
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conflict in which the person must decide between more than two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects
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general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
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the three stages of the body's physiological reaction to stress, including alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
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immune system
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the system of cells, organs, and chemicals of the body that responds to attacks from diseases, infections, and injuries
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psychoneuroimmunology
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the study of the effects of psychological factors such as stress, emotions, thoughts, and behavior on the immune system
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coronary heart disease (CHD)
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the buildup of a waxy substance called plaque in the arteries of the heart
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type 2 diabetes
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disease typically occurring in middle adulthood when the body either becomes resistant to the effects of insulin or can no longer secrete enough insulin to maintain normal glucose levels
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natural killer (NK) cell
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immune-system cell responsible for suppressing viruses and destroyed tumor cells
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health psychology
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area of psychology focusing on how physical activities, psychological traits, stress reactions, and social relationships affect overall health and rate of illnesses
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primary appraisal
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the first step in assessing stress, which involves estimating the severity of a stressor and classifying it as either a threat or a challenge
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secondary appraisal
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the second step in assessing a stressor, which involves estimating the resources available to the person for coping with the threat
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Type A personality
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person who is ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger as well as being easily annoyed
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Type B personality
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person who is relaxed and laid-back, less driven and competitive than Type A, and slow to anger
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Type C personality
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pleasant but repressed person, who tends to internalize his or her anger and anxiety and who finds expressing emotions difficult
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hardy personality
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a person who seems to thrive on stress but lacks the anger and hostility of the Type A personality
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optimists
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people who expect positive outcomes
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burnout
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negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of prolonged stress or frustration, leading to feelings of exhaustion
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accumulative stress
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stress resulting from the need to change and adapt a person's ways to the majority culture
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social-support system
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the network of family, friends, neighbors, coworkers, and others who can offer support, comfort, or aid to a person in need
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coping strategies
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actions that people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the effects of stressors
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problem-focused coping
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coping strategies that try to eliminate the source of a stress or reduce its impact through direct actions
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emotion-focused coping
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coping strategies that change the impact of a stressor by changing the emotional reaction to the stressor
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meditation
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mental series of exercises meant to refocus attention and achieve a trancelike state of consciousness
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concentration meditation
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form of meditation in which a person focuses the mind on some repetitive or unchanging stimulus so that the mind can be cleared of disturbing thoughts and the body can experience relaxation
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A strategy of coping with stress in which a person changes the way he or she feels or emotionally reacts to a stressor is ____________________
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emotion-focused coping
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During the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome, the adrenal glands release hormones that increase heart rate, blood pressure, and the supply of blood sugar.
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alarm
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Endocrinologist Hans Selye's three stages of the body's physiological reaction to stress are called the:
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general adaptation syndrome
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The ______ returns the body to normal functioning after the stress has ended.
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parasympathetic nervous system
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_______ refers to negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of prolonged stress or frustration.
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Burnout
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According to Lazarus's cognitive appraisal approach, the first step in appraising a stressor is called ______ appraisal
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primary
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Two economically-based social factors discussed in the text that create stressful living conditions are poverty and:
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job stress
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The phases of the general adaptation syndrome are alarm, resistance, and
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exhaustion
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A person dealing with acculturative stress by choosing to maintain a sense of the original culture's identity while also trying to form a positive relationship with members of the majority culture is using the _______ method.
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integration
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Stress has been shown to:
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put people at higher risk for heart attacks.
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Howard was upset that he got a B in Biology, but he felt better knowing that he had improved over his previous grade and that he could work hard to get an A on the next exam. Howard was using _______ to help himself feel better.
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optimistic thinking
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When Ravi found out that he didn't get a high enough grade on his final for an A in his psychology course, he experienced stress from:
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frustration
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Marge is easygoing, slow to anger, and usually relaxed. Marge probably has a ________ personality.
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Type B
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You are driving down the road in a country in the Eastern part of the world. You come across a man who is patiently polishing a large, wooden box with great care. You stop to chat with him, and learn that he is working on what will one day become his own coffin. You are probably driving through the country of ________.
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Vietnam
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When Ben found out his girlfriend had been unfaithful, he didn't say anything to her, but he was furious on the inside. Ben's personality may be considered a ________.
