Behavioral Approach to Personality: Empirical Research and Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

question

Which of the following approaches to personality is MOST firmly rooted in empirical research?

answer

Behavioral approach

question

The crucial developmental task associated with the anal stage is

answer

toilet training.

question

According to Freud, which of the following is entirely unconscious?

answer

The id

question

Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality focuses on all of the following EXCEPT

answer

the potential for personal growth.

question

The personality theory of Carl Rogers is known as

answer

person-centered theory.

question

Chris has a greatly inflated sense of self-worth, a sense of entitlement, and a constant need for attention. It is most likely that Chris has

answer

narcissistic personality disorder.

question

Five-year-old Samuel often tells his older sister, \"I can't wait to grow up, so I can marry mommy.\" Samuel is most likely in the stage of personality development that Freud referred to as the

answer

phallic stage.

question

Jason just sat down to work on his term paper when his friends called and invited him to a party. If Jason decides he will only go to the party after he finishes outlining the term paper, his decision reflects the functioning of his

answer

ego.

question

Mike is from Australia. Based on research using the Big Five personality traits, you would predict Mike will be high in

answer

extraversion.

question

Freud ascribed great importance to sexual and aggressive impulses, mainly because they

answer

tend to be routinely frustrated.

question

Which of the following definitions of \"personality\" best reflects the views of B. F. Skinner?

answer

A collection of response tendencies that are tied to various stimulus situations

question

Nikolas is a nonconformist who is daring and likes to try new things. He is extremely imaginative and has a wide range of interests. Based on the five-factor model of personality, Nikolas would probably score

answer

high in openness.

question

Research on national character using the Big Five personality traits found that

answer

subjects displayed considerable disagreement concerning what was typical of their culture.

question

Mary just completed a personality scale designed to measure the three higher-order traits identified by Hans Eysenck. She scored low in the personality trait of neuroticism, suggesting that Mary tends to be

answer

relaxed and high in self-esteem.

question

Hal is fearful of men who are friendly toward him, convinced that they are all homosexuals attempting to seduce him. Should it be the case that Hal is himself a latent homosexual, fearful of admitting this even to himself, we might conclude that he is using the defense mechanisms of repression and

answer

projection.

question

Failure to resolve conflict at a particular stage of psychosexual development may lead to failure to move forward psychologically, a phenomenon that Freud called

answer

fixation.

question

Deirdre used to be shy and unwilling to speak out in class. Last semester, she was in a class that involved a lot of discussion groups, and she found that her classmates were willing to listen attentively to her ideas and often asked her for input when the discussion bogged down. Now Deirdre is more outspoken and confident during class discussions. Based on principles of operant conditioning, Deirdre's new outspoken, confident manner is MOST likely a result of

answer

positive reinforcement.

question

According to Jung, one's personal unconscious contains

answer

repressed or forgotten information.

question

Bess uses a software package on her computer to create a number of abstract images. She finds that each person who looks at the images sees something different in them. If Bess records the responses that each person provides, she may find the answers are similar to those that would be obtained using the

answer

Rorschach test.

question

Which of the following is one of the major criticisms of the humanistic approach to personality?

answer

It is too optimistic about human nature

question

The humanistic perspective's emphasis on man's potential for personal growth is MOST similar to which other personality theorist's belief concerning man's primary motivation?

answer

Alfred Adler

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the major contributions associated with the humanistic theory of personality?

answer

Acknowledging the role that internal conflict plays in generating psychological distress

question

Observational learning suggests that some models are more likely to be imitated than others. Which of the following characteristics of a model would be LEAST likely to result in a child's imitating the model's behavior?

answer

The model is of the opposite sex

question

Which theorist argues that people have a strong need for affection, love, and acceptance from others?

answer

Carl Rogers

question

Which of the following criticisms can be leveled against BOTH the psychoanalytic approach and the humanistic approach to personality?

answer

Poor testability

question

According to Jung, one's personal unconscious contains

answer

repressed or forgotten information.

question

Finding ways to meet instinctual needs and still take into account the conditions of the external, social world defines the ____, the basic operating theme of the ____.

answer

reality principle; ego

question

Failure to resolve conflict at a particular stage of psychosexual development may lead to failure to move forward psychologically, a phenomenon that Freud called

answer

fixation.

question

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a self-actualizing person?

answer

Having a strong need to affiliate with many people

question

According to Carl Rogers, when parents make their affection unconditional and show acceptance of their children's behavior, they are promoting

answer

congruence between their children's self-concept and their actual experiences.

question

According to Hans Eysenck, personality is largely

answer

inherited.

question

According to Maslow's theory, the self-actualizing person would be LEAST likely to

answer

be uncomfortable when alone or detached

question

One of the major points Mischel makes about personality is that

answer

people are much less consistent across situations than most theorists have assumed

question

Carmen has always done well in her math courses and even though she has never taken a statistics class before, she is confident she will do well in the one she just signed up for next semester. In this example, Carmen shows evidence of having

answer

high self-efficacy in math.

question

According to the Featured Study, there is often a discrepancy between

answer

what people say and think.

question

According to Jung, the ____ is a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past.

answer

collective unconscious

question

If she is using the defense mechanisms of reaction formation, a mother who actually hates her son would MOST likely be both unaware of her hatred and

answer

act in an extremely loving way toward her son.

question

Jose is one of the top baseball players in his league, but last week, he struck out on an easy pitch. When this happened, he smashed the water cooler in the dugout with his bat. According to Freud, Jose may be unconsciously dealing with his anger at himself by using the defense mechanism of

answer

displacement.

question

Which of the following personality theorists did NOT emphasize the influence of childhood experiences on adult personality

answer

Abraham Maslow

question

Bess uses a software package on her computer to create a number of abstract images. She finds that each person who looks at the images sees something different in them. If Bess records the responses that each person provides, she may find the answers are similar to those that would be obtained using the

answer

Rorschach test.

question

Which theorist argues that people have a strong need for affection, love, and acceptance from others?

answer

Carl Rogers

question

The Freudian period that begins with puberty is the

answer

genital stage.

question

In an emergency, we would all react differently from one another because we all have different personalities and experiences. This quality of personality is called

answer

distinctiveness.

question

Imagine a neighborhood in which a hurricane has caused extensive flooding. Many of the residents have had their homes damaged or destroyed. At the time, however, the material loss is unimportant as the residents think only of escaping the flood. Maslow would say this is because the residents' ____ needs are threatened.

answer

safety and security

question

According to the five-factor model of personality, people who score high in ____ tend to be diligent, disciplined, well organized, and punctual.

answer

conscientiousness

question

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of narcissism?

