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Question 1 0 / 0.2 pts Internal validity is threatened by:

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the qualifications of the researcher. the random assignment of participants. the experimental conditions of the study. Correct Answer the presence of demand characteristics.

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UnansweredQuestion 2 0 / 0.2 pts A detailed history of an individual who has suffered a psychological disorder is called a(n) _____.

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research report Correct Answer case study executive summary biopic

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UnansweredQuestion 3 0 / 0.2 pts To conduct family history studies, researchers must _____.

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gather information from primary care physicians on families who suffer from debilitating psychological problems identify any external stressors that create disorders in families use a biopsychosocial methodology Correct Answer clearly identify the probands and control groups, and then trace family trees

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UnansweredQuestion 4 0 / 0.2 pts What is the primary advantage of human laboratory studies?

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Reliability Validity Participants Correct Answer Control

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UnansweredQuestion 5 0 / 0.2 pts Which of the following statements is NOT true of cross-cultural research?

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Theoretical concepts in English might not translate properly into another language. Correct Answer Verbs and pronouns are universal across languages, and researchers should have no difficulty understanding first- and second-person references. Interviewers can accidentally offend a respondent by violating a social norm implicit in a language. Researchers are more careful to search the possibility that the characteristics that predict psychopathology in one culture are irrelevant in other cultures.

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UnansweredQuestion 6 0 / 0.2 pts A researcher is interested in the relationship between depression and the loss of a loved one. The individuals of interest are bereaved adults and non-bereaved adults. The variables in this study receive no manipulation, and depression is measured in both sets of adults. This is an example of:

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naturalistic observation. Correct Answer a group comparison study. an experimental study. a case study.

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UnansweredQuestion 7 0 / 0.2 pts A _____ study is when neither the researchers nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group.

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pseudo-experimental Correct Answer double-blind placebo control single-blind

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UnansweredQuestion 8 0 / 0.2 pts For which of the following studies would separating genetic and environmental factors be problematic?

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Family history studies and adoption studies Adoption studies and non-traditional family studies Correct Answer Twin studies Extended family studies and adoption studies

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UnansweredQuestion 9 0 / 0.2 pts Dr. Dell's study demonstrated a statistical significance of p ; .20. He seemed somewhat disappointed with these results. Which of the following conclusions could be drawn concerning Dr. Dell's study?

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The results were probably based on a skewed sample and bias was evident. Correct Answer The sample size in his population was probably large and he thus expected the results to be statistically significant. The statistical significance is arbitrary and researchers need not pay attention to these numbers. As long as the positive correlation was close to +1.0 he should not be concerned about the statistical significance.

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UnansweredQuestion 10 0 / 0.2 pts Robert is gathering data for his graduate research project. He targets psychology students as his participants. He randomly selects several psychology classes to administer his questionnaire. Which of the following is true about Robert's participants?

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The students in the psychology classes represent the population and all the psychology students on campus also represent the population. The students in the psychology classes represent the population and all the psychology students on campus represent the sample. The students in the psychology classes represent the sample and all the psychology students on campus also represent the sample. Correct Answer The students in the psychology classes represent the sample and all the psychology students on campus represent the population.

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Question 1 0 / 0.2 pts Because researchers cannot know whether the results will generalize to what happens outside of the laboratory, human laboratory studies often have _____.

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high external validity Correct Answer low external validity high internal validity low internal validity

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UnansweredQuestion 2 0 / 0.2 pts In the study of psychopathology, researchers must often rely on _____, which are people's own accounts of their internal states and experiences.

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case studies Correct Answer self-reports autobiographies personal essays

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UnansweredQuestion 3 0 / 0.2 pts What is the independent variable in a study that investigates the impact of religious environments on discipline problems in children?

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The children in the study Correct Answer Religious environments Parenting styles Discipline problems

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UnansweredQuestion 4 0 / 0.2 pts The probability that both twins will have a disorder if one twin has the disorder is called the _____.

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variable ratio time-space interval Correct Answer concordance rate genetic ratio

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UnansweredQuestion 5 0 / 0.2 pts To conduct family history studies, researchers must _____.

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gather information from primary care physicians on families who suffer from debilitating psychological problems identify any external stressors that create disorders in families use a biopsychosocial methodology Correct Answer clearly identify the probands and control groups, and then trace family trees

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UnansweredQuestion 6 0 / 0.2 pts Dr. Dell's study demonstrated a statistical significance of p < .20. He seemed somewhat disappointed with these results. Which of the following conclusions could be drawn concerning Dr. Dell's study?