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Type C
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If Tom has been adapting to a stressor and is now experiencing fatigue due to prolonged muscle tension, according to psychologist Selye, Tom is in the _____ stage.
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exhaustion
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Claire's boss scolded her in front of her coworkers in a meeting. When she got home, she started a fight with her roommate. What form of coping with this frustration did Claire demonstrate?
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displaced aggression
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Adults find the hassle of _______ to be the greatest source of stress.
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fighting among family members
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People facing _________ conflict are dealing with two or more goals or events that are unpleasant.
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avoidance-avoidance
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Drug abuse, as a reaction to a source of frustration, is a form of:
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withdrawal
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Miller and Rahe found that overall stress associated with many of the items on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale had ________ from the original 1967 ratings.
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increased by about 45%
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Which of the following is a typical first response to a source of frustration?
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persistence
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___________ results when people experience unpleasant stressors.
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Distress
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Holmes and Rahe's Social Readjustment Rating Scale focuses on:
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how life events cause stress in one's life.
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According to the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, what life event causes the highest number of \"life change units\"?
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death of a spouse ?
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When Ravi found out that he didn't get a high enough grade on his final for an A in his psychology course, he experienced stress from:
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frustration
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Sam put his last dollar into a vending machine to buy himself a snack. The machine accepted the dollar but did not release the snack. Sam tried the snack button again, but it still did not work. Sam pushed the button for coin return, but the machine did not refund his money. Sam reacted by kicking the machine as hard as he could several times until a snack fell out. Kicking the machine is an example of:
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aggression
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Stress has been shown to:
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put people at higher risk for heart attacks
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Pam was getting close to buying her first house, but she was nervous about the mortgage payments, even though they would be less than she was paying in rent. Pam was experiencing a(n) _______ conflict.
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approach-avoidance
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More than anything else, Kendra wants to be the lead singer in a rock band and become famous. However, during her singing lessons, her music teacher told her that her voice is flat and she has no future as a singer. This is an example of:
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internal frustration
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Claire's boss scolded her in front of her coworkers in a meeting. When she got home, she started a fight with her roommate. What form of coping with this frustration did Claire demonstrate?
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displaced aggression
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Holmes and Rahe's Social Readjustment Rating Scale focuses on:
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how life events cause stress in one's life.
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Which of the following is a typical first response to a source of frustration?
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persistence
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Stress-causing events are called:
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stressors
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Researchers found that _______ were much more strongly affected by hassles such as shopping, doctor's appointments, and bad weather.
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elderly people
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_________ strategies are actions people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the effects of stress.
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Coping
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Concentrative meditation:
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focuses the mind on some repetitive or unchanging stimulus.
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According to psychologist Richard Lazarus, the cognitive-mediational theory suggests that:
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the way people think about and appraise a stressor is a major factor in how stressful that particular stressor becomes.
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According to Lazarus's cognitive appraisal approach, the first step in appraising a stressor is called ______ appraisal.
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primary
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In _______, people who have identified a threat or harmful effect must estimate the resources that they have available for dealing with the stressor.
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secondary appraisal
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When white blood cells encounter an infection in the body, they create chemicals and enzymes that activate receptor sites on the _______ that then signal the brain that the body is sick.
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vagus nerve
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Natural killer cells:
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are responsible for suppressing viruses and destroying tumor cells.
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According to the cognitive-mediational theory, the step during which a stressor is appraised and assessed as a threat is the:
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primary appraisal
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Type 2 diabetes is a common result of prolonged stress due to which common behavior?
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overeating
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Stress has been linked to heart disease in part because the _____ is not activated when the sympathetic nervous system is aroused, and therefore it does not clear the fat and cholesterol from the blood stream, leading to clogged arteries.
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liver
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Which of the following has the highest score on the SRRS?
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divorce
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_______ is a pattern in which a minority person rejects the majority culture's ways and tries to maintain their original cultural identity.
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Separation
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When it is not possible to change or eliminate a stressor, the best emotion-focused way to cope is:
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to ignore the stressor.
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religion is associated with:
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rituals that make people feel better about their weakness, giving meaning to events that otherwise may seem meaningless, encouraging healthy behaviors
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optimists:
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As politicians, they win more elections. As students, they get better grades. They are less likely to develop learned helplessness. 50% lower risk of premature death higher levels of natural killer cells longer life and increased immune functioning
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Which of the following activities is associated with a rise in immune system functioning?
