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biomedical therapy

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prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system

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eclectic approach

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an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.

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psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences- and the therapist's interpretations of them- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

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resistance

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in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

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interpretation

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in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

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transference

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in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

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client-centered therapy

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A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate client's growth (also called person-centered therapy)

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active listening

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empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of client-centered therapy

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behavior therapy

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therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

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counterconditioning

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a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapy and oversive conditioning.

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exposure therapies

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behavior techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treaties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid

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systematic desensitization

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a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

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virtual reality exposure therapy

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an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying spiders, or public speaking.

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aversive conditioning

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a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

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token economy

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an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

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cognitive therapy

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therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

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cognitive-behavior therapy

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a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

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family therapy

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therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication

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meta-analysis

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a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

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psychopharmachology

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the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

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tardive dyskinesia

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involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors

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repetetive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

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the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

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psychosurgery

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surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

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lobotomy

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a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers to the inner brain.

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regression toward the mean

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the tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average

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electroconvulsive therapy

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a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

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Aversion therapy

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"A type of behavioral therapy used to treat individuals attracted to harmful stimuli; an attractive stimulus is paired with a noxious stimulus in order to elicit a negative reaction to the target stimulus.

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Behavioral rehearsal

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"Procedures used to establish and strengthen basic skills; as used in social-skills training programs, requires the client to rehearse a desirable behavior sequence mentally.

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Behavior modification

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The systematic use of principles of learning to increase the frequency of desired behaviors and/or decrease the frequency of problem behaviors.

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Behavior therapy

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See behavior modification

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Biomedical therapies

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Treatments for psychological disorders that alter brain functioning with chemical or physical interventions such as drug therapy, surgery, or electroconvulsive therapy.

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Catharsis

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The process of expressing strongly felt but usually repressed emotions.

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Client

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The term used by clinicians who think of psychological disorders as problems in living, and not as mental illnesses, to describe those being treated.

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Client-centered therapy

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A humanistic approach to treatment that emphasizes the healthy psychological growth of the individual; based on the assumption that all people share the basic tendency of human nature toward self-actualization.

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Clinical ecology

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A field of psychology that relates disorders such as anxiety and depression to environmental irritants and sources of trauma.

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Clinical psychologist

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An individual who has earned a doctorate in psychology and whose training is in the assessment and treatment of psychological problems.

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Clinical social worker

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A mental health professional whose specialized training prepares him or her to consider the social context of people's problems.

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Cognitive behavior modification

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A therapeutic approach that combines the cognitive emphasis on the role of thoughts and attitudes influencing motivations and response with the behavioral emphasis on changing performance through modification of reinforcement contingencies.

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Contingency management

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A general treatment strategy involving changing behavior by modifying its consequences.

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Counseling psychologist

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Psychologist who specializes in providing guidance in areas such as vocational selection, school problems, drug abuse, and marital conflict.

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Counterconditioning

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A technique used in therapy to substitute a new response for a maladaptive one by means of conditioning procedures.

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Countertransference

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Circumstances in which a psychoanalyst develops personal feelings about a client because of perceived similarity of the client to significant people in the therapist's life.

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Dream analysis

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The psychoanalytic interpretation of dreams used to gain insight into a person's unconscious motives or conflicts.

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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The use of electroconvulsive shock as an effective treatment for severe depression.

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Flooding

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A therapy for phobias in which clients are exposed, with their permission, to the stimuli most frightening to them.

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Free association

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The therapeutic method in which a patient gives a running account of thoughts, wishes, physical sensations, and mental images as they occur

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Gestalt therapy

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Therapy that focuses on ways to unite mind and body to make a person whole

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Human-potential movement

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The therapy movement that encompasses all those practices and methods that release the potential of the average human being for greater levels of performance and greater richness of experience.

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Implosion therapy

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A behavioral therapeutic technique that exposes a client to anxiety-provoking stimuli, through his or her own imagination, in an attempt to extinguish the anxiety associated with the stimuli.

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Insight therapy

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A technique by which the therapist guides a patient toward discovering insights between present symptoms and past origins.

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Meta-analysis

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A statistical technique for evaluating hypotheses by providing a formal mechanism for detecting the general conclusions found in data from many different experiments.

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Object relations theory

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Psychoanalytic theory that originated with Melanie Klein's view that the building blocks of how people experience the world emerge from their relations to loved and hated objects (significant people in their lives).

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Participant modeling

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A therapeutic technique in which a therapist demonstrates the desired behavior and a client is aided, through supportive encouragement, to imitate the modeled behavior

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Pastoral counselor

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A member of a religious order who specializes in the treatment of psychological disorders, often combining spirituality with practical problem solving.

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Patient

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The term used by those who take a biomedical approach to the treatment of psychological problems to describe the person being treated.

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Placebo therapy

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A therapy independent of any specific clinical procedures that results in client improvement

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Prefrontal lobotomy

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An operation that severs the nerve fibers connecting the frontal lobes of the brain with the diencephalon, especially those fibers of the thalamic and hypothalamic areas; best-known form of psychosurgery.

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Psychiatrist

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An individual who has obtained an M.D. degree and also has completed postdoctoral specialty training in mental and emotional disorders; a psychiatrist may prescribe medications for the treatment of psychological disorders.

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Psychoanalysis

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The form of psychodynamic therapy developed by Freud; an intensive and prolonged technique for exploring unconscious motivations and conflicts in neurotic, anxiety-ridden individuals.

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Psychoanalyst

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An individual who has earned either a Ph.D. or an M.D. degree and has completed postgraduate training in the Freudian approach to understanding and treating mental disorders.

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Psychopharmacology

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The branch of psychology that investigates the effects of drugs on behavior.

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Psychosurgery

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A surgical procedure performed on brain tissue to alleviate a psychological disorder.

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Psychotherapy

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Any of a group of therapies, used to treat psychological disorders, that focus on changing faulty behaviors, thoughts, perceptions, and emotions that may be associated with specific disorders.

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Rational-emotive therapy (RET)

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A comprehensive system of personality change based on changing irrational beliefs that cause undesirable, highly charged emotional reactions such as severe anxiety.

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Resistance

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The inability or unwillingness of a patient in psychoanalysis to discuss certain ideas, desires, or experiences.

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Ritual healing

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Ceremonies that infuse special emotional intensity and meaning into the healing process.

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Shamanism

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A spiritual tradition that involves both healing and gaining contact with the spirit world.

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Social-learning therapy

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A form of treatment in which clients observe models' desirable behaviors being reinforced

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Spontaneous-remission effect

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The improvement of some mental patients and clients in psychotherapy without any professional intervention; a baseline criterion against which the effectiveness of therapies must be assessed.

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Systematic desensitization

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A behavioral therapy technique in which a client is taught to prevent the arousal of anxiety by confronting the feared stimulus while relaxed.

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Transference

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The process by which a person in psychoanalysis attaches to a therapist feelings formerly held toward some significant person who figured in a past emotional conflict.

Psych 17 – Therapy – Flashcards

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