Psych 201- ch 12 – Flashcards
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- use scientific methods to study how we think about, influence, and relate to one another - Study social forces that explain why people act differently in different situations
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Social psychologists
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Study personal traits and processes that explain why individuals may act differently in a given situation
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Personality psychologists
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when analyzing others' behavior... - to overestimate the influence of personal traits and - underestimate the effects of the situation
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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External influences are minimal The attitude is stable The attitude is specific to the behavior The attitude is easily recalled
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When does attitude most influences behavior?
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first asking someone to do a small task. People are more likely to agree to a small request and then they will be more likely to agree to a big task later on.
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Foot in the door phenomenon
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- often bring our attitude into line with our actions -reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel - when two of our thoughts (cognitions) clash or when our beliefs and behavior clash
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cognitive dissonance theory
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a. finding the group attractive
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Which of the following strengthens conformity to a group? a. Finding the group attractive b. Feeling secure c. Coming from an individualist culture d. Having already decided on a response
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-studied the effects of punishment on learning - commands to shock someone - 60% of people followed orders
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Stanley Milgram
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Our responses on an individual task are stronger in the presence of others. - peer pressure - Triplett
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Social Facilitation
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people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
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Social loafing
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Loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal. - KKK, wearing hoods to cover their faces makes them more likely to do bad things
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deindividuation
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If a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens existing opinions
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group polarization
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desire for harmony had replaced realistic judgement.
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groupthink
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- Prejudgement - unfair negative attitude toward some group - targets different cultural, ethnic, or gender groups - can be automatic and unconscious
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Prejudice
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- Genetic Influences - Biochemical (testosterone levels) - Neural (frontal lobe damage)
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3 levels of influences on aggression
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Mere Exposure Effect
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People tend to marry someone who lives or works nearby. This is an example of proximity and the ________ in action.
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Being physically attractive tends to elicit positive first impressions. People tend to assume that attractive people are healthier, happier, and more socially skilled than others are.
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How does being physically attractive influence others' perceptions?
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- Physical arousal - cognitive appraisal
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Emotions have two ingredients.. what are they?
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Equity and Self-Disclosure
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Two vital components for maintaining companionate love are ________ and ________.
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Unselfish concern for the welfare of others
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Altruism
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Expectation that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefits
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Reciprocity norm
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role playing on attitude change.
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Cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding the impact of
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Personal Control
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When pressured to conform, people may do the opposite of what is expected as a way of increasing their sense of
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Visual Perception
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Research participants believed that the Asch conformity test involved a study of
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Mirror image perceptions
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Although the leaders of two enemy nations admit to a buildup of their own military forces, each sees the other country's actions as unreasonable and motivated by evil intentions. This situation best illustrates
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easy
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Social facilitation is most likely to occur in the performance of ________ tasks.
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Deindividuation
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Frieda is typically very quiet and shy. As part of a huge rock concert crowd she loses her inhibitions and becomes a screaming, dancing fan. Frieda's unusual behavior is best
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Aggression varies to much to be instinctive to humans
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Which of the following is true about aggression?
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intented to hurt people
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Aggression is defined as a way to...
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Tend to justify the social inequalities between themselves and others.
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People with power and status may become prejudiced because
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Social Facilitation
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Comedy routines that are mildly amusing to people in an uncrowded room seem funnier in a densely packed room. This is best explained in terms of
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In group bias
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most Republicans wrongly believed that taxes had increased under Democratic president Barack Obama. These incorrect beliefs best illustrate the impact of