answer

A strong need to forge bonds with others

question

Evidence suggest that people high in openness to experience tend to

answer

exhibit less prejudice than others.

question

Ten-year-old Benjamin is often nervous about bringing report cards home to his parents. Although his parents say they love him, he feels that they only really love him when he obtains excellent grades in school. Based on the theory developed by Carl Rogers, Benjamin perceives his parents' affection as

answer

conditional, and he is likely to develop incongruence in his self-concept.

question

The occurrence of so-called copycat crimes where someone hijacks an airliner after seeing a movie about a hijacking provides anecdotal evidence for

answer

Bandura's social-cognitive theory

question

The American cultural conception of self results in children

answer

developing an independent view of the self and defining themselves in terms of personal attributes

question

According to the five-factor model of personality, people who score high in ____ are characterized as outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, and assertive

answer

extraversion

question

Research on national character using the Big Five personality traits found that

answer

subjects displayed considerable agreement concerning what was typical of their culture.

question

Beatrix is planning a research study for her doctoral dissertation. As part of the study, she wants to measure normal aspects of personality in each of the participants, using a measure that is objective and precise. The BEST measure for Beatrix to use would be the

answer

NEO Personality Inventory.

question

When people give a false but plausible excuse to justify their unacceptable behavior, they are using

answer

rationalization.

question

Five-year-old Samuel often tells his older sister, \"I can't wait to grow up, so I can marry mommy.\" Samuel is most likely in the stage of personality development that Freud referred to as the

answer

phallic stage.

question

Cross-cultural research suggests that the Big Five personality traits

answer

are fairly consistent across cultures.

question

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the five-factor model of personality?

answer

It overemphasizes the role of unconscious motivation in personality

question

Jason just sat down to work on his term paper when his friends called and invited him to a party. If Jason decides he will only go to the party after he finishes outlining the term paper, his decision reflects the functioning of his

answer

ego.

question

John worries about his tendency toward abusing animals, so he joins the Association for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. John's behavior can be viewed as an example of

answer

reaction formation.

question

Evolutionary theorists have recently proposed a revision of Maslow's theory to emphasize

answer

reproduction needs

question

Under stress, a college student cries and throws things. The behavior of the student is an example of

answer

regression.

question

The personality inventory developed by Raymond Cattell that describes an individual in terms of a limited number of personality source traits is the

answer

16 Personality Factor Questionnaire.

question

Jalen is currently thinking about all the things she has to do before she goes to her first class. She is mentally making lists of all these things so she will remember to do them on her way to school. According to Freud, these thoughts are contained in Jalen's

answer

conscious mind

question

According to Hans Eysenck, ____ involves being egocentric, impulsive, cold, and antisocial

answer

psychoticism

question

Freud used the term \"sexual\" in his psychosexual stages of development to mean

answer

any pleasure-giving urge.

question

Martin sees himself primarily as part of a group, and he puts the group's needs ahead of his own goals. It is most likely that Martin is from a(n)

answer

collectivistic culture.

question

Unconscious fixations and unresolved conflicts are to Sigmund Freud's theory of personality as ____ to B. F. Skinner's theory.

answer

faulty learning is

question

Behavioral genetics, the evolutionary approach, and Eysenck's theory all approach the study of personality from the

answer

biological perspective.

question

Adler is to individual psychology as Jung is to

answer

analytical psychology

question

Observational learning suggests that some models are more likely to be imitated than others. Which of the following characteristics of a model would be LEAST likely to result in a child's imitating the model's behavior?

answer

The model is of the opposite sex

question

How, according to terror management theory, does culture solve the existential crisis created by awareness of death?

answer

It gives members a sense of being part of a enduring legacy by creating stories and traditions

question

Which of the following traits is MOST likely to be associated with high levels of productivity in a job setting?

answer

Conscientiousness

question

Julio is extremely dependable and productive, and his friends think he is great at organizing events. Based on the five-factor model of personality, Julio would probably score

answer

high in conscientiousness.

question

The id is

answer

the primitive, instinctive component of personality.

question

The idea that a male child desires his mother and fears his father illustrates the

answer

Oedipal complex.

question

The occurrence of so-called copycat crimes where someone hijacks an airliner after seeing a movie about a hijacking provides anecdotal evidence for

answer

Bandura's social-cognitive theory.

question

Nikolas is a nonconformist who is daring and likes to try new things. He is extremely imaginative and has a wide range of interests. Based on the five-factor model of personality, Nikolas would probably score

answer

high in openness.

question

Studies linking personality traits with specific genes have been difficult to replicate because

answer

traits may be influenced by many genes.

question

_____________ is a personality trait marked by an inflated sense of self-worth and a tendency to exploit other people.

answer

Narcissism

question

You are in a debate with a friend who argues that people's behavior is much less consistent across situations than most theorists assumed. Whose theory of personality is your friend's argument MOST similar to?

answer

Walter Mischel

question

While at the dentist, six-year-old Alex listens as his mom tells the dentist she flosses her teeth at least three times a week. Alex notices that the dentist smiled at and complimented his mom on her behavior. As a result of this brief encounter, Alex's mom will be likely to continue to floss as a result of ____, and Alex will be likely to have a favorable attitude concerning flossing as a result of ____.

answer

operant conditioning; observational learning

question

The \"typical\" subject in Milgram's study experienced ____ psychological distress ____ to administer stronger electric shocks.

answer

considerable; but continued

question

The rule that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the

answer

reciprocity norm.

question

Which influence technique involves asking for a small request in order to increase the likelihood of the target complying with a larger request later?

answer

Foot in the door

question

Inferences that people draw about the causes of events and theirs and others' behaviors are known as

answer

attributions.

question

Kevin is the Human Resources manager for a large company. He actually has a favorable attitude toward the handicapped in general. However, he hasn't hired anyone who has a visible disability because his boss told him not to consider applicants who are handicapped. In this case, Kevin

answer

shows evidence of discrimination but not prejudice

question

The results of Burger's recent replication of Milgram's obedience study suggest that

answer

people's tendency to obey has remained about the same since Milgram's study.

question

Research on physical attractiveness has shown that

answer

we tend to ascribe desirable personality characteristics to good-looking people

question

Which of the following is NOT a necessary component for describing or defining a group?

answer

Members of a group are cohesive

question

You are likely to attribute your own failing grade on a test to ____; your roommate is more likely to attribute your failing grade to ____.

answer

an unfair test; your poor study habits

question

Research has revealed higher levels of conformity in

answer

collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures.

question

The beliefs people have concerning the object of an attitude describes the ____ component of an attitude.

answer

cognitive

question

Compared with attractive people, less attractive people

answer

place less emphasis on the importance of physical attractiveness.