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The results were probably based on a skewed sample and bias was evident. Correct Answer The sample size in his population was probably large and he thus expected the results to be statistically significant. The statistical significance is arbitrary and researchers need not pay attention to these numbers. As long as the positive correlation was close to +1.0 he should not be concerned about the statistical significance.

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UnansweredQuestion 7 0 / 0.2 pts In an experimental study, the group that shares all the same experiences as the group of interest but does not receive the key manipulation is the _____.

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experimental group randomly selected group Correct Answer control group treatment group

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UnansweredQuestion 8 0 / 0.2 pts Which of the following is NOT true of therapy outcome research?

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Even when a therapy works, researchers often cannot know exactly what it is about the therapy that works. Some researchers believe it is unethical to withhold treatment or to provide a treatment they believe is ineffective for people in distress. Therapists who vary the dosage of a drug or deviate from a study's procedure for psychological intervention may compromise the results of the study. Correct Answer In the real world, mental health services are delivered in controlled, high-quality atmospheres, and patients fit neatly into the criteria for an "optimal patient."

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UnansweredQuestion 9 0 / 0.2 pts Which of the following statements is true of the study of psychopathology?

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Self-reports are often accurate and reliable sources of information. Observer assessments of behavior are not as effective as self-reports. The multiple causes of abnormality can be easily captured in a single study. Correct Answer It is often difficult to obtain the participation of populations of interest.

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UnansweredQuestion 10 0 / 0.2 pts The study of the frequency and distribution of a disorder, or a group of disorders in a population is known as _____.

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quantitative correlations biostatistics Correct Answer epidemiology disease diffusion mapping

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UnansweredQuestion 2 0 / 0.2 pts Dizygotic twins share _____ of their genes.

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roughly 25 percent Correct Answer roughly 50 percent roughly 75 percent 100 percent

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UnansweredQuestion 3 0 / 0.2 pts In which closed community was Janice Egeland's study of psychological disorders conducted?

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Correct Answer Old Order Amish community of Pennsylvania Old Colony Mennonites of South America Native American community in New Mexico Gypsy communities of Syria

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UnansweredQuestion 4 0 / 0.2 pts A representative sample in research means:

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the participants were hand-picked by the research according to race. Correct Answer the participants in the sample are highly similar to the population of interest. the participants were invited to participate in the study by a representative of the research group. some participants have a greater chance of being selected than others.

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UnansweredQuestion 5 0 / 0.2 pts Which of the following statements is true about case studies?

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Case studies are not used in the study of rare problems, as people often have biased recollections of their experiences. Correct Answer Case studies are the most apt method for capturing the uniqueness of an individual's perspective and experiences. Case studies have high generalizability, that is, their findings can be applied to other individuals and groups. Case studies suffer from a lack of objectivity on the part of the people telling their stories, but researchers tend to be more neutral and unbiased.

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UnansweredQuestion 6 0 / 0.2 pts External validity refers to the extent to which the:

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Correct Answer results can be generalized to real-life phenomena. results can be replicated. independent variable is responsible for the manipulation. study is quantifiable.

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UnansweredQuestion 7 0 / 0.2 pts Which of the following represents a perfect correlation?

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-.01 or +.01 Correct Answer -1.0 or +1.0 -10.0 or +10.0 -100 or +100

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UnansweredQuestion 8 0 / 0.2 pts Studies that do not support the hypothesis they are designed to test are less likely to get published than studies that do. This is known as the _____.

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affect size file drawer affect effect size Correct Answer file drawer effect

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UnansweredQuestion 9 0 / 0.2 pts Luther realized that the more he engaged in outdoor activities, the less time he spent playing video games. This is an example of a _____.

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zero correlation positive correlation Correct Answer negative correlation one-to-one correlation

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UnansweredQuestion 10 0 / 0.2 pts As part of a research study, Margaret wants to determine if religious environments will influence the consumption of alcohol among freshmen. She has several hundred freshmen complete her survey. Once the data have been collected, she analyzes the scores. Which of the following is the dependent variable in this study?

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Correct Answer Consumption of alcohol Religious environments College freshmen Surveys

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Question 1 0 / 0.2 pts Studies designed to test whether a specific therapy—whether it be a psychological therapy or a biological therapy—reduces psychopathology in individuals who receive it are called _____.