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optimism
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Sonja has an exam coming up and she is beginning to worry about it. According to the cognitive mediational theory, how should Sonja try to perceive the exam to make her coping ability more successful?
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Sonja should perceive the exam as a challenge or an opportunity to do well.
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meditation benefits:
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helps sleep, calms anxiety, reduces blood pressure
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According to the general adaptation syndrome, when a body first reacts to a stressor during the alarm stage, the body activates the ________ system, causing increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and supply of blood sugar.
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sympathetic nervous
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Natural disasters, wars, fatal accidents, and acts of terrorism can be best described as _________.
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catastrophes
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Shortly after Angelique found out she was failing in college, she began eating more than usual, crying a lot, and snapping at everyone around. She also picked up a new habit of smoking and experienced issues with concentration, particularly on simple tasks. One might suspect that Angelique is ______.
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stressed
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_______ is the technique to use when dealing with uncontrollable stressors.
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Emotion-focused coping
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Actions that people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the effects of stressors are:
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coping strategies
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Concentrative meditation
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focuses the mind on some repetitive or unchanging stimulus
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Julie is a gymnast who consistently falls off the beam when attempting one particular trick. She has an upcoming competition, and she is experiencing stress due to worry that she will fall again. Julie decides to set up a private lesson with her coach to try to figure out what she is doing wrong. This is an example of what coping strategy?
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problem-focused
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What is the relationship between a person's ability to control a stressful situation and the degree of stress they experience?
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The less control a person has, the more stress he or she may experience
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The destruction of the World Trade Center in New York City on September 11, 2001, is an example of a(n):
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catastrophe
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What is typically the first reaction people show when they are unable to reach a goal?
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persistence
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Faith experienced a high degree of stress when she did not receive a job offer she was expecting. This is an example of:
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external frustration
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The type of stress experienced when positive events require the body to adapt is called:
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eustress.
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What is typically the first reaction people show when they are unable to reach a goal?
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persistence
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Dan has recently taken the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS). His results indicate that he has a significantly increased risk of developing an illness or having an accident. According to your text, Dan's score on the SRRS must have been at least _______.
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300
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The work of this psychologist and his colleagues has focused on ways to increase optimism in individuals, which by extension increases aspects of physical and psychological health.
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Martin Seligman
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Ryan's friends believe he has the \"golden touch.\" He is hardworking, charismatic, and driven by his commitment to his principles. Whenever he is faced with a challenge, especially in his career, he sees it as an opportunity and figures out a way to make money, even if there is none to be made. Ryan is a _______ personality.
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Type H
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Marc is worried about his upcoming job interview, but he has practiced interview questions and researched the company, so he feels he will be able to handle the stress. According to Lazarus, Marc is using:
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secondary appraisal
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A.J. is waiting for a flight at the airport and learns it will be delayed. If A.J. were a Type B personality, how would he react?
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A.J. would smile at the clerk, thank her politely, and then take the opportunity to relax, grab the meal he thought he didn't have time for, and read a magazine.
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In _______, the minority person gives up their old cultural identity and completely adopts the ways of the majority culture.
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assimilation
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Dropping out of school or quitting a job are forms of:
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escape or withdrawal
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The Social Readjustment Rating Scale measures the amount of stress:
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in a person's life resulting from life events over a one-year period.
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Researchers now define eustress as:
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the optimal amount of stress a person needs to promote health and well-being.
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According to psychology research, the act of ______ has many stress-relieving and health benefits, such as increasing levels of beta-endorphins, decreasing levels of cortisol, enhancing the immune system, and lowering blood pressure.
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laughing
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Which of the following ailments are commonly associated with the stress of hassles?
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colds or weakened immune system ???
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Although Juanita considers herself a \"regular\" American teenager, she is also very proud of her Hispanic heritage and often introduces her non-Hispanic friends to the food, language, and customs of her native culture. Juanita is exhibiting the cultural adaptation known as _______.
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integration
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Which coping strategy has been found to change brain waves to incorporate primarily more alpha and theta waves?
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meditation