question

Putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes is referred to as

answer

individualism

question

When advertisers use extremely attractive models to demonstrate products, they are relying, in part, on the power of ____ to change consumers' attitudes.

answer

classical conditioning

question

Marsha believes that all news reporters are cynical, doubting individuals who would sell their souls for an exclusive story. In this case, Marsha's beliefs about the traits and behaviors of news reporters are one example of

answer

stereotypes.

question

Evolutionary psychologists ascribe much of the bias in person perception to cognitive mechanisms that have been shaped by

answer

natural selection.

question

According to Hazan and Shaver's model of infant attachment and romantic love, adults with which of the following attachment styles are most likely to engage in casual sex?

answer

Avoidant

question

In the research on romantic attraction, which of the following did researchers discover to be the key determinant of a person's initial attraction to someone else?

answer

Physical attractiveness

question

Research indicates that when women are approaching ovulation, they prefer men who are

answer

masculine and dominant.

question

William always does what his friends want to do because he is afraid of being criticized if he does not conform. William appears to be conforming because of

answer

normative influences

question

Harboring negative thoughts and feelings about a person simply because of his or her membership in a particular group defines

answer

prejudice.

question

Asch's \"line study\" clearly demonstrated that people ____ alter their behavior so that it conforms to the behavior of others.

answer

frequently

question

Which of the following psychologists is known for conducting classic research on obedience to authority?

answer

Stanley Milgram

question

While at the dentist, six-year-old Alex listens as his mom tells the dentist she flosses her teeth at least three times a week. Alex notices that the dentist smiled at and complimented his mom on her behavior. As a result of this brief encounter, Alex's mom will be likely to continue to floss as a result of ____, and Alex will be likely to have a favorable attitude concerning flossing as a result of ____.

answer

operant conditioning; observational learning

question

John observed Gracie, an executive for a large accounting firm, behave in an aggressive and pushy manner with her subordinates. John now believes that most women executives are aggressive and pushy with their subordinates. John's overestimation of the link between women executives and the social traits of \"pushy\" and \"aggressive\" is referred to as

answer

an illusory correlation.

question

Most research on implicit attitudes has addressed the topic of

answer

prejudice.

question

Which of the following psychologists is known for conducting classic research on conformity?

answer

Solomon Asch

question

Milgram found that subjects' obedience declined dramatically when

answer

another \"teacher\" defied the experimenter's order.

question

When Stoner (1961) compared the average decision of a group's individual members against their group decision generated through group discussion, he found that

answer

groups arrived at riskier decisions than individuals.

question

According to dissonance theory, how do people usually reduce dissonance?

answer

By changing their cognitions

question

What is the main reason we tend to make attributions about the causes of events, others' behavior, and our own behavior?

answer

We have a strong need to understand our experiences.

question

Rita believes that racial prejudice is wrong, but she also possesses subtle negative views about other races. Rita's negative views make up her

answer

implicit attitudes.

question

A group that one does NOT belong to or identify with is known as

answer

an outgroup

question

Individuals' productivity typically ____ in larger groups, partly due to ____.

answer

declines; reduced efficiency due to the loss of coordination among group members' efforts

question

Groups seeking donations routinely send address labels and other small gifts with their pleas. This approach illustrates which of the following social influence techniques?

answer

Reciprocity norm

question

Sally and Neil have been married for 15 years. They have an extremely warm and trusting relationship, and even though Neil frequently travels on business, Sally never worries about him seeing other women. According to Hatfield and Berscheid, Sally and Neil share

answer

companionate love

question

Celine just heard that her neighbor, Rodney, was involved in an automobile accident. If Celine concludes that Rodney's children distracted him for a few seconds and that was the reason for the accident, she has

answer

made an external attribution.

question

Preoccupation with rejection is to ____ attachment as relationships lacking intimacy and trust is to ____ attachment.

answer

anxious-ambivalent; avoidant

question

Asch found that group size made little difference on conformity when

answer

just one accomplice failed to go along with the rest of the group

question

The subfield of psychology that studies attitudes, the attribution process, person perceptions, interpersonal attraction, conformity and obedience, and group behavior is known as

answer

social psychology.

question

Which of the following individuals is noted for developing the theory of cognitive dissonance?

answer

Leon Festinger

question

Which of the following is NOT a major characteristic of successful persuasive communications that involve fear appeals? The negative consequences described

answer

are associated with one's physical health.

question

The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency of

answer

observers to favor internal attributions in explaining the behavior of others

question

Edith is making a class presentation in which she is trying to convince the other students that a proposed change in the requirements for a degree in education will be beneficial in the long run. Based on the research into factors that influence persuasion, Edith will be MOST persuasive if she

answer

presents both the advantages and disadvantages associated with the proposed change.

question

Which of the following statements regarding the influence of culture on conformity and obedience is MOST accurate?

answer

Collectivistic cultures tend to encourage more conformity than individualistic cultures.

question

According to evolutionary psychologists, which of the following characteristics in a prospective mate would be the LEAST important consideration for a woman seeking a mate?

answer

Physical attractiveness

question

John observed Gracie, an executive for a large accounting firm, behave in an aggressive and pushy manner with her subordinates. John now believes that most women executives are aggressive and pushy with their subordinates. John's overestimation of the link between women executives and the social traits of \"pushy\" and \"aggressive\" is referred to as

answer

an illusory correlation.

question

According to evolutionary theorists, which of the following factors is likely to be the MOST important for a male seeking a prospective mate?

answer

Physical attractiveness

question

Most research on implicit attitudes has addressed the topic of

answer

prejudice.

question

Laura is planning to buy a new car and is trying to decide between a Ford and a Honda. Based on the research into factors that influence persuasion, Laura should be MOST persuaded by statements made by

answer

a Ford salesperson who recommends buying a Honda rather than a Ford.

question

Which of the following statements BEST reflects an evolutionary explanation of why we tend to be influenced by physical attractiveness in our perception of others?

answer

At one time in our history, physical attractiveness was associated with reproductive potential

question

A small public relations firm has four employees who are all opposed to the death penalty (anti-death penalty). Which employee would be MOST likely to change his attitude concerning the death penalty?

answer

Clark, who writes a brief pro-death penalty piece as a favor for a friend

question

Which of the following dimensions of attitudes are MOST likely to be correlated?

answer

Accessibility and strength

question

According to the elaboration likelihood model of attitude change, when persuasion depends on factors such as the attractiveness and credibility of the source or emotional responses by the receiver, it is referred to as the

answer

peripheral route.

question

The bystander effect is the finding that

answer

the probability that a witness to an emergency will help decreases as the number of bystanders increases.

