PSY Test 3 Ch. 13 – Flashcards
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Therapy
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treatment methods aimed at making people feel better and function more effectively
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Psychotherapy
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therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem talks with a psychological professional
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Biomedical therapy
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therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem is treated with biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms
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Insight therapies
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therapies in which the main goal is helping people to gain insight with respect to their behavior, thoughts, and feelings
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Action therapy
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therapy in which the main goal is to change disordered or inappropriate behavior directly
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1st place mentally ill people were dealt with
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England in the middle of the 16th century, Bethlehem Hospital in London
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1st treatments for mentally ill
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bloodletting, beatings, ice baths, induced voting (spiritual cleanse)
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What was thought to be the cause of mental illness is the early days?
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demons or evil spirits
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What did Philippe Pinel do?
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unchained the inmates at La Bicetre Asylum in Paris; this began movement of humane treatment of mentally ill
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Psychoanalysis
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insight therapy based on the theory of Freud, emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts
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Manifest content
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actual content of one's dreams
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Latent content
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symbolic or hidden meaning of dreams
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What were the two techniques used by Freud?
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dream interpretation and free association
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Free association
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psychoanalytic technique in which a patient was encouraged to talk about anything that came to mind without fear of negative evaluation
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Resistance
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occurring when a patient becomes reluctant to talk about a certain topic, by either changing the subject or becoming silent
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Transference
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in psychoanalysis, the tendency for a patient or client to project positive or negative feelings for important people from the past onto their therapist
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Directive
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therapy in which the therapist actively gives interpretations of a client's statements and may suggest certain behavior or action
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Psychodynamic therapy
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newer and more general term for therapies based on psychoanalysis, with an emphasis on transference, shorter treatment times, and more direct therapeutic approach
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Interpersonal therapy (IPT)
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form of therapy for depression which incorporates multiple approaches and focuses on interpersonal problems
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Eclectic
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approach to therapy that results from combining elements of several different approaches or techniques
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Nondirective
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therapy style in which the therapist remains relatively neutral an does not interpret or take direct actions with regard to the client, instead remaining a calm, nonjudgmental listener while the client talks
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Person
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centered therapy- a nondirective insight therapy based on the work of Carl Rogers in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens
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Reflection
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therapy technique in which the therapist restates what the client says rather than interpreting those statements
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Unconditional positive regard
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referring to the warmth, respect, and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the client in person-centered therapy
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Empathy
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ability of the therapist to understand the feelings of the client
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Authenticity
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genuine, open, and honest response of the therapist to the client
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Gestalt therapy
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form of directive insight therapy in which the therapist helps clients to accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences, using leading questions and planned experiences such as role-playing
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Behavior therapies
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action therapies based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning and aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the original causes of such behavior
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Behavior modification or applied behavior analysis
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use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior
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Systematic desensitization
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behavior technique used to treat phobias, in which a client is asked to make a list of ordered fears and taught to relax while concentrating on those fears
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Aversion therapy
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form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior
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Exposure therapy
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behavioral techniques that expose individuals to anxiety or fear related stimuli under carefully controlled conditions
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Flooding
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technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the person is rapidly and intensely exposed to the fear provoking situation or object and prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response
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Modeling
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learning through the observation and imitation of others
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Participant modeling
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technique in which a model demonstrates the desired behavior in a step by step, gradual process while the client is encouraged to imitate the model
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Reinforcement
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strengthening of a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence or the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
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Token economy
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use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired item or privileges
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Contingency contract
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formal, written agreement between the therapist and client (or teacher and student) in which goals for behavior change, reinforcements, and penalties are clearly stated
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Extinction
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removal of a reinforecer to reduce the frequency of a behavior
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Time out
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an extinction process in which a person is removed from the situation that provides reinforcement for undesirable behavior, usually be being placed in a quiet corner or room away from possible attention and reinforcement opportunities
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Cognitive therapy
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therapy in which the focus is on helping clients recognize distortions in their thinking and replace distorted, unrealistic beliefs with more realistic, helpful thoughts
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Arbitrary inference
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distortion of thinking in which a person draws a conclusion that is not based on any evidence
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Selective thinking
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distortion of thinking in which a person focuses on only one aspect of a situation while ignoring all other relevant aspects
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Overgeneralization
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distortion of thinking in which a person draws sweeping conclusions based on only one incident or event an applies those conclusions to events that are unrelated to the original
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Magnification and minimization
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distortions of thinking in which a person blows a negative event out of proportion to its importance while ignoring relevant positive events
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Personalization
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distortion of thinking in which a person takes responsibility or blame for events that are unconnected to the person
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What are the five common distortions in though?
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arbitrary inference, selective thinking, overgeneralization, magnification and minimization, and personalization
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Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
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action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically
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Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
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cognitive behavior therapy in which clients are directly challenged in their irrational beliefs and shaped to restructure their thinking into more rational belief statements.
