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which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?

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cognition

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mental grouping of similar objects,events,ideas,and people is a

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concept

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eva had difficulty recognizing that a sea horse was a fish because it did not closely resemble her fish

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prototype

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an algorithm is a

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methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems

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a chess playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes off all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of

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an algorithm

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simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments efficiently are called

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heuristics

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as he attempts to spell the word receive, Tim reminded himself \"i before e except after c.\" tim's self reminder illustrates

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heuristic

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confirmation bias refers to the tendency to

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search for info that supports our preconceptions

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the inability to see a problem from a new perspective is called

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fixation

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our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called

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the availability heuristic

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the overconfidence phenomenon refers to the tendency to

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underestimate the extent to which our beliefs and judgments are inaccurate

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unwillingness to give up on beliefs even when the evidence proves us wrong is called

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belief perseverance

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making a good first impression when you begin working best underscored by the research on

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belief perseverance

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the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas is called

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creativity

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a person who can imagine many alternative uses of a paper clip best illustrates

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divergent thinking

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convergent thinking involves

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narrowing down the available solutions to a problem

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the smallest distinctive sound unit of language is called a

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phoneme

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language refers to

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spoken, written, or signed words

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the various vowel sounds that can be placed between a \"t\" and an \"n\" produces words. these vowel sounds represent different

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phonemes

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morphemes are

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the smallest speech units that carry meaning

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Wernicke's region of the brain is involved in

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language comprehension

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part of the cerebral cortex that directs the muscle movements involved in speech is known as

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broca's area

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Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis emphasizes that

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words shape the way people think

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experts would most likely agree that intelligence is a

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mental ability to learn from experience

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savant syndrome

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person cannot read or write. can reproduce complex musical selections after hearing

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psychologists use _____ to assess individuals mental aptitudes and compare them with others

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intelligence tests

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important aspect of social intelligence is called

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the g factor

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test designed to predict ability to learn new skills are called

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aptitude tests

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achievement tests

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assess learned knowledge or skills

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to assess mental age, simon and binet measured childrens

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reasoning skills

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WAIS provides

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intelligence score and skills such as working memory

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a person's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills

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crystallized intelligence

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heritability of intelligence refers to

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the proportion of variation in intelligence among individuals that is attributed to genetic variation

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the belief hat intelligence is changeable facilitates

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growth mind-set

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babies in an Iranian orphanage suffered delayed intellectual development due to

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deprived environment

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persistence of learning over time depends on

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memory

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when an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, what memory is being used?

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recall

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process of encoding refers to

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getting info into memory

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explicit memory is also known as

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declarative memory

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encoding that requires attention and conscious awareness is called

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effortful processing

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model introduced distinctions between

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sensory mem, short term mem, and long term mem

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some info in our fleeting ________ is encoded into short term memory

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sensory memory

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ability to unconsciously process how many times you checked your phone for text messages during the past 24 hours best illustrates

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automatic processing

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memory of how to ride a bike is

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implicit memory

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1-800-holiday

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chunking

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associating carrots with a mental image of a bun

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peg-word system

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testing effect is also known as

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retrieval practice effect

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encoding verbal info semantically involves

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deep processing

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encoding words based on the appearance

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shallow processing

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damage to the _____ would most likely interfere with a persons memory of how to paly the piano

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basal ganglia

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neural center in the limbic system helps process explicit memories for storage

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hippocampus

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relating info to own life experiences

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deep processing

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good nights sleep improves recall of the previous days events by facilitating the transfer of memories from the

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hippocampus to the cortex

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recalling info and holding it in working memory requires that many brain regions send input to your

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frontal lobes

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long term potentiation is believed to be

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a neural basis for learning and memory

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after hearing sound of ambulance, you may be momentarily predisposed to interpret your friends cough as a symptom of serious illness. this illustrates

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priming

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tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle item is known as

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serial position effect

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ebbinghaus forgetting curve

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how long ago we learned the info

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our inability to remember info presented in the seconds before we fall asleep is due to

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encoding failure

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disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned info is called

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retroactive interference

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can remember old friends phone number but not new friends number

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proactive interference

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faulty memory of how when or where info was learned is

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source amnesia

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research on memory construction indicates that

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false memories of imagines events are often recalled as something that really happened

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after painful divorce begin remembering bad things in relationship

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memory construction

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forming associations between new course material and what you already know is effective way to build network of

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retrieval cues

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avoid back to back study times for learning Spanish and French in order to minimize

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interference

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learning

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the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring info or behaviors

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scared of dogs because bitten, then exposed to tamed dogs in safe setting fear gradually faded

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extinction

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acquisition

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In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

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reappearance after a time lapse of an extinguished CR is called

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spontaneous recovery

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Jordan is frightened by the sound of a train whistle the sound is

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a stimulus

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associative learning conducted by

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Pavlov

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Watson considered himself to be a

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behaviorist

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in classical conditioning a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is call a

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neutral stimulus

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psychic secretions Pavlov initially considered an annoyance were

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conditioned responses

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sucking thumb makes less anxious

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operant conditioning

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pavlovs experiments the taste of food triggered the dogs salivation salivation was a

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unconditioned response

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primary reinforcers could best be described as

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innately satisfying stimuli

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any stimulus that when removed after a response strengthens the response is called a

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negative reinforcer

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shaping is a _______ procedure

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operant conditioning

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alex was paid for 8 hours of work the money was a

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conditioned reinforce

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a stimulus that acquired reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforce is called a ____ reinforce

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conditioned

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a response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired under conditions of

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continuous reinforcement followed by partial reinforcement

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slot machines reward players by

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partial reinforcement

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fixed ration schedule

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specified number of responses have been made

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Skinner human behavior is controlled primarily by

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external influences

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learned association between behaviors and resulting events is central to

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operant conditioning

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respondent behavior

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blushing when embarrassed

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voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called

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operant behaviors

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mirror neurons are believed by some scientists to provide a bio basis for

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observational learning

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learning can occur without reinforcement

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latent learning

Cognition, Prototypes, and Algorithms

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