question

Frequently, companies use professionals such as doctors and dentists to recommend products in advertisements since professionals are MOST likely to be perceived as having

answer

expertise.

question

Prejudice is to discrimination as

answer

attitude is to action.

question

If Matthew's mother praises his \"good sense\" every time he says that money is important, then Matthew's attitude will be strengthened by

answer

reinforcement.

question

Celine just heard that her neighbor, Rodney, was involved in an automobile accident. If Celine concludes that Rodney's children distracted him for a few seconds and that was the reason for the accident, she has

answer

made an external attribution.

question

Kirstie's boss asks for input about ways the company can improve its current advertising campaign. However, every time an employee offers a suggestion that differs from the plan that the boss has sketched out, the suggestion is ignored completely. In this case, it is likely that the group that is supposed to improve the company's advertising will experience the effects of

answer

groupthink

question

Mary just completed a test that required her to respond as quickly as possible to faces of people from various races. The test that Mary took is called the

answer

Reactive Bias Test.

question

Matthew often hears his parents discussing the importance of making lots of money. Eventually, Matthew himself begins to value a high income. Matthew's attitude about money was acquired through

answer

observational learning.

question

Advertisements that include phrases like \"limited supply available\" or \"for a limited time only\" are making use of which of the following social influence techniques?

answer

Feigned scarcity

question

Which of the following factors is NOT one that influences a person's initial attraction to someone else?

answer

Attributional style

question

The branch of psychology concerned with the way individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others is

answer

social psychology.

question

Maya has always preferred individual assignments to group projects because she finds that she can accomplish more when she works on her own. The process that would best explain why Maya accomplishes LESS when she works as part of a group is

answer

social loafing.

question

Milgram found that subjects' obedience declined dramatically when

answer

another \"teacher\" defied the experimenter's order.

question

Adults who experience love relationships that are volatile, marked by jealousy, and reflect expectations of rejection exhibit

answer

anxious-ambivalent attachment.

question

In Milgram's research on obedience, what did the experimenter do to the teacher when the teacher questioned whether the experiment should continue?

answer

The teacher was given verbal prompts to continue.

question

Observers tend to favor ____ attributions about the success of males; observers tend to favor ____ attributions about the success of females.

answer

internal; external

question

Attitudes that we hold consciously and can easily describe to others are known as __________ attitudes.

answer

explicit

question

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of groupthink?

answer

Gathering all the relevant information before making a decision

question

When the behavior of all subjects was combined, Asch's study of conformity found that subjects exhibited conformity on approximately ____ of the trials.

answer

35-40%

question

Findings from recent studies suggest that people adjust their tactics of attraction as a function of which of the following?

answer

Whether they are pursuing a short- or long-term relationship

question

Research on factors contributing to building relationships seems to SUPPORT the adage

answer

\"similarity breeds liking.\"

question

In the Stanford Prison study, the \"guards\" routinely

answer

became malicious and abusive in fulfilling their responsibilities.

question

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate concerning attitudes?

answer

People are more likely to be attracted to someone with similar attitudes.

question

Attribution refers to

answer

inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behavior and the behavior of others.

question

Social loafing is MORE likely to occur if the

answer

group members feel that the responsibility for getting the job done is diffused among the members of the group.

question

You have just come face to face with a bear on your walk through the woods. Your body automatically mobilizes itself for action in the ____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

answer

alarm

question

Current research suggests it is MOST accurate to view the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) as assessing

answer

changes that relate to a wide variety of stressful experiences.

question

Allie has a chronic medical condition. She was advised to take a drug from a manufacturer that claims it reduces the risk of mortality from her condition by 25%. Before taking the drug, it is MOST important that Allie investigate

answer

the base rate for mortality from her condition.

question

Neurogenisis

answer

can be hindered by stress.

question

Your text outlines a number of ways in which people can think more systematically about health decisions. Which of the following is NOT one of the suggestions outlined in your text?

answer

Delay making a final decision until you have the opportunity to consult with professionals in the field

question

One personality characteristic correlated with good physical health is

answer

conscientiousness.

question

Emily is an excellent student. She puts in long hours on her schoolwork and often gets the top mark in the class. However, she is always relaxed and seems fairly easygoing. She does her schoolwork as it is assigned and doesn't put herself under pressure by leaving things to the last minute. She is also always willing to take the time to patiently explain difficult material to other students in her classes. Emily would MOST likely be described as having

answer

a Type B personality

question

The Flashback football team was down by 35 points at half-time, but they made a big comeback in the second half. With less than 15 seconds remaining on the clock, they scored a touchdown that narrowed the other team's lead to a single point. Their quarterback has decided to try for a two-point conversion in an attempt to win the game by a single point in the final seconds. As the team lines up for the last play of the game, both the quarterback and the intended receiver are likely to be experiencing

answer

pressure.

question

Roommates Ann and Margaret both woke up yesterday with a headache, upset stomach, and muscle stiffness. While Ann was showering for her 9:00 art history class, Margaret rushed off to the college health clinic. MOST likely Margaret exhibits a ____ than Ann.

answer

higher level of anxiety and higher level of neuroticism

question

The principle cause of coronary heart disease is

answer

atherosclerosis.

question

According to Lazarus and Folkman, we evaluate our coping resources during

answer

secondary appraisal

question

Circumstances that threaten, or are perceived to threaten, one's well-being and tax one's coping abilities define

answer

stress.

question

Webb's teacher has told him that there is really no way for him to earn a passing grade in his statistics class, even if he earns 100% on all the work that remains. However, Webb has convinced himself that he will still pass the course if he just works really hard for the rest of the semester. In this instance, Webb may be dealing with the stress-induced anxiety aroused by the teacher's comments through the use of

answer

denial of reality.

question

Americans tend to prefer _________ social support, while Asians tend to prefer ________ social support.

answer

explicit; implicit

question

The term \"psychosomatic disease\" is used to refer to

answer

genuine physical illness caused at least partly by psychological factors

question

Mary and John are teaming up to make an important sales presentation to 15 executives from a Fortune 500 company. Mary finds the challenge exhilarating, but John is a nervous wreck over the presentation. Their differing reactions illustrate which of your text's unifying themes?

answer

Our experience of the world is highly subjective.

question

Miranda started a small craft business in her home three years ago. Last year, she finally moved her business into a small store along her town's main street. Last Saturday, most of her store's stock was destroyed as firefighters fought a fire that had started in the vacant office next to her store. As Miranda walks through her ruined store, she is MOST likely to experience a sense of

answer

frustration.

