PSYC360 Ch. 6: BEHAVIOR THERAPY – Flashcards
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Most influential figures in BT
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-Pavlov -Skinner -Wolpe -Bandura
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BT main
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-Integrates BEHAVIORAL techniques and COGNITIVE restructuring techniques -Focus on changing BEHAVIOR -Empiricism + empirically supported*** (knowledge from experience rather than theory) -Emphasizes maintaining factors (behavior is classically conditioned response) -Active -Transparent -Driven by ABCs/analysis of behavior
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BT most different from....
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-Psychoanalytic -Client-centered
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BT most similar to...
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-REBT -Multimodal -Cognitive
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BT vs. psychoanalytical
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-Includes family members -Does not create symptom substitution -More broadly applicable -More effective -Treatment of choice for many disorders
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BT is treatment of choice for...
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-Phobias -OCD -Sexual dysfunction -Childhood disorders
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Little Han's
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-Phobia of horses -Freud attributed phobia to castration anxiety -BT would see it as classically conditioned response
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3rd wave of BT (2 approaches)
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-Therapeutic approaches with overlapping foundations -Ex: DBT and ACT
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DBT
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-Dialectical Behavior Therapy -Balance behavior change + acceptance******* -Mindfulness teaches one to observe experience or emotion in nonjudgmental, present-oriented manner
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ACT
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-Acceptance and Commitment Therapy -Combines behaviorism and relational frame theory -Goals: Teach... 1. Acceptance to offset avoidance of experience 2. Cognitive defusion (separate thinker from thoughts) 3. Commitment to actions that lead to valued life
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How BT meets needs of children + adolescents
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-Practical here-and-now, experiential emphasis -Techniques can be adapted to meet developmental level of patient -Action oriented (children learn by doing) -Incorporates rewards
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Early examples of BT
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-Pliny the Elder used spiders at bottom of glass to treat alcoholism (aversion therapy) -Wild Boy of Aveyron -Itard used modeling, shaping, reinforcing
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Rise of behaviorism
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1900s WATSON
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History of BT/people
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-Rise of behaviorism 1900s -Pavlov research -Thorndike's operant learning -Wolpe's systematic desensitization -BT as applied science -Skinner's operant conditioning -Bandura's social cognitive theory -Mary Cover Jones rabbit phobia -Mowrer's bed-wetting
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Thorndike
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First to describe operant learning
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Eysenck
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-Described BT as applied science -One of early behaviorists to use a trait theory of personality
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Wolpe
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Systematic desensitization
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Skinner
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Operant conditioning
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Bandura
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Social learning theory OR social cognitive theory
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Mary Cover Jones
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Used combo of modeling and exposure to treat rabbit phobia
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Mowrer
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-Classical conditioning principles to treat childhood bed-wetting -Called Bell and pad
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BT views on personality
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-Behavior is situation-specific and varies across situations -Strict behavioral view not strongly supported by research -Evidence of individual temperaments + effect on behavior
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Big Five Model
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-Costa and McCrae -Most influential approach to describing core domains of personality -Traits include... 1. Openness 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism
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Learning
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-Relatively permanent change in behavior -NOT due to fatigue, drugs, or maturation
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Classical conditioning
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-Pavlov -UCS and CS repeatedly paired together until UCR is elicited by CS -CS elicits same behavior as UCS would/UCR -CS is neutral stimulus at first
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Pavlov's study
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-Classical conditioning -UCS = sight of food -UCR = salivation -CS = bell -CR = salivation -Pair sight of food (UCS) with bell (CS) until salivation (UCR) is elicited by tone alone (CS)
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Stimulus generalization
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Learner responds to RELATED stimuli with same or similar response
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Stimulus discrimination
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Learner might not respond
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Extinction
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After learning has occurred, removing UCS (food) results in decreased prob. that CR (salivation) will occur b/c individual learns that CS (bell) no longer means UCS (food) will follow
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Spontaneous recovery
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After extinction + time delay, if stimulus is represented, CR will suddenly reappear --> This behavior will extinguish rapidly if UCS does not follow quickly
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Operant condition
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-AKA instrumental conditioning -B.F. Skinner -1st a response is emitted (perhaps randomly) -2nd response results in consequence -3rd consequence strengthens or weakens probability of response occurring again in future -Consequence of actions shape future actions***
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Reinforcement vs. punishment/extinction
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-Reinforcement INCREASES behavior -P/E DECREASES behavior
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Positive reinforcement
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-ADD stimulus to INCREASE behavior -Ex: Give icecream for doing HW
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Negative reinforcement
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-REMOVE stimulus to INCREASE behavior -Ex: Child doesn't have to do chores if he does HW
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Punishment vs. Extinction
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-ADD stimulus to DECREASE behavior -REMOVE stimulus to DECREASE behavior
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Continuous reinforcement
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Every response is followed by reinforcement --> Results in fast learning (acquisition) BUT fast extinction
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Intermittent reinforcement
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-AKA partial reinforcement -Not every response is reinforced -Ultimately yields stronger response*** -4 TYPES OF SCHEDULES
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Fixed RATIO schedule
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-Reinforcement after FIXED NUMBER of responses -High and *fast* response rates -Ex: commission work !!!!!!!!
