question

A greater-than-20-percent increase over healthy weight, based on age, sex, and physical build.

answer

obesity

question

-------- hierarchy; stable ordering of group members that predicts who will win when conflict arises.

answer

dominance

question

Condition in which the upper and lower teeth do not meet properly.

answer

malocclusion

question

Nocturnal -------: repeated bed wetting during the night

answer

enuresis

question

_______-______-________ play: a form of peer interaction involving friendly chasing and play fighting

answer

Rough and tumble

question

_____________ trends in physical growth refer to changes in body size from one generation to the next.

answer

secular

question

At age 6, the average North American child is ______ feet tall.

answer

3 1/2

question

lengthen and broaden

answer

During middle childhood, the bones of the body _________

question

finger sucking

answer

Malocclusion can be cause by ___________

question

three times

answer

Children without health insurance are ____________ as likely to have unmet dental needs as children with insurance.

question

5

answer

The weight of the brain increases by ______ percent during middle childhood.

question

may suffer serious developmental problems

answer

When neurotransmitters are not present in appropriate balances, children __________

question

ready availability of unhealthy options

answer

Children say that a major barrier to healthy eating is the _________

question

slightly lower mental test performance

answer

In research focusing on school-age children from middle-to high- SES families, insufficient dietary iron and folate predicted ______

question

five

answer

In a longitudinal study of more than 1,000 US children, overweight preschoolers were _____ times more likely than their normal weight peerd to be overweight at age 12

question

leads consumers to view huge portions as normal and appropriate.

answer

Portion supersizing _______

question

Asian; Caucasian

answer

Worldwide, myopia occurs far more frequently in _____ than in ______ populations.

question

A urine alarm that wakes the child at the first sign of dampness

answer

The most effective treatment for nocturnal enuresis is ________

question

A few students with chronic health problems

answer

Most school absences can be traced to _______

question

Lamar, who is African American

answer

Which of the following children is at greater risk for asthma?

question

bicycle accidents

answer

In the United States, the leading cause of injury from middle childhood to adolescence is motor vehicle accidents, with _____ next in line.

question

25

answer

Wearing protective helmets while bicycling, in-line skating, skateboarding or using scooters leads to a _____________ percent reduction in head injuries.

question

have little impact on behavior

answer

Efforts to impart health concepts to school-age children ______

question

readily generalize from their knowledge of familiar diseases to less familiar ones

answer

School-age children may conclude that sneezing on someone can cause cancer because they _________________

question

much health information is contradicted by other sources

answer

Teaching school-age children about health concepts can be difficult because ___________

question

more efficient information processing

answer

Along with body growth, _______ plays a vital role in improved motor performance during middle childhood.

question

kick-ball

answer

Six-year-old Joseph will probably have the most success at which of the following sports or games?

question

make strokes with their arms

answer

At first children's writing is large because they ______________

question

be more skilled

answer

Children whose parents enjoy physical exercise tend to __________

question

kicking

answer

Boys outperform girls in ______

question

permit children to try out different styles of cooperating and competing.

answer

Child-invented games ______

question

play more adult-organized sports

answer

Compared to past generations, children today___________

question

10

answer

In middle childhood, rough-and-tumble play accounts for about __________ percents of free play behavior

question

rough and tumble

answer

A play behavior that limits aggression in childhood but becomes a context for hostility in adolescence is ____ play

question

child-organized games

answer

Recess is one of the few remaining contexts devoted to ________

question

is unlikely to reach the least physically fit children

answer

Physical education that emphasizes training in competitive sports ___________

question

5

answer

During the school years, children add about ___ pounds in weight each year.

question

fat

answer

After age 8, girls accumulate ____ at a faster rate than boys.

question

tend to have poorer diets and are more likely to suffer from growth-stunting illnesses.

answer

Secular gains in physical growth are smaller for low-income children because they _______

question

lower front tooth

answer

Mason lost his first tooth. If Mason is a typical child, is was a(n) _____

question

myelinated nerve fibers

answer

White matter consists mostly of _____

question

stimulated neurons increase in synaptic connections

answer

As children acquire more complex abilities ______

question

drops sharply between ages 9 and 14

answer

The percentage of children who eat meals with their families ______

question

85th

answer

A BMI above the ___ percentile for a child's age and sex is considered overweight.

