Test Answers on Psych Chapter 1 – Flashcards
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structuralism
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the view that objective introspection could be used on thoughts as well as physical sensations is known as; the belief that every experience can be broken down into its individual emotions and sensations is known as
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Functionalism
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is a school of psychology focused on how organisms use their learning and perceptual abilities to function in their environment; influenced by Darwin's ideas about natural selection
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Gestalt Psychology
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is a school of psychology centered on the belief that people naturally seek out patterns, or wholes, in the sensory information available to them; part of the cognitive branch
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Cognitive Psychology
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is a field of psychology focused on the workings of the human brain and seeking to understand how people process the information that they collect from their environments
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psychodynamic approach
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stressed the importance of early life experiences
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What did Watson believe about behavior?
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behavior is learned
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Freud's Psychodynamic Theory
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the ideas that behavior stems from unconscious motivation, is related to repressed conflict, and that personality forms in the first 6 years of life
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Who is the "father of psychology"
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Wilhelm Wundt
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William James
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created the functionalism approach; focused on how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play
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Edward Titchener
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created structuralism approach
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Charles Darwin
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was a naturalist who developed the theory of evolution, based on his ideas about natural selection
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Freud's theory of psychoanalysis...
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is still used today by professionals, with less emphasis on sex and sexual motivations
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reflexive response
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Pavlov; showed that it can be induced by a formerly unrelated stimulus
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phobia
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persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation
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delusion
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persistent false belief
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hallucinations
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false sensory perceptions that a person believes to be real
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psychoanalysis
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psychotherapy that relates closely to Freudian concepts like the influence of the unconscious; it requires patients to talk to a psychiatrist about their lives while the psychiatrist listens, analyzes, and interprets each word
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behaviorism
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concentrates on observable behavior that can be directly measured and recorded
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evolutionary psychology
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explores ways in which patterns of human behavior may be beneficial to people's survival
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Rene Descartes
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french philosopher who believed in Socrates' idea that mind is distinct from body, and began to investigate how the 2 might be connected
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Freud believed...
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that early childhood experiences were the most important
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dualism
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the belief that the mind does not cease to exist when the body dies, and that thoughts and ideas can exist separately from the body
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objectivity
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the ability to look at something fairly , without taking one side or another; Wilhem Wundt argued that the mind could be examined both scientifically and objectively
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sensationalism
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the idea that our senses are our only source of knowledge
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Why was William James reluctant to accept Wundt's regarding introspection and structuralism?
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James felt that consciousness is an ever-changing phenomenon, and that it was not possible to objectively measure it without altering it
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John Watson believed that phobias...
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are learned through the process of conditioning
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within the field of psychology, mental processes refer to...
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all internal covert activities of our minds
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this perspective focuses on the biological bases fro universal mental characteristics that all humans share
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evolutionary
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biopsychosocial perspective
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is focused on the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors
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sociocultural perspective
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psychology centered on the belief that behavior and mental processes are shaped by a combination of multiple factors, such as prior learning experiences, internal unconscious forces, and the social and cultural content
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psychologist
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has a doctorate degree and works with humans or animals in a variety of settings
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psychiatrist
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has a medical degree and is a medical doctor
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psychoanalyst
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practices the treatment that freud invented called psychoanalysis
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psychiatric social worker
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helps people resolve problems in their lives specifically related to poverty or oppression
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when rashid graduated college, he believed he had finally achieved his full potential... Maslow called this
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self-actualization
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self-aggrandizement
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making oneself appear bigger or more important through the accumulation of wealth, power, or reputation
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the largest subfield of psychology is...
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clinical
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psychologists in the counseling specialization...
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must be licensed to practice in their states
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biopsychology has found mounting evidence of a biological cause for...
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schizophrenia
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____ focuses on how people think, remember, store and use information
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cognitive psychology
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psychodynamic perspective draws from the work of
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Sigmund Freud
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when you make a prediction about the explanation for your observations, you are ___
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forming a hypothesis
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Mrs. O'Connor participated in a study in which she was told she would try out a new allergy medicine. She was in the group that received a sugar pill but she believed that the pill did indeed help control her allergy symptoms. This phenomenon is known as ___
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the placebo effect
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placebo effect
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an extreme example of the power of suggestion
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one draw back to the survey method is ___
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the way the question is worded can affect the answer
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in an experiment in which half of the participants are given a caffeinated product and half are given a decaffeinated product to determine if caffeine will make them more talkative, the independent variable is___
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the presence or absence of caffeine
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what is the main advantage of laboratory observation?
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the degree of control it gives the researcher
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what is a guideline for dealing with human research participants?
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data must remain confidential
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which research method will allow researchers to determine the cause of a behavior?
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experiment
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survey
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a series of questions about people's behavior or opinions, in the form of a questionnaire or interview; determine cause and effect
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naturalistic observation
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the study of people or animals in their own environment
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laboratory observation
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the study of people or animals in a controlled setting
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an institutional review board reviews___
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a study's safety and consideration for the research participants
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observer-expectancy effect
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when a participant knows they are being observed so they change their behavior to look better
