PSYC 319 – Chapter 2 – Flashcards
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The theories of mechanism that invoke the movement of atoms to explain the universe were developed by ____.
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Newton and Galileo
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____ are mechanized figures that could almost perfectly duplicate the movements of living things.
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Automata
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The doctrine that explains phenomena on one level (such as complex ideas) in terms of phenomena on another level (such as simple ideas) is ____.
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reductionism
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The doctrine that natural processes are mechanically determined and capable of explanation by the laws of physics and chemistry is ____.
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mechanism
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According to the textbook, the dominant idea of the 17th century was ____.
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mechanism
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Which of the following ideas has psychology borrowed from natural physics?
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effects are predictable and measurable
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The Zeitgeist of 17th- to 19th-century Europe and of the United States was marked by ____.
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mechanism
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What invention was considered the perfect metaphor for the "spirit of mechanism"?
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clock
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Who published a clear explanation of how the calculating machine functioned and pointed out its potential use and implications?
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Lovelace
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____ was the first successful demonstration of artificial intelligence.
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Babbage's calculating machine
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According to Descartes, the pineal gland was the part of the brain ____.
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where the mind and body interact
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Which of the following statements best describes Descartes' dualistic theory of human nature?
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The mind and body mutually influence each other's actions.
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Which of the following is an example of a derived idea?
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Seeing a forest
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Derived ideas ____.
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arise from the direct application of an external stimulus
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The body will respond without any internal conscious intent to some external stimulus. This fact illustrates Descartes' principle of ____.
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undulatio reflexa
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Descartes' notion that we are born with certain perceptual processes is also a principle of which modern school of psychology?
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Gestalt
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Descartes theorized that we are born with knowledge of the axioms of geometry. Thus, these axioms are ____ ideas.
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innate
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Descartes makes a case that because the body is matter the laws of ____ apply.
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mechanics
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The response of salivation following the stimulus of food on the tongue is an illustration of Descartes' ____.
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reflex action theory
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Which of the following is a contribution of Rene Descartes to modern psychology?
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All of the choices are correct.
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Locke's ____ marks the formal beginning of British empiricism.
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An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
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What position did Locke take on the origin of ideas?
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All ideas are acquired from experience; no ideas are innate.
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Which philosopher believed that the only things that humans know with certainty are those objects that are perceived?
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George Berkeley
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Both the term and concept of positivism represent the thought of ____.
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Comte
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James Mill's model says that all knowledge ____.
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begins with sensations, and associations create complex ideas
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John Stuart Mill's metaphor of mental chemistry came to be known as ____.
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creative synthesis
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The doctrine that recognizes only natural phenomena or facts that are objectively observable is ____.
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positivism
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John Stuart Mill (JSM) differed from his father's view of the mind by proposing: "Complex ideas emerge from combinations of simple ideas and possess characteristics not found in those elements." JSM was concerned with mental ____.
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chemistry
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Which of the following types of automata are NOT described in the book?
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A singing mouse
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The phenomenology of the humanistic school focuses on the individual's unique experiences as they define the person's reality. This idea is a direct descendant of ____.
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Berkeley's mentalism
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In eyewitness testimony, one swears that what one has observed accurately depicts reality. Because this "fact" has not been determined through the methods of science, it does not meet Comtes' strictest application of ____.
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Positivism
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____, the most radically mechanistic of the British empiricists, claimed that the mind is a machine and that there is no freedom of the will, believing instead that the mind is totally a passive entity and all thought can be analyzed in terms of sensations.
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James Mill
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The idea that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" was the position of ____.
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John Stuart Mill
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While Hartley's fundamental law of association was ____, he also proposed that ____ was necessary for associations to be formed.
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contiguity; repetition
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According to Locke, the idea of an army or a navy would be an example of ____.
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a complex idea