question

Harry is an excellent basketball player who seldom misses a shot during practice. After yesterday's practice, Harry's coach told him that some scouts from a big college would be at today's practice. Based on the research by Baumeister, it is likely that this increase in pressure will make Harry

answer

more self-conscious and will interfere with his performance.

question

The Featured Study by Pennix and colleagues showed that depression tripled the subjects' risk for cardiac death. This finding indicates that illness and levels of stress are

answer

positively correlated

question

The optimal level of arousal for task performance

answer

decreases as the tasks become more complex

question

Analyzing the possible gains and losses before undertaking a health-treatment program is an example of

answer

making a risk-benefit analysis.

question

Which of the following is NOT a reason given to explain why people engage in unhealthy behaviors?

answer

People are often unaware of the of the dangers associated with their health-impairing behaviors

question

Valerie is doing homework for her statistics class. When she checks the answer she has just calculated for the problem she has been working on, she finds it is incorrect. She is frustrated and tells her roommate, \"I don't know why I'm even trying, I'll never catch on in this course. I should just give up now.\" According to Albert Ellis, Valerie's statements reflect

answer

catastrophic thinking

question

The Flashback football team was down by 35 points at half-time, but they made a big comeback in the second half. With less than 15 seconds remaining on the clock, they scored a touchdown that narrowed the other team's lead to a single point. Their quarterback has decided to try for a two-point conversion in an attempt to win the game by a single point in the final seconds. As the team lines up for the last play of the game, both the quarterback and the intended receiver are likely to be experiencing

answer

pressure.

question

What area of psychology is concerned with how psychosocial factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of health and with the causation, prevention, and treatment of illness?

answer

Health psychology

question

The negative effects of ____________ may be more severe than the negative effects of obesity, lack of exercise, and excessive drinking.

answer

inadequate social support

question

Thelma goes to a nightclub and flirts with dozens of men whenever she feels neglected and ignored by her husband. In this example, Freud would suggest that Thelma is dealing with the stress generated by her feelings of neglect through

answer

overcompensation

question

Rick imagines he is secretly admired by women who all wish he would seduce them. Rick, who is socially inept, is using the defense mechanism of

answer

fantasy.

question

Which of the following statements regarding the connection between social support and immune functioning is MOST accurate?

answer

Social support can serve as a buffer in times of high stress.

question

Which of the following is NOT included in the definition of stress? Stress includes circumstances that

answer

are traumatic

question

Research suggests that the stress responses of _______ tend to be milder than those without this characteristic.

answer

females

question

Rosemary recently married her high school sweetheart and they moved into a wonderful new condominium. A week after the move, Rosemary was offered a job that she had been hoping she would get. At this point in time, Rosemary can't imagine being any happier. According to Holmes and Rahe, Rosemary is likely to be experiencing

answer

a high level of stress.

question

Melissa has an old car that is desperately in need of expensive repairs. She is trying to decide whether to spend the $1,500 she has in her savings account to repair her old clunker or use her savings to buy the used car that her neighbor has for sale. As Melissa considers which of these two options she will select, she is facing

answer

an avoidance-avoidance conflict

question

When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, we are said to be experiencing

answer

an avoidance-avoidance conflict.

question

When the adrenal medulla is stimulated

answer

large amounts of catecholamines are released into the bloodstream

question

The hormones secreted into the bloodstream during times of stress are

answer

catecholamines and corticosteroids.

question

Current research suggests it is MOST accurate to view the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) as assessing

answer

changes that relate to a wide variety of stressful experiences.

question

Your friend asks you for advice as to how he can improve his communication with his healthcare provider. Which of the following would you NOT offer him?

answer

Consult a healthcare provider who is not of your same sex

question

Health-impairing lifestyles appear to develop

answer

slowly.

question

Research MOST strongly suggests that people who have been betrayed by someone will experience improved mood if they

answer

forgive the betrayer.

question

The principle cause of coronary heart disease is

answer

atherosclerosis.

question

The Featured Study by Pennix and colleagues showed that depression tripled the subjects' risk for cardiac death. This finding indicates that illness and levels of stress are

answer

positively correlated.

question

Miranda started a small craft business in her home three years ago. Last year, she finally moved her business into a small store along her town's main street. Last Saturday, most of her store's stock was destroyed as firefighters fought a fire that had started in the vacant office next to her store. As Miranda walks through her ruined store, she is MOST likely to experience a sense of

answer

frustration.

question

Harry is an excellent basketball player who seldom misses a shot during practice. After yesterday's practice, Harry's coach told him that some scouts from a big college would be at today's practice. Based on the research by Baumeister, it is likely that this increase in pressure will make Harry

answer

more self-conscious and will interfere with his performance.

question

The relationship between level of arousal and performance is described by the

answer

inverted-U hypothesis.

question

Relatively healthful efforts that people make to deal with stressful events are referred to as

answer

constructive coping.

question

According to Baumeister, the pressure to perform can elevate self-consciousness, which then disrupts our attention by

answer

diverting attention from the demands of the task.

question

The two major pathways via which the brain may signal the endocrine system are through

answer

the pituitary gland and the autonomic nervous system.

question

Leonard has 15 years of seniority at a job with a small company where he gets along well with everyone. Recently, a competitor called to offer him a job that would pay more money, but where he would have to start over, with no seniority. As Leonard tries to decide whether to accept the new job because it offers more money or turn it down because it would mean giving up his seniority, he is facing

answer

an approach-avoidance conflict.

question

Stress effects appear to be moderated by the

answer

hypothalamus activating the sympathetic nervous system.

question

Mason is already late for an important appointment when he realizes he is almost out of gas. He stops to fill up, and the clerk has trouble getting approval on his credit card. When he finally pulls out of the service station, the traffic is crawling because of an accident. Inconveniences of this type

answer

can often have a significant effect on physical and mental health.

question

Your text outlines a number of ways in which people can think more systematically about health decisions. Which of the following is NOT one of the suggestions outlined in your text?

answer

Delay making a final decision until you have the opportunity to consult with professionals in the field

question

Americans tend to prefer _________ social support, while Asians tend to prefer ________ social support.

answer

explicit; implicit

question

Albert Ellis believes people can alter their ____ stress by altering their ____ stressful events.

answer

emotional response to; appraisal of

question

According to the original frustration-aggression hypothesis put forth by Dollard and his colleagues,

answer

aggression is always caused by frustration

question

Which of the following statements concerning positive emotions and stress is the LEAST accurate?

answer

Experiencing positive emotions while under stress is rare, and it is associated with denial in most individuals.

