PSYCH 319-chapter 2 – Flashcards
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The theories of mechanism that invoke the movement of atoms to explain the universe were developed by ____.
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newton and galileo
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Who published a clear explanation of how the calculating machine functioned and pointed out its potential use and implications?
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lovelace
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Which of the following ideas has psychology borrowed from natural physics?
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effects are predictable and measurable
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The doctrine that natural processes are mechanically determined and capable of explanation by the laws of physics and chemistry is ____.
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mechanism
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According to the textbook, the dominant idea of the 17th century was ____.
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mechanism
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____ are mechanized figures that could almost perfectly duplicate the movements of living things.
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automata
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What invention was considered the perfect metaphor for the "spirit of mechanism"?
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clock
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The doctrine that explains phenomena on one level (such as complex ideas) in terms of phenomena on another level (such as simple ideas) is ____.
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reductionism
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The Zeitgeist of 17th- to 19th-century Europe and of the United States was marked by ____.
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mechanism
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____ was the first successful demonstration of artificial intelligence.
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Babbages self calculating machine
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derived ideas ______
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arise from the direct application of an external stimulus
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Descartes makes a case that because the body is matter the laws of ____ apply.
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mechanics
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The response of salivation following the stimulus of food on the tongue is an illustration of Descartes' ____.
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reflex action theory
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Descartes' notion that we are born with certain perceptual processes is also a principle of which modern school of psychology?
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Gestalt
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Which of the following is a contribution of Rene Descartes to modern psychology?
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.a. a mechanistic conception of the body. b. the theory of reflex action. c. mind-body interaction. d. localization of mental function in the brain. e. All of the choices are correct. E IS CORRECT
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descartes theorized that we are born with knowledge of the axioms of geometry. Thus, these axioms are ____ ideas.
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innate
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Which of the following is an example of a derived idea?
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seeing a forest
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The body will respond without any internal conscious intent to some external stimulus. This fact illustrates Descartes' principle of ____.
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undulatio reflexa
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locke's ____ marks the formal beginning of British empiricism.
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"an essay concerning human understanding"
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The phenomenology of the humanistic school focuses on the individual's unique experiences as they define the person's reality. This idea is a direct descendant of ____.
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Berkleys mentalism
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The idea that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" was the position of ____.
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john stuart mill
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According to Locke, the idea of an army or a navy would be an example of ____.
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a complex idea
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Which of the following types of automata are NOT described in the book?
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a singing mouse
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While Hartley's fundamental law of association was ____, he also proposed that ____ was necessary for associations to be formed.
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contiguity, repetition
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John Stuart Mill's metaphor of mental chemistry came to be known as ____.
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creative synthesis
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Both the term and concept of positivism represent the thought of ____.
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Comte
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James Mill's model says that all knowledge ____.
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begins with sensations, and associations create complex ideas
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The doctrine that recognizes only natural phenomena or facts that are objectively observable is ____.
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positivism
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In eyewitness testimony, one swears that what one has observed accurately depicts reality. Because this "fact" has not been determined through the methods of science, it does not meet Comtes' strictest application of ____.
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positivism
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What position did Locke take on the origin of ideas?
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all ideas are acquired from experience, no ideas are innate
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John Stuart Mill (JSM) differed from his father's view of the mind by proposing: "Complex ideas emerge from combinations of simple ideas and possess characteristics not found in those elements." JSM was concerned with mental ____.
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chemistry
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Which philosopher believed that the only things that humans know with certainty are those objects that are perceived?
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George Berkeley
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____, the most radically mechanistic of the British empiricists, claimed that the mind is a machine and that there is no freedom of the will, believing instead that the mind is totally a passive entity and all thought can be analyzed in terms of sensations.
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james mill
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Descartes
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-mechanism and the mind-body problem -people may be more efficient than machines, but machines none the less -humans as machines -body is mechanical device and subject to laws of physics -mind influences body and vice versa -people born with SOME knowledge (idea of self) -pineal gland/conanum -thought animal spirits flowed through tubes (nerves) -innate and derived ideas -relflex action theory
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3 philosophical doctrines important to founders of scientific psych
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positivism, materialism, empiricism -empiricism played greatest role
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materialism
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facts of the world around us can be described in physical terms and explained by matter and energy
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empiricism
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-pursuit of knowledge through observation of nature and attribution of knowledge to experience -all knowledge derived from experiences presented to brain by 5 senses only
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before descartes how was the mind body interaction thought of?
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mind influenced body but body had little effect on mine
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who came up with the doctrine of ideas
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-innate and derived -deacartes
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innate ideas
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produced by objects in the external world, independent of senses, born with it
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derived ideas
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arise from direct application of external stimulus (sound of bell) and are products of the experience of the senses
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who came up with empiricism
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auguste comte
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Auguste Comte
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-empiricism -positivism -materialism
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major empiricists
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john locke, George Berkeley, david hartley, james mill, john stuart mill
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John locke
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british empiricist -an essay concerning human understanding (formal beginning of british empiricism) -rejected innate ideas, humans born with no knowledge (acquired through experience) -sensation and reflection (sensations first in development because necessary from reflection) -simple and complex ideas -theory of association -primary and secondary qualities
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who came up with simple and complex ideas?
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locke
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simple ideas
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arise from sensation and reflexion, cannot be analyzed or reduced
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complex ideas
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compound of simple ideas
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theory of association
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-locke -linking simple ideas to make complex ones
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primary and secondary qualities
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-locke -primary=exists whether or not we perceive them -secondary=exist in persons perception
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george berkeley
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-said no primary qualities only secondary qualities because all knowledge comes from perception (mentalism) -all knowledge comes from experience -god is permanat perceiver of all object in universe
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david hartley
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repetition is necessary for association -knowledge from experience, none at birth -first to apply association to all types of mental activity -viewed mental world in mechanistic terms
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james mill
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mind as a machine (applied mechanism to mind) -we have no free will -sensation and ideas are the only mental elements that exist
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john stewart mill
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creative synthesis
