Psych 204 Exam 3 – Flashcards
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A shift in brain activation of school age children from more diffuse to more focal areas in the prefrontal cortex was linked to ________
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increased cognitive efficiency and cognitive control
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Improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood is a reflection of _________
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increased myelination of the central nervous system
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Luis is able to organize coins in a row from the largest in size to the smallest. His newfound ability is called
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seriation
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Which of the following is a strategy for improving children's memory skills?
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embedded memory-relevant language when instructing children
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Voletta thinks reflectively and reviews, connects, and reflects as a meaning of evaluating
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critical thinking
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metacognition involves _______
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knowing about knowing
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Paul has an IQ of 60. He lives in his own apartment and supports himself with a job. He has many friends, goes bowling, and eats out frequently. He has no difficulty adapting to everyday life. According to the definition of mental retardation, Paul is
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mildly retarded
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Damon's teachers frequently complain that he disrupts his kindergarten class by fidgeting and moving about all of the time. He does not pay attention to what is being taught in class and behaves impulsively. Considering the presence of the tell-tale characteristics of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, Damon's pediatrician diagnosed him with:
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ADHD
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A number of causes for ADHD have been proposed, including
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cigarette and alcohol exposure during prenatal development
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Three-year-old Jared was taken to the doctor by his parents who were concerned by his seeming lack of attachment to those around him. Jared hardly spoke at all and spent all day preoccupied with bouncing his ball off a wall. After a thorough investigation, his pediatrician diagnosed him with _____.
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autistic disorder
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The term _____ expresses a dominant theme of middle and late childhood: Children becoming interested in how things are made and how they work
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industry
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Julio, 12, cannot get his science project to work. In fact, it seems to him that nothing he makes ever works properly. According to Erik Erikson, Julio is at risk for developing a sense of:
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inferiority
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Erica has two children, marries Wayne, who has a daughter from a previous marriage. After the union, their family will be considered a ______ stepfamily
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complex
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Which of the following statements about gender stereotyping is FALSE?
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girls' gender stereotypes are more rigid than boys' gender stereotypes
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Most of Blanca's classmates call her a "bully," and many say that they "don't like her at all." Very few children consider her to be a friend. Which of the following is Blanca's probable sociometric status?
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rejected
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_________ children are frequently nominated both as a best friend and as being disliked
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controversial children
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_______ is a period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that primarily occurs during early adolescence
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puberty
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______ refers to a girl's first menstruation, or period
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menarche
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Behind the first whisker in boys and the widening of hips in girls is a flood of ___________, powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by bloodstream
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hormones
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which of the following is associated with breast, uterine, and skeletal development in girls? A. Luteinizing hormone B. Thyroxine C. Estradiol D. Insulin
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C
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The __________, which is highly involved in judgment and decision making, doesn't finish developing until at least emerging adulthood. However, the ____________, which houses emotions such as anger, matures earlier, leading some adolescents to appear to lack self-control
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prefrontal cortex amygdala
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According to Jean Piaget, around age 11, the fourth stage of cognitive development, the ________ stage, begins
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formal operational
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The _______ is adolescents' belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are, as well as attention-getting behavior- attempts to be noticed, visible, and "on stage."
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imaginary audience
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Lee thinks that he is overweight. This characterizes his _______ identity
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physical
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Which of the following is Erikson's fifth developmental stage? A. Autonomy versus shame and doubt B. Initiative versus guilt C. Identity versus identity confusion D. Intimacy versus isolation
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C
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Eriksonian researcher James Marcia reason's that Erikson's theory of identity development contains _________of identity, or ways of resolving the identity crisis
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four statuses
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________ reflects an individual's personal investment in identity
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commitment
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Identify the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments
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identity diffusion
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The four problems that affect the MOST adolescents are drug abuse, sexual problems, school-related problems, and:
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juvenile delinquency
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The period from about age 18 to 25, which is a transition from adolescence to adulthood has been referred to as ______________.
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emerging adulthood
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Before the age 30, usually between the ages of 19 and 26, most adults:
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reach their peak physical performance
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On a questionnaire, Alicia described herself thus: "I find it relatively easy to get close to others and I am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me. I don't worry about being abandoned or about someone getting too close to me" Alicia seems to have a(n) ________ attachment style
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secure
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In his meeting with a counselor, Dalton revealed that he was uncomfortable being close to others. He finds it difficult to trust people completely and doesn't allow himself to depend completely on them. He gets nervous if someone tries to get too intimate with him. It seems likely that Dalton has a(n) _________ attachment style
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avoidant
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According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, love is characterized by the dimensions of:
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passion, commitment, and intimacy
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Julie describes how she feels about Mark: "I'm very physically attracted to him, but we aren't what you would call emotionally close. I love being with him, but I don't know that this will be a long-lasting relationship." According to Robert Sternberg's theory of love, which type of love is Julie experiencing?