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non-human research studies human laboratory studies Correct Answer therapy outcome studies single subject case studies

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UnansweredQuestion 2 0 / 0.2 pts In epidemiological research, _____ refer(s) to the number of new cases of the disorder that develop during a specific period of time.

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risk factors prevalence course Correct Answer incidence

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UnansweredQuestion 3 0 / 0.2 pts Which of the following statements is true of the ethical issues involved in research?

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Researchers should offer substantial monetary incentives to participants so that they cannot refuse to participate. Correct Answer Researchers should explain the deception to the participants after the research is completed in case it is necessary to deceive participants. Researchers should report data gathered from individual participants rather than data aggregated across participants. Researchers may impose some sort of a negative consequence on participants if they choose to withdraw their participation once the study has begun.

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UnansweredQuestion 4 0 / 0.2 pts When conducting research using an integrationist approach to abnormality, researchers must _____.

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Correct Answer gather information about people's biological, psychological, and social vulnerabilities and strengths devise new psychological and biological theories base their hypotheses on social and biological theories use research methodology from psychodynamic and sociological theories

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UnansweredQuestion 5 0 / 0.2 pts In a meta-analysis, the results of each study are transformed into a statistic that is common across all studies. This is called the _____.

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affect size statistical strategy common statistics Correct Answer effect size

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UnansweredQuestion 6 0 / 0.2 pts Michael and Michelle are adolescents who share the same birthday. Michael received a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. On the other hand, Michelle shows no signs of mood disturbance. In this example:

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Michael and Michelle are most likely monozygotic twins, but Michael is genetically predisposed to develop a mood disorder. Michael and Michelle are most likely dizygotic twins, but Michael developed the disorder because he modeled behaviors of other family members. Correct Answer Michael and Michelle are most likely dizygotic twins, but Michelle did not develop the disorder because the concordance rate for dizygotic twins is usually low. Michael and Michelle are most likely monozygotic twins, but Michelle did not develop the disorder because she has a higher tolerance for stress.

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UnansweredQuestion 7 0 / 0.2 pts In human laboratory studies, _____ is considered a primary limitation.

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reliability operationalization replication Correct Answer generalizabililty

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UnansweredQuestion 8 0 / 0.2 pts Conditions or variables that are associated with a higher susceptibility to a disorder are called:

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potentialities. Correct Answer risk factors. prone positions. eligibilities.

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UnansweredQuestion 9 0 / 0.2 pts The participants in a wait list control group receive the treatment:

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before the experimental group. at the same time as the experimental group. Correct Answer at a later time than the experimental group. before and after the experimental group.

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UnansweredQuestion 10 0 / 0.2 pts When the conclusions drawn from a study are applicable to other individuals or groups, this is known as _____.

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rationalization operationalization conceptualization Correct Answer Generalizability

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Question 1 0 / 0.2 pts The type of study that observes people on two or more occasions over time is a _____ study.

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cross-sectional correlation-coefficient case Correct Answer longitudinal

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UnansweredQuestion 2 0 / 0.2 pts Studies designed to test whether a specific therapy—whether it be a psychological therapy or a biological therapy—reduces psychopathology in individuals who receive it are called _____.

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non-human research studies human laboratory studies Correct Answer therapy outcome studies single subject case studies

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UnansweredQuestion 3 0 / 0.2 pts Dr. Samuel wants to study the relationship between test anxiety and age in younger children. His participants are 3rd-, 4th-, and 5th-graders who will be studied over a three-year period. This is an example of a(n):

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cross-sectional study. experimental study. Correct Answer longitudinal study. case study.

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UnansweredQuestion 4 0 / 0.2 pts A(n) _____ variable is a factor researchers try to predict.

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Correct Answer dependent mediating extraneous independent

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UnansweredQuestion 5 0 / 0.2 pts Case studies help researchers:

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focus on unconscious motivations and conflicts. measure overt behaviors. Correct Answer make general inferences about the sources of psychopathology. eliminate biological factors from the potential causes of psychopathology.

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UnansweredQuestion 6 0 / 0.2 pts Epidemiological studies:

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can establish that a risk factor causes a disorder. overcome almost all of the limitations of correlational studies. are generally unaffected by the problem of the third variable. Correct Answer provide valuable information on the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for disorders.