question

Diets high in meat and refined foods

answer

Which of the following has led to increasing obesity rates in developing countris?

question

high-fructose corn syrup; palm oil

answer

The 1970's saw two massive changes in the US food economy that have encourages widespread rapid weight gain, the mass production of ____ and the importation of ____

question

myopia

answer

School-age children with low birth weights show an especially high rate or ____

question

less frequent than in early childhood

answer

In the school-age population, otitis media is ____

question

nocturnal enuresis

answer

Ten percent of US school children suffer from _____

question

asthma

answer

Of the following chronic childhood illnesses, which is the most frequent cause of school absence and childhood hospitalization?

question

whose parents do not act as safety-conscious modelts

answer

By middle childhood, the greatest risk-takers tend to be those _____

question

pay less attention to injury risk cues.

answer

Compared with girls, boys _____

question

is seldom an important goal for children

answer

In middle childhood, health ____

question

"He is be punished by God for his bad behavior"

answer

Bindi, an Indian child, is asked why a man probably got sick. Bindi is most likely to say which of the following?

question

more elastic

answer

Compared with preschoolers, school-age children are physically _____

question

8

answer

The height children can jump increases by __ inches from ages 6 to 12

question

print their first and last names

answer

By age 6, most children can

question

Skipping

answer

Girls outperform boys in ____

question

more positive than girls about their own sports ability

answer

Boys are ____

question

effort

answer

When parents and coaches emphasize ____, young athletes enjoy sports more and exert greater effor to improve their skills.

question

rely on a sizable element of luck

answer

Child-invented games usually _____

question

rough and tumble

answer

Friendly chasing and play-fighting on the playground usually involves _____

question

dominance hierarchy

answer

A stable ordering of group members that predicts who will win when conflict arises is a ___

question

have cut back on recess

answer

US elementary schools ___

question

school-age children are more attentive in the classroom after recess than before it.

answer

Research on recess indicates that ___

question

enjoyable, informal games

answer

Many experts believe that schools should not only offer more frequent physical education classes but also change the content of these programs to include greater emphasis on ____

question

concrete operational

answer

Piaget's ___ stage extends from about 7-11 years

question

reversibility

answer

India can think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse directions, returning to the starting point. This means that India is capable of _____

question

going to school

answer

The experience of ____ seems to promote mastery of Piagetian tasks,

question

information-processing speed

answer

Some neo-Piagentians argue that the development of operational thinking can best be understood in terms of gains in _______

question

inhibition

answer

Strides in ____ occur in middle childhood as the prefrontal cortext develops further.

question

production

answer

Hattie, a preschooler, rarely engages in attentional strategies. Hattie has a(n) ___ deficiency.

question

utilization

answer

Gregory executed attentional strategies consistently, but his performance does not improve. Gregory has a(n) ____ deficiency.

question

runs in families and is highly heritable.

answer

ADHD ____

question

Theory of mind

answer

Lance knows that doing well on a task depends on focusing his concentration and exerting effort. Lance's ____ has become more refined.

question

phonics

answer

Mr. Van Dalen believes that children should first be coached on the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds before they are exposed to complex reading materials. Mr. Van Dalen probably uses a ___ approach to teaching reading.

question

computational drill; number sense

answer

Arguments on how to teach mathematicas pit ____ against ____

question

.50; .60

answer

Around age 6, IQ correlates with academic achievement around ___ to ___

question

are useful in instructional planning

answer

Group-administered intelligence tests ____

question

analytical

answer

According to Sternberg, __ intelligence consists of the information-processing components that underlie all intelligent acts.

question

navigator

answer

Horace scored high in Gardner's spatial intelligence. A good career for Horace might be a ____

question

emotional

answer

When her friend is excluded from attending a birthday party, Greta comforts her and says. "If you aren't invited, I'm not going wither." Greta probably excels at ___ intelligence.

question

Half

answer

On the basis of kinship evidence, researchers estimate that about ____ the differences in IQ among children can be traced to their genetic makeup.

question

collaborative

answer

Many ethnic minority parents without extensive schooling prefer a(n) ___style of communication.

question

stereotype threate

answer

Mayar's fear of being judged on the basis of her religion triggers performance anxiety on a test. Mayar is experiencing a ______

question

increases fourfold

answer

During the elementary school years, vocabulary ___

question

attain early language milestones according to a typical timetable.

answer

Children of bilingual parents who teach them both languages in infancy and early childhood ____

question

lets the child know that her heritage is respected

answer

Providing instruction in English and a child's native tongue ____

question

13; 17

answer

In a study of Tennessee students, placing kindergartners through third graders in classes of ___ to ___ students predicted substantially higher achievement fourth through ninth grade.

question

the teacher is the sole authority for knowledge and decision making

answer

In a traditional classroom ____

question

attracting students from outside the neighborhood to schools in low-income areas.

answer

Magnet schools offer a solution to the problem of racial segregation in public schools by _____

question

be longer and of higher quality

answer

School assignments written using computer word processing programs tend to ____ than assignments written by hand.

question

learning disability

answer

Shelby has an average IQ, but has low reading achievement scores. Shelby probably has ____

question

Talented

answer

_____ children show outstanding performance in a specific field.

question

permit them to take intellectual risks

answer

Gifted children thrive in learning environments that ____

question

believe that all children can succeed academically as long as they try hard.

answer

In contrast to American parents, Asian parents _____

question

decentration

answer

Matthew can focus on several aspects of a problem and relate them, rather than focusing on just one. This means that Matthew is capable of ____

question

classification

answer

Micah can seriate mentally. This means that Micah has mastered ____

question

Scale

answer

Ten- to twelve-year-olds are able to grasp the concepts of ____ due to experience with reading maps.

question

more; drawing

answer

A child who often listens to and tells stories but rarely draws pictures displays ___ advanced conceptual structures in ____

question

inhibition

answer

One reason Kaylee is able to memorize her family's important phone numbers at 12 but had trouble doing so at 7 is that she has made gains in ____

question

production

answer

Brenda sometimes produces attentional strategies, but not consistently. She has a(n) ___ deficiency.

question

is probably very creative.

answer

By the mid-elementary school year, Vanessa uses attentional strategies consistently and performance improves. Vanessa _____

question

two

answer

Boys are diagnosed with ADHD about ____ times as often as girls.

question

rehearsal

answer

Mia memorizes a list of state capitals by repeating them to herself. This is called ____.

question

they are not yet good at cognitive self-regulation

answer

School-age children have difficulty translating metacognition into action because ____

question

given lessons in both phonics and the while-language approach

answer

Studies indicate that children learn to read faster when ____

question

factor analysis

answer

Intelligence test designers use ___ to identify the various abilities that intelligence tests measure.

question

practical

answer

According to the test designers, the ___ is the most "culture-fair" intelligence test available.

question

able to recognize and classify all varieties of animals and plants.

answer

Marci scored high in Gardner's naturalist intelligence. This means Marci probably is ____

question

positively associated with leadership skills

answer

Emotional intelligence is ___

question

heredity

answer

Arthur Jensen claims that ___ is largely responsible for variations in intelligence.

question

hierarchical

answer

With increasing education, parents establish a(n) ___ style of communication, like that of classrooms and tests.

question

Vygotsky's social-cultural theory

answer

Dynamic assessment is consistent with which theory of development?

question

the communicative side of language

answer

The school years bring dramatic grains in pragmatics, which refers to _____

question

express cultural identity

answer

Bilingual adults frequently code switch to ____

question

sometime in childhood

answer

Mastery of a second language must begin ___ for full development to occur

question

students are active agents of their own knowledge

answer

In a constructivist classroom, _____

question

reciprocal teaching

answer

In ___, a teacher and two to four students form a cooperative group and lead dialogues on the content of a test passage.

question

a less segregated education enhances minority student achievement

answer

Research shows that _____

question

higher their reading achievement scores.