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infatuation
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there has been _________ in the number of cohabiting U.S. couples since 1970
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dramatic increase
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the average age that a woman gives birth for the first time in the United States is:
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26
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In middle adulthood many individuals ___________ weight, especially in comparison to when they were younger
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gain
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One typical vision-related issue faced by middle-aged people is:
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difficulty viewing close objects
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Fluid intelligence is the ability to:
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reason abstractly
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John Horn maintains that in middle adulthood, ____________ intelligence continues to increase
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crystallized
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According to the Seattle Longitudinal Study of individuals aged 25-95, which of the following abilities showed the LEAST decline A. numerical abilities B. spatial orientation C. Inductive reasoning D. verbal comprehension
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verbal comprehension
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According to cognitive aging expert Denise Park, the slowdown in learning new information has been linked to changes in:
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working memory
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Identify the seventh stage of Erikson's life-span theory
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generativity vs stagnation
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____________ encompasses adults' desires to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation
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generativity
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Abdiel has had three children. According to Erikson, he has achieved:
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biological generativity
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Which of the following statements about the empty nest syndrome is TRUE? A. parents who live vicariously live through their children do not experience it. B. it involves a decline in material satisfaction after children leave the home C. it is a common, though minor, problem for most middle-aged adults D. it is more common for middle-aged men than for middle-aged women
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C
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_________ is the number of years that the average person born in a particular year will probably live.
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life expectancy
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Women's increased resistance to infections and degenerative diseases may be explained by which of the following biological reasons? A. better osmoregulation B. post-menopausal hormone levels C. lower cholesterol levels D. estrogen production
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D
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reduction in ____________ have been linked to small declines in memory functioning and to the severe memory loss associated with Alzheimer's disease.
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acetylcholine
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severe reductions in the production of dopamine have been liked with:
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Parkinson's disease
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Which of the following is Erikson's eighth stage of development? A. integrity vs despair B. autonomy vs shame C. industry vs inferiority D. genrativity vs stagnation
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A
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to which Big Five personality factor do impulse control, reliability and conventionality belong? A. openness to experience B. neuroticisim C. conscientiousness D. agreeableness
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C
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older adults not being hired for new jobs, and being eased out of old ones because they are perceived as too rigid or feeble-minded and are not considered cost effective are examples of:
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ageism
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proper diet, active lifestyle, mental stimulation and flexibility, positive coping skills, good social relationships and support, and the absence of disease have all been linked to:
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successful aging
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middle childhood occurs from ______ to ________ -_______ yrs old
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6; 11-12
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_____________ as a period of slow, consistent growth Grow an average of 2-3 inches per year Gain an average of 5-7 pounds a year Body proportion changes Muscle mass and strength increase as "baby fat" decreases Total brain volume stabilizes Activation of some brain areas increase, while others decrease Synaptic Pruning Significant changes in structures and regions occur Especially in the prefrontal cortex Motor skills become smoother and more coordinated Improvement of fine motor skills due to increased myelination of the central nervous system Boys outperform girls in gross motor skills Girls usually outperform boys in fine motor skills
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middle and late childhood
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(Ages 7 to 11) Can perform concrete operations and reason logically as applied to specific or concrete examples Classification Seriation: Ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension Transitivity: Ability to logically combine relations to understand conclusions
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piaget's concrete operational stage
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Ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension
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seriation
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Ability to logically combine relations to understand conclusions
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transitivity
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Concrete operational abilities do not appear in synchrony Education and culture exert strong influences on children's development
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evaluating piaget's theory
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Argue that Piaget got some things right but that his theory needs considerable revision Elaborated on Piaget's theory Gave more emphasis to how children use attention, memory, and strategies to process information
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neo-piagetians
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A relatively permanent and unlimited type of memory Increases with age during middle and late childhood Includes: Storage Retrieval Knowledge and expertise Experts have acquired extensive knowledge about a particular content area
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long term memory
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Deliberate mental activities that improve the processing of information Includes: Elaboration: Extensive processing of the information Engage in mental imagery Understanding the material Repeat with variation Embed memory-relevant language
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strategies for information processing
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Two types of memory representations: Verbatim memory trace - precise details of information Gist - central ideal of information During early elementary years, children begin to use gist more Thinking: Involves manipulating and transforming information in memory Two important aspects of thinking Thinking critically Thinking creatively
