psych Ch.11,12,13
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Forms of communication that are designed to reach and influence very large audiences
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Mass Media
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Forms of communication geared to a narrowly defined audience
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niche media
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1. Who is making the claim? 2. What are the credentials and funding of the source? 3. What is the background of the reporter? 4. Where was the scientific study or findings first published? 5. Is the Report biased?
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What do you need to do to evaluate a scientific report in the Media?
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the ability to understand and critically analyze the influence of the mass media
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Media literacy
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1.Who created the message? 2. What is the purpose of the Message? 3. What techniques are used to attract and hold your attention? 4. What values and points of view are represented in the message? 5. What was your reaction to the message reasonable and well informed? 6. How might different people interpret the message? 7. Is the message biased? 8. Is the message backed by good reasoning and facts? 9. What are the possible effects of the message on individuals and society?
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Analyzing Media Message:
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The use of radon to move from observable, measurable facts to hypotheses to testable explainations for those facts
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science
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the belief that are physical senses are the primary source of knowledge
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empiricism
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the assumption that we can observe and study the physical world without any observer bias
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objectivity
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the belief that everything is the universe is composed of physical matter
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materialism
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the universe is made up of interconnected relationships
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predicatability
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the universe has an unerlying unified dynamic structure
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unity
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a process involving the rigorous, systematic application of observation and experimentation
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scientific method
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a proposed explanation for a particular set of phenomena
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hypothesis
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an explanation for some aspect of the natural world based on well substantial facts, laws intereferences, and tested hypotheses
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scientific theory
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1. Identify the problem 2. develop an initial hypothesis 3. gather additional info and refine the hypothesis 4. test the hypothesis 5.Evaluate the hypothesis on the bias of results of testing or experimentaiton
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the scientific method:
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a body of explanations or hypotheses that masquerades as science
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psuedoscience
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1. Is it relevant to the problem under investigation? 2. Is it consistent with well-established theories? 3. Is it the simplest explanation for the problem? 4. Does it provide a testable and falsifiablelexplanation of the problem? 5. Con it be used to predict the outcome of similar events?
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Criteria for evaluating a scientific hypothesis:
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a systematic approach in science to gathering and analyzing info
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research methodolgy
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research carried out under controlled or semi controlled conditions
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scientific experiment
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the factor in a controlled experiment that is being manipulated
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independent variable
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a factor in a controlled experiment that changes in a response to the manipulation
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dependent variable
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an experiment in which all variable are kept constant except for the independent variables
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controlled experiment
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a factor that is not accounted for or controlled by the experiment design
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confounding variable
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the group of objects or subjects that is being studied in a experiment
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experimental material
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a substance that has no therapeutic effect
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placebo
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the condition in which people lived prior to the formation of a social contract
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state of nature
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a voluntary agreement among the ppl to unite as a political community
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social contract
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the exclusive right of gov't to exercise political power
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sovereignty
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the implicit agreement to abide by the lasws of a country by remaining there
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tacit consent
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in a democracy, the right to rule given to the gov't the ppl
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legitimate authority
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a type of democracy in which all of the ppl directly make laws and govern themselves
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direct democracy
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a form of democracy in which ppl turn over their authority to govern to their elected representatives
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representative democracy
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the majority impose their polices and laws on the political minorities
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tyranny of the majority
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a belief in the wisdom of the common ppl in the equality of all ppl
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populism
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a belief in the rule of "the best ppl"
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elitism
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a form of democracy emphasizing their liberty of individuals
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liberal democracy
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a system in which power is divided b/w the federal and state gov;ts
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fideralism
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a system in which 3 separate branches of gov;tt act as check on one another
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separation of powers
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the process by which Congress brings charges against and tries a high-level gov't official for misconduct
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impeachment
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the idea that governmental authority must be excersied in accordance with established written laws
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rule of law
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a system in which members of the ruing class can make arbitrate laws and rules
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rule of men
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the practice of private advocacy to influence the gov;t
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lobbying
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laws or constitutional amendments proposed by citizens
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initiatives
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laws or constitutional amendment put on the ballot by state legislatora
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referenda
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a person who opposes any gov't restraints on individual freedom
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libertarian
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the active, nonviolent refusaltp pbeya law that is seemed unjust
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civil obidence
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a set of ruulels that ensure fairness in the administration of lalwl
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rules of evidence
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a system of case based law that is derived from judges; decisions over the centuries
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common law
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the idea that legal cases should be decided in the same way ss previous, similar legal cases
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doctrine of legal procedure
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researching the case under consideration and summarizing its relevant details
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case brief
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1. Research the present case 2. Examine possible precedents 3. Identify shared general principles 4. Evaluate the analogy
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legal precedents