answer

The more low-SES middle-school students use home computers to access the Internet for information gathering, the ______

question

fully inclusive

answer

Derek, who has Down syndrome, spends all his school day working alongside typical students in a regular educational setting. Derek's classroom is _____

question

130

answer

The standard definition of giftedness includes children whose IQ scores exceed _____

question

thinks divergently

answer

When faced with a task or problem, Kristin generates multiple and unusual possible solutions. Kristin ____

question

focus more on effort than grades

answer

International studies reveal that, compared with student in top-achieving nations, US students ______

question

Problem

answer

_______-centered coping; appraising a situation as changeable, identifying the difficulty, and deciding what to do about it.

question

comparisons

answer

Social ____ : judgements of appearance, abilities, behavior, and other characteristics in relation to those of others.

question

Perspective

answer

________ taking; the capacity to imagine what others may be thinking and feeling

question

Industry

answer

_____ Versus inferiority: Erikson's psychological conflict of middle childhood.

question

helplessness

answer

Learned ___: attribution that credit success to luck and failure to lower ability.

question

Emotion

answer

_____-centered coping: internal, private, and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done about an outcome.

question

retaining

answer

Attribution _____ is an intervention aimed at modifying the attributions of learned-helpless children.

question

phobia

answer

An intense, unmanageable fear that leads to persistent avoidance of a feared situation

question

mastery-oriented

answer

_____-_____ attributions: credit success to high ability and failure to insufficient effort

question

Rejected

answer

Children who are actively disliked and get many negative votes on sociometric measures of peer acceptance

question

controversial

answer

Children who get a large number of positive and negative votes on sociometric measure of peer acceptance

question

mediation

answer

Divorce _________ attempts to settle disputes of divorcing adults while avoiding legal battles that intensify family conflict.

question

acceptance

answer

Peer ________: the extent to which a child is viewed by a group of agemates as a worthy social partner

question

Coregulation

answer

Supervision in which parents exercise general oversight but permit children to manage moment-to-moment decisions

question

Populat

answer

Children who get many positive votes on sociometric measure of peer acceptance.

question

aggressive

answer

Rejected-_________ children are a subgroup of rejected children who engage in high rates of conflict, hostility, hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity..

question

self-care

answer

_______-______ children look after themselves while their parents are at work.

question

prosocial

answer

Popular-_____children: good students who communicate with peers in sensitive, friendly, and cooperative ways.

question

withdrawn

answer

Rejected-______ children are a subgroup of rejected children who are passive and socially awkward.

question

blended

answer

Family structure resulting from cohabitation or remarriage that includes parent, child, and steprelatives; also called "reconstituted family"

question

neglected

answer

Children who are seldom chosen, either positively or negatively, on sociometric measures of peer acceptance.

question

victimization

answer

Peer _____: certain children become frequent targets of verbal and physical attacks or other forms of abuse.

question

peer groups

answer

Social units of peers who generate unique values and standards for behavior and a social structure of leaders and followers

question

antisocial

answer

Popular-______children: highly aggressive, yet viewed by peers as "cool"

question

industry

answer

According to Erikson, ____ is the positive resolution of the psychological conflict of middle childhood.

question

making social comparisons

answer

Chyna observed that she was "better as spelling" than her peers but "bit as good at science"

question

ideal self

answer

When school-age children become better at reading others' messages and internalizing their expectations, stay form a(n) ______ that they use to evaluate their real self.

question

Declines during the first

answer

Self-esteem ____ few years of elementary school.

question

authoritative

answer

Children whose parents use a(n) _____ child-rearing styke feel especially good about themselves.

question

only for intentional wrongdoing

answer

During the school years, children typically report feeling guilt ______

question

pride

answer

Feelings of _____ motivate children to take on further challenges.

question

social-informational

answer

Hermione undertands that different perspectives may result because people have acess to different information. Hermione is in Selman's stage of ____perspective taking.

question

Intentions are important in deciding whether to tell the truth or lie.

answer

By age 7 or 8, most children say that _____.

question

associate inferior status with people of color

answer

By the early school years, children _____

question

having a mix of tangible and intangible features.

answer

Children view God as _____

question

proximity

answer

Peer groups organize on the basis of ______

question

acts of kindness

answer

School-age children state that a good friendship is based on ______

question

neglected

answer

On children's self-reports of peer acceptance, ____ children are seldom mentioned, either positively or negatively.

question

combine academic and social competence

answer

Popular-prosocial children_______

question

display a blend of positive and negative behaviors

answer

Controversial children _______

question

boys who use both physical and verbal attacks.