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fuzzy trace theory
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Involves thinking reflectively and productively, evaluating evidence
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critical thinking
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Ability to think in novel and unusual ways and come up with unique solutions to problems
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creative thinking
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Produces one correct answer Tested by standardized intelligence tests
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convergent thinking
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Produces many answers to the same question Creativity
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divergent thinking
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Cognition about cognition (knowing about knowing)
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metacognition
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knowledge about memory
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metamemory
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Most important areas for children's cognitive development and school success: Self-control/inhibition Working memory Flexibility
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execution function
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ability to solve problems and to adapt and learn from experiences
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intelligence
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stable, consistent ways in which people differ from each other
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individual differences
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Mental age (MA): Individual's level of mental development relative to others Intelligence quotient (IQ): Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100 Created by William Stern Normal distribution: Symmetrical distribution Most scores falling in the middle of the possible range of scores Few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range
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binet tests
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Analytical intelligence - ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, contrast Creative intelligence - ability to create, design, invent, originate, imagine Practical intelligence - ability to use, apply, implement, put ideas into practice Children with different patterns "look different" in school
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sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence
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Verbal Mathematical Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Musical Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalist Evaluating multiple-intelligence approaches Stimulated educators to think about children's competencies Motivated educators to develop programs that instruct students in multiple domains Persisting doubts that multiple intelligences exist
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Gardner's eight frames of mind
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Designed to be free of cultural bias to determine intelligence
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culture-fair tests
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Knowledge about language Improves considerably during middle and late childhood Understandings of how to use language in culturally appropriate ways
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metalinguistics awareness
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Reading instruction should parallel children's natural language learning
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whole-language approach
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Reading instruction should teach basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds Children benefit from both approaches, but instruction in phonics needs to be emphasized Fluency is a key element in learning how to read
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phonics approach
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going from monolingual in home language to bilingual, & then end up as monolingual [English] speakers Common among immigrant children, negative effects in becoming ashamed of home language
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subtractive bilingualism
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Teaching English language learners: English-only Dual-language (bilingual education)- instruction in home language and English
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dual language education
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range from autistic disorder to Asperger syndrome New Classification Based on severity of problems (amount of support needed for social communication, restricted interests & repetitive behaviors) Can be detected in children as young as 1-3 years old Diagnosis or occurrence on the rise Gender
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autism spectrum disorder
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More severe disorder Deficiencies in social interaction, abnormalities in communication (verbal & nonverbal), restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior Atypical responses to sensory experiences Features Usually no period of "normal development" Oblivious to others Speech Mute Prosody (patterns of rhythm & sound) Echolalia (echoing the words & phrases of others) Reversals in pronouns (e.g., saying "you" instead of "I") Other abnormalities (pitch, rate, etc.) Single interests Enjoy solitary activities Insist on "sameness" Hand flapping, rocking, & other stereotyped behaviors
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autistic disorder
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Milder disorder Relatively good verbal language skills Milder nonverbal language problems Restricted range of interests and relationships Often engage in repetitive routines & preoccupations with a particular subject Autism spectrum disorders can often be detected as young as 1-3 years
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asperger syndrome
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Prevalence: 1 in 80 in 2008 Prognosis/course of disorder: generally poor Etiology: Genetic influences Abnormalities in brain structure & neurotransmitters Lack of connectivity between brain regions
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autism spectrum disorders
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Debate over whether it's a real disorder Number of children diagnosed has increased, but underdiagnosed in girls & minorities Must have the presence of 6 characteristic symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity Inattention: Hyperactivity-impulsivity: 3 subtypes: Predominantly Inattentive Type Predominantly Hyperactive-impulsive Type Combined Type
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ADHD
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Gender: in children, 4 to 9 times more common in boys Prevalence: 3-5% of school-aged children Prognosis/course of disorder: some symptoms may decline at adolescence, but an estimated 60% of children continue to have symptoms in adulthood Etiology: Genetics Brain damage during prenatal or postnatal development Cigarette and alcohol exposure during prenatal development Low birth weight
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ADHD
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Industry - Children become interested in how things work Inferiority - Parents who see their children's efforts as mischief may encourage inferiority
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stage 1
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Improved emotional understanding Increased understanding that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation Increased awareness of the events leading to emotional reactions Ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions Use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings Capacity for genuine empathy