question

Dionne is trapped in an elevator that is stuck between the third and fourth floors of an office building. As maintenance workers try to restart the elevator, it suddenly drops 10 feet before becoming stuck once more. As the elevator drops, Dionne's sympathetic nervous system is activated. This nervous system activation will cause

answer

the adrenal medulla to begin to release large amounts of catecholamines

question

Megan is looking at the ballot form for a citywide referendum and trying to decide whether or not to support the proposed change. If the referendum passes, there will be better services available for all city residents, but it will also mean that residents pay more property taxes. As Megan tries to decide whether to support the proposed referendum, she is facing

answer

an approach-avoidance conflict

question

Which of the following is an example of a stressful situation that involves frustration?

answer

You want to go to the big game tomorrow, but the game is sold out

question

In times of stress, stimulation of the pituitary gland results in the adrenal gland secreting hormones that tend to

answer

increase energy and inhibit tissue inflammation

question

An individuals unique set of consistent behavioral traits

answer

Personality

question

Durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations

answer

Personality traits

question

correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables

answer

factor analysis

question

all the diverse theories, descended from the work of Sigmund Freud, that focus on unconscious mental forces.

answer

Psychodynamic theories

question

demands immediate gratification of its urges

answer

pleasure principle

question

decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle

answer

ego

question

seeks to delay gratification of the id's urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found

answer

reality principle

question

primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle

answer

id

question

the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong

answer

superego

question

whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time

answer

conscious

question

material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved

answer

preconscious

question

thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior

answer

unconscious

question

largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt

answer

defense mechanisms

question

creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior

answer

rationalization

question

keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

answer

repression

question

attributing one's own thoughts, feelings or motives to another

answer

projection

question

diverting emotional feelings from their original source to a substitute target

answer

displacement

question

behaving in a way that's exactly the opposite of one's true feelings

answer

reaction formation

question

reversion to immature patterns of behavior

answer

regression

question

bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group

answer

identification

question

occurs when unconscious, unacceptable impulses are channeled into socially acceptable, perhaps even admirable, behaviors

answer

sublimation

question

developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark in adult personality

answer

psychosexual stages

question

failure to move forward from one stage to another as expected

answer

fixation

question

children manifest erotically tinged desires for their opposite sex parent, accompanied by feelings of hostility toward their same-sex parent

answer

Oedipal Complex

question

houses material that is not within one's conscious awareness because it has been repressed or forgotten

answer

personal unconscious

question

a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past

answer

collective unconscious

question

emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning

answer

archetypes

question

universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges

answer

striving for superiority

question

involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities

answer

compensation

question

theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior

answer

behaviorism

question

occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others who are called models

answer

observational learning

question

the idea that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence one another

answer

reciprocal determinism

question

a peson whose behavior is observed by another

answer

model

question

one's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected out comes

answer

self-efficacy

question

a collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities and typical behaviors

answer

self concept

question

a systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused

answer

hierarchy of needs

question

the need to fulfill one's potential

answer

need for self-actualization

question

people with exceptionally healthy personalities, marked by continued personal growth

answer

self-actualizing persons

question

a personality trait marked by an inflated sense of importance, a need for attention and admiration, a sense of entitlement and a tendency to exploit others

answer

narcissism

question

the degree to which subjects mortality is prominent in their minds

answer

mortality salience

question

putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships

answer

individualism

question

putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's identity in terms of the groups one belongs to

answer

collectivism

question

focusing on positive feedback from others, exaggerating one's strengths, and seeing oneself as above average

answer

self-enhancement

question

personality tests that ask individuals to answer questions about their characteristic behavior

answer

self-report inventories

question

ask participants to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal the subjects' needs feelings and personality traits

answer

projective tests

question

the tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out

answer

hindsight bias

question

branch of psychology concerned with the way individuals thoughts, feelings and behaviors are influenced by others

answer

social psychology

question

process of forming impressions of others

answer

person perception

question

widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular way

answer

stereotypes

question

when people estimate that they have encountered more confirmations of an association between social traits than they have actually seen

answer

illusory correlation

question

a group that one belongs to and identifies with

answer

in group

question

a group that one does not belong to or identify with

answer

out group

question

ascribe the causes of behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings

answer

internal attributions

question

ascrive the causes of behavior to situational demands and environmental constraints

answer

external attributions

question

observers' bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others' behavior

answer

fundamental attribution

question

tendency to blame victims of their misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way

answer

defensive attribution

question

putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships

answer

individualism

question

positive feelings toward another

answer

interpersonal attraction

question

males and females of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners

answer

matching hypothesis

question

a complete absorption in another that includes tender sexual feelings and the agony and ecstasy of intense emotion

answer

passionate love

question

warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with one's own

answer

companionate love

question

positive or negative evaluations of objects of thought

answer

attitudes

question

attitudes that we hold consciously and can readily describe

answer

explicit attitudes

question

covert attitudes that are expressed in subtle automatic responses that people have little conscious control over

answer

implicit attitudes

question

the person who sends a communication

answer

the source

question

the person to whom the message is sent

answer

receiver

question

the information transmitted by the source

answer

message

question

is the medium through which the message is sent

answer

channel

question

when related cognitions are inconsistent- that is, when they contradict each other

answer

cognitive dissonance

question

when people yield to real or imagined social pressure

answer

conformity

question

when people conform to social norms for fear of negative social consequences

answer

normative influence

question

operates when people look to others for guidance about how to behave in ambiguous situations

answer

informational influence

question

form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority

answer

obedience

question

widely shared expectations about how people in certain positions are supposed to behave

answer

social roles

question

consists of two or more individuals who interact and are interdependent

answer

a group

question

people are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups than when they are alone

answer

bystander effect

question

reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups as compared to when they work by themselves

answer

social loafing

question

occurs when group discussion strengthens a group's dominant point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision in that direction

answer

group polarization

question

when members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision

answer

groupthink

question

the strength of the relationships linking group members to each other and to the group itself

answer

group cohesiveness

question

a negative attitude held toward members of a group

answer

prejudice

question

behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group

answer

discrimination

question

getting people to agree to a small request to increase the chances that they will agree to a larger request later

answer

foot-in-the-door

question

the rule that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others

answer

reciprocity norm

question

getting someone to commit to an attractive proposition before its hidden costs are revealed

answer

lowball technique

question

physical illness is caused by a complex interaction of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors

answer

biopsychosocial model

question

concerned with how psychosocial factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of health and with the causation, prevention and treatment of illness

answer

health psychology

question

any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one's well being and that thereby tax one's coping abilities

answer

stress

question

initial evaluation of whether an event is 1) irrelevant to you 2) relevant but not threatening or 3) stressful