answer

Research indicates that most bullies are ______

question

gender typical

answer

Max feels a high degree of similarity to other boys. Max is _____

question

Coregulation

answer

_______ support(s) and protect(s) children while preparing them for adolescence, when they will make many important decisions themselves.

question

same-sex siblings who are close in age.

answer

Parental comparisons of siblings are more frequent for _______

question

are more advanced in cognitive development

answer

Compared to children with siblings, only children in China _______

question

engage in more antisocial behavior

answer

Children of never-married mothers who lack a father's involvement _____ than children in low SES first-marriage families.

question

5

answer

Children of divorce spend an average of ___ years in a single parent home.

question

>>>>Asher, age 4<<<<<<< Beatrice, age 8 Christa, age 12 Dimitri, age 16

answer

Which of the following children is the most likely to fear that both parents may abandon them following a divorce?

question

increases with SES

answer

Self-care ____

question

increase between ages 7 and 9

answer

Nighttime fears _____

question

similar in all cultures worldwide

answer

Outcomes for children exposed to ethnic and political violence, such, such as anxiety, depression, aggression, and antisocial behavior, appear to be _____

question

male parent, or someone the parent knows well

answer

The typical child sexual offender is a ________

question

it is distinctive and personally relevant

answer

Children testifying in court cases are more likely to remember an event if _____

question

above-average intelligence

answer

Which of the following is a typical personal characteristic of a stress-resilient child?

question

inferiority

answer

According to Erikson, if the psychological conflict of middle childhool is resolved negatively, children develop a sense of _____

question

academic competence, social competence, physical/athletic competence, and physical appearance.

answer

By age 6 to 7, children in diverse Western cultures have formed at least four broad self-evaluations, including_____

question

children's performance is more frequently judged in relation to that of others.

answer

Self-esteem typically declines during the first few years of elementary school because _________

question

learned helplessness

answer

Children who develop _____ attribute their failures, nor their successes to ability

question

Attribution retraining

answer

_______ encourages learned-helplessness children to believe they can overcome failure by exerting more effort.

question

shame

answer

School aged children tend to feel _____ when their violation of a standard is not under their control.

question

has acquired a sense of emotional self-efficacy.

answer

Janice's emotional self-regulation has developed well. She feels in control of her emotional experiences. Janice _______

question

undifferentiated

answer

Greta recognizes that she can have different thoughts and feelings than others, but she frequently confuses the two. According to Selman's stages of perspective taking, Greta is displaying _____ perspective taking.

question

intentions; the context of their actions

answer

With age, children realize that people's _____ and _____ affect the moral implications of violating a social convention.

question

gender

answer

In middle childhood, children realize that responsibility for moral transgressions may differ according to a person's ________

question

violate real-world assumptions

answer

Ideas about God differ radically from ideas about ordinary experiences because they _______

question

membership changes very little

answer

When peers are tracked for 3 to 6 weeks ________

question

selective

answer

School-age children's friendships are ______

question

one-third

answer

About _____ of students in a typical elementary school classroom are average in peer acceptance.

question

are usually deficient in perspective talking

answer

Rejected-aggressive children ________

question

neglected

answer

Surprisingly, ____ children are usually well-adjusted.

question

overly controlling child rearing

answer

Chronic victims of bullying have histories of ____

question

content

answer

Riley is happy with her gender assignment and feels comfortable being a girl. Riley is gender ____

question

authoritative

answer

In middle childhood, child rearing becomes easier for parents who established a(n) ____style during the early years.

question

higher in self-esteem

answer

Only children are ___ than children with siblings

question

are as well adjusted as

answer

According to research, children of homosexual parents _____ children of hetrosexual parents.

question

About 85% of never-married single parents are mothers and 15% are fathers

answer

Which of the following is true about never-married single parent families?

question

About 45% of American marriages end in divorce, and half involve children.

answer

Which of the following is true about divorce rates in the US?

question

engage in coparenting

answer

Divorced parents who ______ greatly improve their children's chances of growing up competent, stable, and happy.

question

Girls, especially, have a hard time getting along with their stepmothers.

answer

Which of the following is true about blended families?