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developmental changes in middle-late childhood
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Broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about males and females Gender similarities and differences Physical development Cognitive development and achievement Socioemotional development Gender in context The extent of gender differences depends on the context Traits displayed may vary with the situation
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gender stereotypes
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Spend less time with children during middle and late childhood Support and stimulate children's academic achievement Use less physical forms of punishment as children age Co-regulation - Some control is transferred from parent to child
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parent-child relationship changes
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Manage children's opportunities, monitor behavior, social initiators and arrangers Important to maintain a structured and organized family environment Established routines for homework, chores, bedtime Effectively managing child's behavior
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parents as managers
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Frequently nominated as a best friend, rarely disliked by their peers
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popular children
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Receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from peers
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average children
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Infrequently nominated as a best friend, not disliked by their peers
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neglected children
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Infrequently nominated as a best friend, actively disliked by their peers
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rejected children
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Frequently nominated both as a best friend and as being disliked by their peers
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controversial children
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Companionship Stimulation Physical support Ego support Social comparison Affection and intimacy
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friends serve 6 functions
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Learner-centered approach that emphasizes: Importance of actively constructing knowledge and understanding Teacher offers guidance
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constructivist approach
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Structured, teacher-centered approach Characterized by teacher direction and control Maximizing student learning time Accountability No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation (2002) Common Core State Standards Initiative (2009)
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direct instruction approach
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Turn the class into a jigsaw classroom Encourage students to have positive personal contact with diverse other students Reduce bias Be a competent cultural mediator View the school and community as a team
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improve relationship between ethnically diverse
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Poor performance of American children in math and science Gap between American and Asian students becomes wider year after year Asian teachers spend more of their time teaching math than American teachers American parents have lower expectations for children's education and achievement than Asian parents
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cross-cultural comparisons of achievement
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Cognitive view individuals develop for themselves Fixed mindset - belief that qualities are carved in stone, cannot change Growth mindset - belief that qualities can change and improve through effort
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mindset
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A brain-neuroendocrine process that provides stimulation for rapid physical changes that occur in early adolescence
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puberty
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Girl's first menstruation
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menarche
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Boy's first ejaculation
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supermarche
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Chemicals secreted by the endocrine glands and carried throughout the body by the bloodstream HPA (Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal) Axis
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hormones
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A structure in the brain that monitors eating and sex
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hypothalamus
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An important endocrine gland that controls growth and regulates other glands
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pituitary gland
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The testes in males, the ovaries in females Increases in testosterone and estradiol concentrations in body
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gonads
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Boys - 10-13½ years Girls - Between ages of 9 and 15 years
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pubertal sequence begins
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Certain brain linkages mature earlier than others
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context-induced plasticity
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fibers connecting left and right brain hemispheres Thickens in adolescence, improves information processing
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corpus callosum
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seat of emotions Almost completely developed by early adolescence
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amygdala
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involved in reasoning, decision-making, and self-control Matures between approximately 18-25 years Has not matured to the point of controlling strong emotions
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prefrontal cortex
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Heightened self-consciousness of adolescents
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adolescent egocentrism
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Involves a sense of uniqueness and invincibility
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personal fable
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the idea that one is immune to common dangers
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invincibility fable
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(ages 11+) More abstract thought Make-believe situations, abstract propositions, hypothetical events Increased verbal problem-solving ability Think about thought itself Thoughts of idealism and possibilities More logical thought
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piaget's formal operational stage
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Creating a hypothesis and deducing its implications Hypothetical Thought Deductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning
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hypothetical deductive reasoning
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self portriat composed in many pieces Vocation/career Political views Religious beliefs Relationship Achievement/intellectual Sexual Cultural/ethnic Interests Personality Physical
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identity
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Psychosocial moratorium - Gap between childhood security and adult autonomy Relatively free from responsibility, able to try on new identities Experimentation with different roles and personalities Adolescents who cope with conflicting identities emerge with a new sense of self Role Confusion -identity crisis -commitment