answer

Primary appraisal

question

an evaluation of your coping resources and options are dealing with the stress

answer

secondary appraisal

question

threatening events that have a relatively short duration and a clear endpoint

answer

acute stressors

question

threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no readily apparent time limit

answer

chronic stressors

question

any situation in which the pursuit of some goal is thwarted

answer

frustration

question

when two or more incompatible motivations or behavioral impulses compete for expression

answer

conflict

question

a choice must be made between two attractive goals

answer

approach-approach conflict

question

choice must be made between two unattractive goals

answer

avoidance-avoidance

question

choice must be made about whether to pursue a single goal that has both attractive and unattractive aspects

answer

approach-avoidance

question

any significant alterations in one's living circumstances that require readjustments

answer

life changes

question

involves expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way

answer

pressure

question

a physiological reaction to threat in which the autonomic nervous system mobilizes the organism for attacking or fleeing an enemy

answer

fight or flight response

question

a model of the body's stress response, consisting of three stages, alarm, resistance and exhaustion

answer

general adaptation syndrome

question

formation of new neurons

answer

neurogenesis

question

active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress

answer

coping

question

passive behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events

answer

learned helplessness

question

any behavior that is intended to hurt someone, either physically or verbally

answer

aggression

question

spending an inordinate amount of time on the internet and inability to control online use

answer

internet addiction

question

largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt

answer

defense mechanisms

question

relatively healthful efforts that people make to deal with stressful events

answer

constructive coping

question

physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism and a lowered sense of self-efficacy that can be brought on gradually by chronic work-related stress

answer

burnout

question

successful adaptation to significant stress and trauma, as evidenced by a lack of serious negative outcomes

answer

resilience

question

genuine physical ailments that were thought to be caused in part by stress and other psychological factors

answer

psychosomatic diseases

question

1) a strong competitive orientation 2) impatience and time urgency and 3) anger and hostility

answer

Type A personality

question

marked by relatively relaxed, patient, easygoing amicable behavior

answer

type b personality

question

the body's defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral agents, or other foreign substances

answer

immune response

question

various types of aid and emotional sustenance provided by members of one's social networks

answer

social support

question

generalized tendency to consistently expect good outcomes

answer

optimism

question

a disorder in which the immune system is gradually weakened and eventually disabled by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

answer

acquired immune deficiency

question

unrealistically pessimistic appraisals of stress that exaggerate the magnitude of ones problems

answer

catastrophic thinking

question

it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease

answer

medical model

question

distinguishing one illness from another

answer

diagnosis

question

refers to the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness

answer

etiology

question

a forecast about the probable course of an illness

answer

prognosis

question

coexistence of two or more disorders

answer

comorbidity

question

the study of the distribution of mental or physical disorders in a population

answer

epidemiology

question

the percentage of a population that exhibit a disorder during a specified time period

answer

prevalence

question

a class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety

answer

anxiety disorders

question

marked by a chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat

answer

generalized anxiety disorder

question

marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger

answer

phobic disorder

question

characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly

answer

panic disorder

question

fear of going out to public places

answer

agoraphobia

question

marked by persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in senseless rituals

answer

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

question

enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event

answer

post-traumatic stress disorder

question

the percent age of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder

answer

concordance rate

question

sudden loss of memory for important personal information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting

answer

dissociative amnesia

question

a class of disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity

answer

dissociative disorders

question

people lose their memory for their entire lives along with their sense of personal identity

answer

dissociative fugue

question

involves the coexistence in one person or two or more largely complete, and usually very different, personalities

answer

dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder)

question

a class of disorders marked by emotional disturbances of varied kinds that may spill over to disrupt physical perceptual social and thought processes

answer

mood disorders

question

people show persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure

answer

major depressive disorder

question

a diminished ability to experience pleasure

answer

anhedonia

question

characterized by the experience of one ore more manic episodes as well as periods of depression

answer

bipolar disorder

question

a class of disorders marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and deterioration of adaptive behavior

answer

schizophrenic disorder

question

false beliefs that are maintained even though they clearly are out of touch with reality

answer

delusions

question

sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of a real, external stimulus or are gross distortions of perceptual input

answer

hallucinations

question

dominated by delusions of persecution, along with delusions of grandeur

answer

paranoid schizophrenia

question

marked by striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity

answer

catatonic schizophrenia

question

marked by idiosyncratic mixtures of schizophrenic symptoms

answer

undifferentiated schizophrenia

question

behavioral deficits, such as flattened emotions, social withdrawal apathy impaired attention and poverty of speech

answer

negative symptoms

question

involve behavioral excesses or peculiarities such as hallucinations delusions bizarre behavior and wild flights of ideas

answer

positive symptoms

question

the degree to which a relative of a patient displays highly critical or emotionally over-involved attitudes toward the patient

answer

expressed emotions

question

a class of disorders marked by extreme, inflexible personality traits that cause subjective distress or impaired social and occupational functioning

answer

personality disorders

question

impulsive, callous, manipulative, aggressive, and irresponsible behavior that reflects a failure to accept social norms

answer

antisocial personality disorder

question

a legal status indicating that a person cannot be held responsible for this or her actions because of mental illness

answer

insanity

question

people are hospitalized in psychiatric facilities against their will

answer

involuntary commitment

question

abnormal syndromes found only in a few cultural groups

answer

culture-bound disorders

question

severe disturbances in eating behavior characterized by preoccupation with weight and unhealthy efforts to control weight

answer

eating disorders

question

intense fear of gaining weight, disturbed body image, refusal to maintain normal weight and use of dangerous measures to lose weight

answer

anorexia nervosa

question

habitually engaging in out of control overeating followed by unhealthy compensatory efforts such as self induced vomiting, fasting, abuse or laxatives and diuretics, and excessive exercise

answer

bulimia nervosa

question

involves distress-inducing eating binges that are not accompanied by the purging, fating and excessive exercise seen in bulimia

answer

binge-eating disorder

question

basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event

answer

representativeness heuristic

question

basing the estimated probability of an event on the case with which relevant instances come to mind

answer

availability heuristic

question

when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone

answer

conjunction fallacy

question

specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and everyday behavioral problems

answer

clinical psychologists and counseling psychologists

question

physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

answer

psychiatrists

question

verbal interactions intended to enhance clients' self-knowledge and thus promote healthful changes in personality and behavior

answer

insight therapies

question

an insight therapy that emphasizes the recovery of unconscious conflicts motives and defenses through techniques such as free association and transference

answer

psychoanalysis

question

clients spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur, with as little censorship as possible

answer

free association

question

therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client's dream

answer

dream analysis

question

the therapist's attempts to explain the inner significance of the client's thoughts, feelings, memories and behaviors