question

have regular after-school chores.

answer

As children become old enough to look after themselves, those who _____ appear responsible and well-adjusted.

question

11;13

answer

Most cases of school phobia appear around age ___ to _____

question

do not show long-term emotional difficulties

answer

When war and social crises are temporary, most children ______

question

mother, more often with a son.

answer

In about 25% of cases of sexual abuse, the offender is a ______

question

When properly questioned, even 3-year-olds can recall recent events accurately.

answer

Which of the following is true about children's eyewitness testimony in court cases involving child abuse and neglect, child custody, and other matters?

question

social constructivist

answer

Classroom in which children participate in a wide range of challenging activities with teachers and peers to jointly construct understandings.

question

rehearsal

answer

Memory strategy of repeating information

question

elaboration

answer

Memory strategy of creating a relation between two or more items that are not members of the same category

question

control

answer

_____________ deficiency: inability to consistently execute a mental strategy

question

ADHD

answer

Disorder involving inattentiveness, impulsivity, and excessive motor activity that results in academic and social problems.

question

Production

answer

______ deficiency: failure to use a mental strategy when it could be helpful.

question

concrete

answer

Piaget's _______ operational stage is marked by logical, flexible, and organized thought.

question

effective

answer

______ strategy use: consistent use of a mental strategy that leads to improved performance

question

organization

answer

Memory strategy of grouping together related items

question

metalinguistic

answer

The ability to think about language as a system is known as _________ awareness.

question

seriation

answer

The ability to order items along a quantitative demension

question

Utilization

answer

_____ deficiency: inability to improve performance even with consistent use of mental strategy.

question

self-regulation

answer

Cognitive ______-________: process of continually monitoring progress toward a goal, checking outcomes and redirecting unsuccessful efforts.

question

Cognitive

answer

_____ maps: children's mental representation of familiar, large-scale spaces, such as their school or neighborhood

question

reversibility

answer

Ability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction, returning to the starting point

question

Cooperative

answer

Resolving differences of opinion, sharing responsibilities, considering one another's ideas, and providing one another with sufficient explanations to correct misunderstandings

question

inference

answer

Transitive _______: ability to mentally order items along a quantitative dimension.

question

reciprocal

answer

Vygotsky-inspired method of teaching in which a teacher and 2 to 4 students, from a cooperative learning group

question

traditional

answer

In ______ classrooms, children are passive learners who acquire information presented by teachers.

question

community

answer

_______ of learners: teachers guide the overall learning process, but otherwise, no distinction is made between adult and child contributors.

question

inclusive

answer

Classrooms in which students with learning disabilities learn along side typical students.

question

disabilities

answer

Learning __________: specific disorders leading to poor academic achievement.

question

convergent

answer

____ thinking: generation of a single correct answer to a problem

question

creativity

answer

The ability to produce work that is original yet appropriate

question

self-fulfilling

answer

Educational _____-________ prophecy: children adopt teachers' positive or negative attitudes toward them and start to live up to these expevtations

question

divergent

answer

__________ thinking: generation of multiple and unusual possibilities when faced with a problem

question

constructivit

answer

In______ classrooms, children construct their one knowledge and are viewed as active agents who reflect on and coordinate their own thoughts rather than absorbing those of others.

question

whole language

answer

Approach to beginning reading that parallels children's natural language learning

question

threat

answer

Stereotype ______: fear of being judged on the basis of negative stereotype

question

multiple

answer

Gardner's theory of _________ intelligence proposes at least eight independent intelligence

question

emotional intelligence

answer

A set of abilities that enable individuals to process and adapt to emotional information

question

talent

answer

Outstanding performance in a particular field

question

gifted

answer

Displaying exceptional intellectual strengths, including high IQ, creativity, and talents

question

Dynamics

answer

______ assessment: individualized teaching is introduced into the testing situation to see what the child can attain with social support.

question

triarchic

answer

Sterngerg's _______ theory of intelligence states that information-processing skills, ability to learn efficiently in novel situations, and contextual factors interact to determine intelligent behavior.

question

phonics

answer

An approach to beginning reading instruction that emphasizes coaching children on the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds is called the _____ approach.

Psych 305 Chapters 11-13 – Flashcards

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