question

According to the principles of behaviorism

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learning is defined as a relatively stable and observable change in behavior, the principles of learning are the same for both animals and humans, mental activities are of little importance in comparison to observable behaviors ( all of the above)

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Which of the following paradiagms represent operant conditioning?

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S-R-S

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Organisims learn the association between two stimuli through ___________. Organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence through______________.

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Classical conditioning; operant conditioning

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In classical conditioning situations, the _________ connection is unlearned, but the ________ connection is learned.

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UCS-UCR / CS-CR

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Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he springs a pop quiz on his students, he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. Closing the door has become a(n)_________.

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CS

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In Pavlov's classic study on classical conditioning, the bell was the _________ before conditioning and the _______ after conditioning had occurred.

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neutral stimulus/ conditioned stimulus

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The first phase of classical conditioning in which UCS and CS are paired repeatedly until the CS alone generated CR is called __________.

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acquisition

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___________ involves teaching a person to distinguish the difference between the original conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

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discrimination

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Little Albert was conditioned by John Watson to fear a white rat. Evenetually, however, Albert became fearful of any stimulus that looked white and furry. He became scared not only of rats, but also of rabbits, and even Santa Claus's beard. This phenomenon is called ___________.

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generalization

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Pavlov's dog salivates each time he hears a bell. Now, however, after several trials of salivating to the bell and NOT recieveing any food, the dog stops salivating. What happened?

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Extinction has occurred

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You receive a speeding ticket for going 65 in a 30. The next several times you drive through the area that you got the ticket, you begin to slow down. Your slowing down is an example of

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an operant conditioned response

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According to thorndike's law of effect ________.

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behaviors followed by desirable outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by undesirable outcomes are weakened

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___________ refers to rewarding approximations of a desired behavior.

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shaping

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Reinforcement increases the frequency of a behavior response. __________ involves the presentation of a desired stimulus, whereas _________ involves the removal of an undesired stimulus.

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positive reinforcement/ negative reinforcement

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Positive punishment _____. Negative punishment_________.

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strengthens behaviors/ strengthens behaviors

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A reinforcer that is innately satisfying and does not require any learning to be perceived of as pleasurable is a

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primary

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Matt wants to train his dog, Buster, to sit on command. He gives Buster doggie biscuit each time Buster sits when commanded, but only for the first 10 trials. He then changes the rules. Buster now has to sit on command three tiems before he gets a bisuit. Matt used ____ schedule first, and then _______ schedule to train Buster.

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a continuous-reinforcement/ a fixed- ratio

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Pop quizes occur on a ________ schedule.

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variable- interval

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Spanking is a form of _____; Time out is a form of________.

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positive punishment/ negative punishment

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Applied behavior analysis (behavior modification) programs rely on what principles of learning to help people develop programs to change?

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operant

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Your psychology professor wants to help students learn how to write a high-quality research paper, so she posts an example of an A paper on teh course website. You use this example as a model when writing your own paper. Which of the following concepts best describes how you learned to write your research paper?

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observational learning

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__________ involves retaining information over time.

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memory

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In order to remember the content of what you've read int he textbook, you will need to __________ the information.

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encode, store, retrieve (all of these)

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Nicholas is waiter who wants to be able to take complex orders from large parties without writing them down.

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he should try to remember the person's face, and imagine each person eating the food he or she has ordered

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Information can last up to a lifetime in ______.

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long term memory

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Unrehearsed information stored in short term memory lasts about

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30 seconds

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When asked to memorize the 15 letters, CIACBSABCFBIIRS, MAry reorganizes them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI,and IRS. Mary used the tactic of ___________.

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chunking

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Whereas _________ memory involves the conscious recollection of facts and events, ____________ memory involoves nonconscious knowledge derived from past expierence.

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declarative (explicit)/ nondeclarative (implicit)

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In which subsystem of long-term memory is your knowledge of how to drive a car and how to ride a bike stored?

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Nondeclarative (implicit) memory

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Neurological studies on memory have revealed that the __________ play an important role in explicit memory and that the _________ play an important role in implicit memory.

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hippocampus and temporal lobe/ cerebellum and cerebral cortex

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Retrieval is the process of _______.

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bringing information to the mind whenever needed

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Tamara is writing a paper about reactions to the tragedy that occured at the twin towers on September 11, 2001. She interviews ten of her classmates and asks them to remember that day. She is surprised to learn that nearly all of the students she interviewed offer very detailed, vivid accounts of where they were and what they were doing when they first learned of the terrorist attacks. Tamara has discovered that most of her classmates have _______ of September 11, 2001.

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a flashbulb memory

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According to Hermann Ebbinghaus,________.

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most forgetting occurs soon after we originally learned soemthing

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The adage most appropriate to memory function and aging is _______.

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"Use it or lose it"

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In Baddeley's model, of memory storage, he uses the term ___________ instead of short term memory.

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working memory

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Memory decline related to aging begins at age _____________.

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30

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Alzheimer's is a disease of the brain that ultimately effects:

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memory, planning and thinking,language (all the above)

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Which of the following are protective factors against the deficits associated with Alzheimer's?

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engaging mental life

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The fleeting visual memory for what you have just seen is ________.

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iconic memory

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Explicit memories: _________; implicit memories: ____________.

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hippocampus; cerebellum

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Multiple choice questions:_______________: Fill in the blank: ____________

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recognition; recall

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You had Spanish in high school, but did not take it in college until your Junior year. You can't remember as much as you expected. Which of the following plays a roll in this?

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memories decay over time if they are not used

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The type of memory that is limited and is susceptible to interference is

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short term memory

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Memories of your high school graduation are:

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explicit memories, episodic memories, autobiographical memories, (all the above)

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Harry recalls a series of numbers 7318817540 as 731-881-7540. He is using a shortrcutmemory strategy called:

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chunking

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