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identity vs identity confusion
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Identity diffusion Identity foreclosure Identity moratorium Identity achievement Identity does not remain stable throughout life "MAMA" - Repeated cycles of moratorium to achievement Key changes in identity are more likely to take place in emerging adulthood than in adolescence (18-25 years old)
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Marcia's 4 statuses of identity
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Transition from adolescence to adulthood Occurs from approximately 18 to 25 years of age Characterized by experimentation and exploration Appears in cultures where assuming adult roles and responsibilities is postponed Key features Identity exploration, especially in love and work Instability, self-focused, and feeling in-between Age of possibilities, in which individuals have an opportunity to transform their lives
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emerging adulthood
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Holding a full-time job Economic independence Taking responsibility for oneself
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markers of becoming an adult
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Peak physical performance typically occurs between 19 and 26 Muscle tone and strength usually begin to show signs of decline around age 30 Lessening of physical abilities in 30s Body's fatty tissue increases in mid- to late 20s
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physical performance in early adulthood
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Adolescents and adults think qualitatively in the same way Individuals consolidate formal operational thinking during adulthood Postformal thought is: Reflective, relativistic, and contextual Provisional Realistic Recognized as being influenced by emotion
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piagets view
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Experiences in the early adult years important in determining what the individual is like later in adulthood Unfolding of social relationships and emotions Attachment plays an important part in socioemotional development Romantic partners as a secure base to obtain comfort and security
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childhood to adulthood
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Positive view of relationships, easy to get close to others, not overly concerned/stressed about relationships
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secure attachment style
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Hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships, tend to distance themselves from partner
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avoidant attachment style
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Demand closeness, less trusting, more emotional, jealous, and possessive
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anxious attachment style
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Intimacy is finding oneself while losing oneself in another person Failure to achieve intimacy results in social isolation Friendship Adulthood brings opportunities to form new friendships Choosing friends Proximity Similarity Gender differences in adult friendships
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intimacy vs isolation
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Passionate love, or eros Strong components of sexuality and infatuation Often predominates in early part of love relationships
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romantic love
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Companionate love Desires to have the other person near, based on deep, caring affection
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affectionate love
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Strongest form of love Involves dimensions of passion, intimacy, and commitment (triarchic theory) sternberg
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consummate love
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Living together in a sexual relationship without being married Not always seen as a precursor to marriage, but an ongoing lifestyle Common problems: Disapproval and emotional strain Difficulty owning property jointly Uncertain legal rights upon dissolution of relationship How does prior cohabitation affect marriage? Lower marital satisfaction and higher rates of divorce
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cohabitation
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Changing views Personal fulfillment goals - inside and outside of marriage Changing norms of male-female equality Increasingly high expectations for marriage
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married adults
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Declining marriage rates in the U.S. in recent years Highest ages for first marriages in U.S. history In 2010, 28.7 years for men and 26.5 years for women More marriage partners meeting online Marriages in adolescence more likely to end in divorce Average duration of marriage is just over 9 years
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martial trends
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U.S. has one of the highest divorce rates in the world Declining numbers in recent decades Factors leading to divorce: Youthful marriage Low educational level Low income level No religious affiliation Having divorced parents Having a baby before marriage Partner characteristics leading to divorce: Alcoholism Psychological problems Domestic violence Infidelity Inadequate division of household labor Divorce typically takes place in early in marriage Between years 5-10 of marriage
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divorced adults
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Approximately 50% remarry within 3 years of divorce Men remarry sooner than women Remarriage occurs sooner for partners who initiate a divorce Recent decline in remarriage rate in U.S.
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remarried adults
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More physical energy Fewer medical problems with pregnancy and childbirth Less built-up expectations for children
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advantages of having children in 20s
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More time to consider and achieve life goals More mature, competent parents Better established in careers, more income for child-rearing expenses
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advantages of having children in 30s
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As adults become older, their ___________ is younger than their chronological age Increasing percentage of the population made up of middle-aged and older adults "Rectangularization" of the age distribution
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age identity
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40-45 years to about 60-65 years of age Declining physical skills and increasing responsibility Awareness of the young-old polarity Transmitting something meaningful to the next generation Reach and maintain career satisfaction Restructuring of time and reassessment of priorities
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middle adulthood
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(ages 55 to 65) likely to be characterized by: Death of a parent Last child leaving the parental home Becoming a grandparent Preparation for and actual retirement First confrontation with health problems Gains and losses may balance each other in early midlife Losses begin to outweigh gains in late midlife
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late midlife
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Wrinkling and sagging of skin Appearance of aging spots Hair becomes thinner and grayer Nails become thicker and more brittle Yellowing of teeth
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signs of aging
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Strength, joints, and bones Sarcopenia - Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength Cartilage that cushions the bones for movement become less efficient Leads to joint stiffness and difficulty in movement Progressive bone loss
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physical development in middle adulthood
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Accommodation of the eye - Ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina Sharp declines between 40-59 years Difficulty viewing close objects Reduced blood supply decreases visual field Hearing can start to decline by the age of 40 High-pitched sounds are typically lost first
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vision and hearing
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High blood pressure, high cholesterol, and cardiovascular disease Exercise, weight control, and a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains help to reduce cardiovascular problems Cholesterol-lowering and hypertension-lowering drugs Death due to cardiovascular disease decreasing in the U.S. since the 1970s
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cardiovascular system in middle adulthood
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John Horn Crystallized intelligence: Accumulated information and verbal skills Continues to increase in middle adulthood Fluid intelligence: Ability to reason abstractly May begin to decline in middle adulthood
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intelligence
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Extensive evaluation of intellectual abilities during adulthood Focus on individual change and stability in intelligence Mental abilities tested: Verbal comprehension Verbal memory Numeric ability Spatial orientation Inductive reasoning Perceptual speed
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seattle longitudinal study
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Speed of information processing Reaction-time task Memory (information processing view) Verbal memory declines during middle adulthood Working memory declines - Mental "workbench" where individuals manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language Memory decline linked to ineffective memory strategies
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information processing
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Generativity: Adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation Stagnation: Develops when individuals sense that they have done nothing for the next generation Generativity can be developed in a number of ways Biological generativity Parental generativity Work generativity Cultural generativity
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generativity vs stagnation
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Decrease in marital satisfaction after children leave the home Parents derive considerable satisfaction from their children Refilling of empty nest is a common occurrence Loss of privacy
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empty nest syndrome
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Many adults become grandparents for the first time in middle age Grandmothers have more frequent contact than grandfathers Some grandparents thrust back into "parenting role" due to: Divorce, adolescent pregnancy, parental drug use Full-time grandparenting linked to health problems, depression, and stress Divorce and remarriage related to special concerns about grandparent visitation privilieges
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grandparenting
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Maximum number of years an individual can live Between 120-125 years
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life span
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Number of years that the average person born in a particular year will probably live Average in the U.S. = 78.7 years Differences across countries due to factors such as health conditions and medical care
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life expectancy
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In 2011, the overall life expectancy for women was 81.1 years, and for men, it was 76.3 years Beginning in mid-30s, women start to outnumber men because of: Social factors, such as health attitudes, habits, lifestyles, occupation Biological factors - females outlive males in virtually all species
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longevity
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Most noticeable changes - Wrinkles and age spots Individuals become shorter with age due to bone loss in vertebrae Weight drops after age 60 Muscle loss gives body a sagging appearance Older adults move more slowly Exercise and appropriate weight lifting help to reduce muscle mass decrease and improve body's appearance
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late adulthood
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Explicit memory - memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state Implicit memory - memory without conscious recollection Involves skills & routine procedures Implicit memory is LESS likely to be adversely affected by aging than explicit memory
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memory
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Global term for neurological disorders in which primary symptoms involve deterioration of mental functioning Broad category that includes Alzheimer disease Often lose the ability to care for themselves and may become unable to recognize familiar people or surroundings 23% of women and 17% of men 85 years or older are at risk for developin
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dementia
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Progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical functioning Estimated 5.4 million adults in the U.S have Alzheimer disease Women are more likely to develop Alzheimer disease because of longer life expectancy Involves a deficiency in the brain messenger chemical acetylcholine Formation of amyloid plaques (dense deposits of protein that accumulate in blood vessels) and neurofibrillary tangles (twisted fibers that build up in neurons- the tangles mainly consist of a protein called tau)
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Alzheimer's disease
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Another type of dementia Chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis Triggered by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain
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parkinsons disease
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Reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one's life has not been well spent Life review - Involves looking back at one's life experiences, evaluating and interpreting/reinterpreting them, developing mature wisdom and understanding Reminiscence Therapy Discussing past activities and experiences with another individual or group
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integrity vs despair
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OCEAN = openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism Older adults were more conscientious and agreeable than middle-aged and younger adults Increases in following aspects of conscientiousness Impulse control, reliability, and conventionality Certain personality traits are associated with mortality of older adults
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big 5 personality factors change into late adulthood
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Prejudice against others because of their age Most frequent forms include disrespect for older adults, assumptions about ailments or frailty Policy issues in an aging society Status of the economy and income Health care Technology
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ageism
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Many abilities can be maintained and/or improved in older adults due to: Proper diet Active lifestyle Mental stimulation and flexibility Positive coping skills Good social relationships and support Absence of disease
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successful aging