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UnansweredQuestion 7 0 / 0.2 pts As part of Seligman and colleagues' animal study, it was discovered that the dogs in Group E, the experimental group, were unable to recognize opportunities for control that arose. The researchers labeled this set of behaviors _____.

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locus of control aversive conditioning learned response deficits Correct Answer learned helplessness deficits

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UnansweredQuestion 8 0 / 0.2 pts A _____ between stress and depression would mean that people who report more stressors have higher levels of depression, and a _____ would mean that people who report more stressors actually have lower levels of depression.

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positive correlation; positive correlation negative correlation; negative correlation negative correlation; positive correlation Correct Answer positive correlation; negative correlation

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UnansweredQuestion 9 0 / 0.2 pts Which of the following provides researchers with the most control over laboratory conditions and third variables?

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Human laboratory studies Correct Answer Animal studies Longitudinal studies Single-case experimental studies

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UnansweredQuestion 10 0 / 0.2 pts Which of the following is NOT true of therapy outcome research?

answer

Even when a therapy works, researchers often cannot know exactly what it is about the therapy that works. Some researchers believe it is unethical to withhold treatment or to provide a treatment they believe is ineffective for people in distress. Therapists who vary the dosage of a drug or deviate from a study's procedure for psychological intervention may compromise the results of the study. Correct Answer In the real world, mental health services are delivered in controlled, high-quality atmospheres, and patients fit neatly into the criteria for an "optimal patient."

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Question 1 0 / 0.2 pts Michael and Michelle are adolescents who share the same birthday. Michael received a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. On the other hand, Michelle shows no signs of mood disturbance. In this example:

answer

Michael and Michelle are most likely monozygotic twins, but Michael is genetically predisposed to develop a mood disorder. Michael and Michelle are most likely dizygotic twins, but Michael developed the disorder because he modeled behaviors of other family members. Correct Answer Michael and Michelle are most likely dizygotic twins, but Michelle did not develop the disorder because the concordance rate for dizygotic twins is usually low. Michael and Michelle are most likely monozygotic twins, but Michelle did not develop the disorder because she has a higher tolerance for stress.

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UnansweredQuestion 2 0 / 0.2 pts The type of study that observes people on two or more occasions over time is a _____ study.

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cross-sectional correlation-coefficient case Correct Answer longitudinal

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UnansweredQuestion 3 0 / 0.2 pts The major difference between a case study and a single-case experimental design study is that:

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case study participants are subject to the manipulation of variables. single-case experimental design studies involve naturalistic observation. case study participants' behaviors are measured by some standard method. Correct Answer single-case experimental design study participants receive some type of intervention or manipulation, and behaviors are measured more than once.

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UnansweredQuestion 4 0 / 0.2 pts The variable that we believe will affect the dependent variable is the _____.

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confounding variable discrete variable Correct Answer independent variable extraneous variable

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UnansweredQuestion 5 0 / 0.2 pts Studies designed to test whether a specific therapy—whether it be a psychological therapy or a biological therapy—reduces psychopathology in individuals who receive it are called _____.

answer

non-human research studies human laboratory studies Correct Answer therapy outcome studies single subject case studies

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UnansweredQuestion 6 0 / 0.2 pts The study of the frequency and distribution of a disorder, or a group of disorders in a population is known as _____.

answer

quantitative correlations biostatistics Correct Answer epidemiology disease diffusion mapping

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UnansweredQuestion 7 0 / 0.2 pts A hypothesis which states that there is no relationship between the phenomena being studied is called a _____.

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Correct Answer null hypothesis zero hypothesis nondirectional hypothesis latent hypothesis

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UnansweredQuestion 8 0 / 0.2 pts In the study of psychopathology, researchers must often rely on _____, which are people's own accounts of their internal states and experiences.

answer

case studies Correct Answer self-reports autobiographies personal essays

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UnansweredQuestion 9 0 / 0.2 pts What is the independent variable in a study that investigates the impact of religious environments on discipline problems in children?

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The children in the study Correct Answer Religious environments Parenting styles Discipline problems

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UnansweredQuestion 10 0 / 0.2 pts Adolescents in divorced families experience more depressive episodes than those in intact families. In this hypothesis, the independent and dependent variables are _____, respectively.

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adolescents and depressive episodes depressive episodes and family situation Correct Answer family situations and depressive episodes adolescents and family situations

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