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Family counseling (family therapy)
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form of group therapy in which family members meet together with a counselor or therapist to resolve problems that affect the entire family
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Self help groups (support groups)
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group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem solving, and social and emotional support
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Advantages of group therapy
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lower cost, exposure to the ways other people view and handle the same kinds of problems, opportunity for both the therapist and person to see how that person interacts with others, social and emotional support from people who have problems that are similar to one's own, helpful for social phobias
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Disadvantages of group therapy
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therapist is no longer the only person to whom secrets and fears are revealed, client must share the therapist time, people with severe psychiatric disorders involving paranoia may not be able to tolerate group therapy settings
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Therapeutic alliance
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relationship between therapist and client that develops as a warm, caring, accepting relationship characterized by empathy, mutual respect, and understanding
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Four barriers to effective psychotherapy when culture or ethnic backgrounds of client and therapist are different
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culture bound values, class bound values, language, and nonverbal communication
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Cybertherapy
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psychotherapy that is offered on the Internet
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Biomedical therapies
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therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain
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Psychopharmacology
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use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders
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Antipsychotic drugs
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drugs used to treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and other bizarre behavior
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Antianxiety drugs
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drugs used to treat and calm anxiety reactions, typically minor tranquillizers
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Antidepressant drugs
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drugs used to treat depression and anxiety
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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form of biomedical therapy to treat severe depression in which electrodes are placed on either one or both sides of a person's head and an electric current is passed through the electrodes that is strong enough to cause a seizure or convulsion
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Psychosurgery
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surgery performed on brain tissue to relieve or control severe psychological disorders
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Prefrontal lobotomy
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psychosurgery in which the connections of the prefrontal cortex to other areas of the brain are severed
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Bilateral anterior cinglotomy
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psychosurgery techniques in which an electrode wire is inserted into the anterior cingulate gyrus, with guidance from magnetic resonance imaging, to destroy a very small portion of that brain area with electric current
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The main goal of ______ therapy is to change disordered or inappropriate behavior directly
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action
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Unlike psychodynamic and humanistic therapies, behavior therapies are
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action based, rather than insight based
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Anthony has difficulty playing with other children. He often gets angry and stomps off when things don't go his way. To help him learn to deal with his anger, his parents engage him in a Candy Land. They respond the way they would like to see Anthony respond when he loses a turn or is forced to move backward on the board. Anthony's parents are using a behavior modification technique called
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modeling
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Joy earns a gumball sticker for every chore she completes. She puts the stickers on her gumball chart. When the gumball chart is filled, Joy gets to choose a prize out of the prize box. Joy's parents are using
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token economy
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Joshua's sister had a bad day at school. As a result, she doesn't want to play with him. Joshua assumes she is angry with him. Joshua is experiencing
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personalization
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An insight therapy that emphasizes revealing unconscious conflicts, urges, and desires which may be causing mental disorders is
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psychoanalysis
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_____ is a technique in which the patient is encouraged to talk about anything that comes to mind without fear of negative evaluations
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free association
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When the therapist becomes a symbol of a parental authority figure from the past, the patient is experiencing
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transference
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______ therapies are often action based rather than insight based
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behavior
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Rather than focusing on the behavior itself, _____ therapies focus on the distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs that leads to maladaptive behavior
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cognitive
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A therapy technique in which the therapist restates what the client says rather than interpreting the statements is
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reflection
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Distortions of thinking in which a person blows a negative event out of proportion while ignoring relevant positive events is called
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magnification and minimization
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In _____, no one person is seen as the problem
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family therapy
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Therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain are known as
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biomedical therapies
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Individuals who suffer from severe mental illness along with psychosis are generally not good candidates for _____ treatment
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psychodynamic
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The use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders is called
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psychopharmacology
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Who founded Gestalt therapy?
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Fritz perls
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A therapy style in which therapist remains relatively neutral is ____ therapy.
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nondirective
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Using medical methods to treat psychological disorders is a form of
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biomedical therapy
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As medical doctors, psychiatrist are almost inevitably biological in perspective and thus, use biomedical therapies
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in addition to any psychotherapy technique they may favor
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_____ seems to work better in group settings than psychodynamic and cognitive behavioral therapies
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behavior therapies
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In behavior therapy, the reduction of the undesired behavior is
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easy to measure, but gaining insights, feelings of control, and self worth are not easily evaluated
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_____ can be used to treat disorders such as phobias, obsessive compulsive disorder, and anxiety disorders by paining a stimulus that normally causes an unwanted response with a new, neutral stimulus
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classical conditioning
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Telling a therapist about your problem is a form of
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psychotherapy
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Steve and Sally are constantly arguing about how to discipline the children. Consequently, the children are "out of control" because they don't listen to or respect their parents, they are failing their classes, and they are often in trouble for aggressive behavior. Steve and Sally's therapist recommended they try ____ and meet as a family to work out their relationship issues.
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family counseling
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Steve tells his therapist that he has been feeling very restless and worried lately. The therapist restates Steve's concern, "so you've been worried recently, and you've been feeling quite restless too?" The therapist is using a technique called
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reflection
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Carter has bitten his fingernails to the point where his finger tips are constantly red and swollen. After meeting with a therapist, Carter's parents have started putting a foul tasting liquid on his fingernails several times a day. Carter's therapist is using
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aversion therapy
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In behavior therapy, the reduction of the undesired behavior is
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easy to measure, but gaining insights, feelings of control, and self worth are not easily measured
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One of the criticism of cognitive and cognitive behavior therapies is that
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they treat the symptom, not the cause
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Rather than focusing on the unconscious, hidden conflicts, humanistic theorist focus on
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conscious, subjective experiences of emotion and people's sense of self
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The first efforts to treat the mentally ill with kindness and guidance are called
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moral treatment
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The use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders is called
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psychopharmacology
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Roger's method of humanistic therapy is called _____ because its nondirective nature, with the client doing most of the work and the therapist acting as a sounding board
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person centered therapy
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The process in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior is
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aversion therapy
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In person centered therapy, most of the work is done by
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client or patient
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Distortions of thinking in which a person blows a negative event out of proportion while ignoring relevant positive events is called
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magnification and minimization
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The two kind of psychotherapy are ___, which the main goal is helping people to gain insight with respect to their behavior, thoughts and feelings, and ____, in which the main goal is to change disordered or inappropriate behavior directly
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insight therapy , action therapy
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A token economy is an example of _______ therapy
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reinforcement