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Fixed interval schedule
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-Reinforcement after FIXED PERIOD of time elapses -Response rate drops (almost zero) after reward but picks up rapidly for next reward -Ex: scheduled exam
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Variable interval schedules
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-Reinforcement after UNPREDICTABLE TIME PERIODS -Slow, steady response -Ex: pop quizzes
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Variable RATIO schedules
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-Reinforcement after UNPREDICTABLE NUMBER of responses -Highest + constant response rates -Greatest resistance to extinction/hardest behavior to break -Ex: gambling !!!!!!!!!
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Secondary reinforcement
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-Symbol or token gains reinforcement value due to association with REAL reinforcer -Ex: money, grades
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Primary reinforcement
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-Biological -Satisfy basic human survival needs -Food, drink, clothing, shelter
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Modeling
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-AKA vicarious learning -Learning behaviors through observation of model -May remain dormant until situation brings out expression of behavior -Bandura
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Rule-Governed Behavior
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-Contingency learned indirectly through info heard or read -Person learns to look both ways before crossing b/c of comments from parents -Develop strong dislike of person based on gossip
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BT therapeutic process
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-Strong therapeutic relationship -Self-help approaches more effective when therapist administers it -Ambivalence about treatment resolved w motivational interviewing
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Motivational interviewing
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Client-centered approach to help clients explore + resolve ambivalences towards therapy
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Structure of BT
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-Diverse -Behavioral interventions can be offered by therapists + many others (teachers, parents, etc.) -Sessions vary in length -Generally 10-20 sessions max
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BT ethical issues
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-Misconception that BT is coercive (using force or threat) but therapists only make recommendations that are in client's best interests -Importance of shared goals -Involves activities outside sessions so confidentiality in public must be maintained
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Sample of behavioral plan
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-Identify goals for change -Operationalize behaviors/thoughts -Separate traits from behaviors -Distinguish overt vs. covert behaviors???? -Obtain baseline -Complete functional analysis
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BT efficacy in....
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-Anxiety disorders (phobias, panic disorder, OCD, PTSD) -Depression -Marital problems -Behavioral medicine -Childhood disorders (behavioral problems, hyperactivity, autism) -Substance use -EDs -Schizophrenia ***EFFICACY HAS BEEN STUDIED MORE IN BT THAN IN ANY OTHER TREATMENT
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BT techniques include...
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-Behavioral activation -Exposure (in vivo, imaginal, interoceptive) -Response prevention -Operant conditioning strategies -Behavior analysis -Reinforcement + punishment -Aversive conditioning -Role playing -Cognitive restructuring ***Relaxation techniques -Self-monitoring
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Functional analysis
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Focuses on antecedents + consequences associated with a behavior
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Behaviorists view abnormal behavior as...
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Governed by rules of learning
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Experiential avoidance
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-Part of ACT approach -When one tries to evade negative or distressing private experiences
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Watson
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Associated w/ rise of behaviorism Early 1900s
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Behaviorism was deemed by APA as....
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-Most efficacious, empirically based treatment approach
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Generalization
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-BT can lead to improvements in areas of functioning that were not directly targeted in treatment -Consequence of behavior in a situation other than where it was acquired
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Person would be predicted to act consistently across situations if....
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Similar behavior leads to similar consequences
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READ:
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p. 200 Personality p. 204 client goals p. 207-208 WHY + assessment + reactivity while observing + designs p. 210 Exposure
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Classical conditioning viewed as the process of learning....
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Correlational or contingent relationships are present
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Avoidance of event that produces anxiety is ex. of...?
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Negatively reinforcing (increases behavior, REMOVES experience)
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Compared to psychoanalysts, behavior therapists are....
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More directive
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Who sets goals in behavioral therapy?
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CLIENT
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Factor that is UNIMPORTANT to behavioral therapy
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Early childhood experiences
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Behavior therapist would NOT typically ask... A. What B. When C. Why D. Where
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WHY
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What technique would yield best functional analysis for behavioral therapist?
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Direct behavioral observation
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Exposure therapy
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INCREMENTALLY exposing client to anxiety-producing stimuli
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Interoceptive exposure
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Involves purposely inducing physical sensations in the body
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Behavioral therapists view assessment as....
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Continuous process throughout therapy
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Significant challenge to overcome when conducting behavioral observation
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Reactivity
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Reversal design
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Research design that begins with baseline period, followed by intervention, followed by withdrawal of intervention, with possible later reintroduction
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2005 study- Hinton on Cambodian refugees w/ PTSD found...
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CBT could successfully treat their PTSD
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_____ has the most empirical support
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CBT
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Behaviorists recommend that treatment outcome can be assessed through....
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Multiple object and subjective measures
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Contingency management
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-Reinforcement strategy -Client's environment is changed so that unwanted behaviors are no longer reinforced
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DBT: balance _______ and _______
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Behavior change and acceptance
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Costa and McCrae
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Five factor model of personality
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Self-monitoring technique
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-Record what one was doing before (smoking) and how they feel afterwards to help quit harmful act
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Systematic desensitization
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-Wolpe -Help patient develop hierarchy of anxiety producing situations then helps patient face situations
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Aversive conditioning
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-Punishment-based strategy -Ex: give patient w/ alcoholism Antabuse so he vomits if he drinks