answer

interpretation

question

largely unconscious defensive maneuvers intended to hinder the progress of therapy

answer

resistance

question

clients unconsciously start relating to their therapist in ways that mimic critical relationships in their lives

answer

transference

question

an insight therapy that emphasizes providing a supportive emotional climate for clients, who play a major role in determining the pace and direction of their therapy

answer

client-centered therapy

question

uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative and fulfilling aspects of human existence

answer

positive psychology

question

the treatment of both partners in a committed intimate relationship in which the main focus is on relationship issues

answer

couples or marital therapy

question

the treatment of a family unit as a whole, in which the main focus is on family dynamics and communication

answer

family therapy

question

recovery from a disorder that occurs without formal treatment

answer

spontaneous remission

question

the application of learning principles to direct efforts to change clients maladaptive behaviors

answer

behavior therapies

question

a behavior therapy used to reduce the phobic clients anxiety responses through counterconditioning

answer

systematic desensitization

question

clients are confronted with situations that they fear so that they learn that these situations are really harmless

answer

exposure therapies

question

behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response

answer

aversion therapy

question

a behavior therapy designed to improve interpersonal skills that emphasizes modeling, behavioral rehearsal and shaping

answer

social skills training

question

use varied combinations of verbal interventions and behavior modification techniques to help clients change maladaptive patterns of thinking

answer

cognitive-behavioral treatments

question

uses specific strategies to correct habitual thinking errors that underlie various types of disorders

answer

cognitive therapy

question

physiological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders

answer

biomedical therapies

question

treatment of mental disorders with medication

answer

psychopharmacotherapy

question

relieve tension, apprehension and nervousness

answer

antianxiety drugs

question

used to gradually reduce psychotic symptoms, including hyperactivity, mental confusion, hallucinations and delusions

answer

antipsychotic drugs

question

neurological disorder marked by involuntary writhing and ticlike movements of the mouth, tongue face hands or feet

answer

tardive dyskinesia

question

gradually elevate mood and help bring people out of a depression

answer

antidepressant drugs

question

drugs used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar mood disorders

answer

mood stabilizers

question

biomedical treatment in which electric shock is used to produce cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions

answer

Electroconvulsive therapy

question

technique that permits scientists to temporarily enhance or depress activity in a specific area of the brain

answer

transcranial magnetic stimulation

question

a thin electrode is surgically implanted in the brain and connected to an implanted pulse generator so that various electrical current can be delivered to brain tissue adjacent to the electrode

answer

deep brain stimulations (DBS)

question

the practice of therapy involves drawing ideas from two or more systems of therapy instead of committing to just one system

answer

eclecticism

question

a medical institution specializing in providing inpatient care for psychological disorders

answer

mental hospital

question

transferring the treatment of mental illness from inpatient institutions to community-based facilities that emphasize outpatient care

answer

deintstitutionalization

question

effects occur when people expectations lead them to experience some change even though they receive a fake treatment

answer

placebo effect

question

when people who score extremely high or low on some trait are measured a second time and their new scores fall closer to the mean

answer

regression toward the mean

question

Seligman found that people with a pessimistic explanatory style are especially vulnerable to depression. These individuals tend to attribute their setbacks to ____ and draw ____ conclusions about their personal inadequacies.

answer

personal flaws; global, far-reaching

question

Paxton comes from a home where discipline was erratic, and he was physically abused by his parents. His parents were also self-centered and exploitive. Based on research, this home environment is likely to increase Paxton's risk for developing

answer

antisocial personality disorder.

question

According to the medical model

answer

abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease.

question

Who would be MOST likely to worry about driving home from work while it is snowing because he recalls \"the last time I drove home in the snow, I skidded and almost had an accident?\"

answer

Alan, who has an anxiety disorder

question

Killian lets her husband keep all the financial records for the family, and she expects him to make all the decisions that affect them. She refuses to make any decisions on her own, and if anything unexpected occurs, she calls her husband at work to ask for his advice. If Killian has a personality disorder, her symptoms are MOST consistent with those associated with disorders in the

answer

anxious/fearful cluster.

question

The class of disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity, is known as

answer

dissociative disorders

question

Due to the representiveness heuristic, many people underestimate the prevalence of psychological disorders since prototypical disorders are

answer

relatively minor and rare.

question

A college student faced with upcoming exams and term papers responds to his resulting feelings of anxiety by reorganizing his notes, rearranging his bookshelves, cleaning out his desk drawer, and straightening up his closet. He would be showing symptoms of

answer

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

question

A concordance rate indicates

answer

the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder.

question

Which of the following is a common stereotype about psychological disorders?

answer

People with psychological disorders are violent and dangerous.

question

Disorders that are marked by emotional disturbances of varied kinds that affect one's physical, perceptual, social, and thought processes are referred to as

answer

mood disorders.

question

Earlier age of onset of depression is associated with

answer

greater comorbidity.

question

The association between stress and mood disorders is inconsistent, but it is clear that

answer

stress affects the likelihood of relapse.

question

Mario has just entered treatment for a major depressive episode. He is told that most patients respond to treatment within a month and many never experience a second depressive episode. This information represents

answer

a prognosis.

question

Alexia started a new job on Monday morning. For the first three days, she showed up in bright colors and was outgoing and extroverted. However, on Thursday, she showed up in a dark suit and appeared shy and introverted. She insisted that her name was Clara, and she couldn't understand why her coworkers kept calling her Alexia. In this example, Alexia is showing symptoms that are consistent with

answer

dissociative identity disorder.

question

Mark is hospitalized as a result of schizophrenia. He constantly rambles incoherently about a variety of topics and does not interact with the other patients or hospital staff. Mark has delusions that his right arm is slowly shrinking and that he is growing a third eye on the back of his head. MOST likely, Mark is diagnosed with

answer

disorganized schizophrenia

question

Jeffrey Dahmer was judged to be legally sane, even though he admitted to butchering, cannibalizing, and then having sex with the dead bodies of over a dozen young men. The judgment of legal sanity meant that

answer

he was able to appreciate the fact that his actions were legally or morally wrong at the time of the crime.

question

In regard to psychological disorders, prevalence refers to

answer

the percentage of a population that exhibits a disorder during a specified time period.

question

Melissa has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. If Melissa were to complete a personality assessment, it is likely that her personality profile would list her as

answer

obsessive, rigid, and emotionally restrained.

question

A type of dissociative disorder characterized by sudden loss of memory concerning a limited period of time, usually after a particularly stressful or traumatic event, is

answer

dissociative amnesia.

Behavioral Approach to Personality: Empirical Research and Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards