PSY 2012 – Final Exam Study Guide – Flashcards

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Cognitive psychology focuses on ___________________.
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Mental processes such as thinking, perception, and information processing
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In your text, psychology is defined as the _____.
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scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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If researchers gave participants varying amounts of a new "memory" drug and then gave them a story to read and measured their scores on a quiz, the ______________would be the independent variable (IV), and the __________would be the dependent variable (DV).
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exposure to the drug; quiz scores
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The term basic research is BEST defined as research that _____.
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advances scientific knowledge
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The psychological perspective that emphasizes objective, observable environmental influences of overt behavior is called the __________________________.
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Behavioral perspective.
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Salary and years of education are ____________ correlated, and grade point average and the number of hours of television watched per day are ______________ correlated.
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positively; negatively
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The idea that depression is influenced by genetics and neurotransmitters, learned responses and thinking patterns, and socioeconomic status and culture represents the _____ model of psychology.
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biopsychosocial
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Sociocultural psychology is the study of the ______________________.
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influence of culture and social interactions on people's behavior
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The father of psychology is ________.
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Structuralism made an important contribution to the science of psychology because it ________________.
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Established a model for the scientific study of mental processes.
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The cerebral cortex consists of the
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frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes
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Three structures associated with the brain stem are the _____.
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pons, medulla, and the midbrain
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Three structures included in the hindbrain are the:
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medulla, pons, and cerebellum
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The hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and hypothalamus are all parts of the _____.
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limbic system
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A collection of glands found throughout the body that manufacture and secrete hormones into the bloodstream in order to effect behavioral change or maintain normal bodily functions is called the____________________
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endocrine system
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The basic units of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that process, store, and transmit information are the _____.
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neurons
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The branches of the neuron that receive neural impulses from other neurons are called _____, and the tube-like structure that conveys impulses toward other neurons is called the _____.
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dendrites; axon
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An impulse travels through the structures of the neuron in the following order:
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dendrites, cell body, axon
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A mental state other than an ordinary waking state, in which there are distinct changes in perception, emotion, memory, thinking, etc. is called alternate _____.
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states of consciousness
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Circadian rhythms are _____.
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biological changes that occur on a 24-hour cycle
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Just before sleep, brain waves move from _____ waves, indicating normal wakefulness, to _____ waves associated with drowsy relaxation.
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beta; alpha
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Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of sleep stages? A. non-REM → Stages 1-2-3-4 - REM B. hypnogogic → Stages 1-2-3-4 - REM - Stages 4-3-2-1 C. hypnogogic → Stages 1-2-3-4-3-2 - REM D. non-REM → Stages 1-2-3-4-3-2 - REM
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C. hypnogogic → Stages 1-2-3-4-3-2 - REM
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_____ act on the CNS to suppress or slow bodily processes and reduce overall responsiveness.
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Depressants
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REM sleep is also called _____ because the brain is aroused and active while the person remains nonresponsive and asleep.
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paradoxical sleep
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hich of the following persons is clearly experiencing chronic insomnia? A. Kipp frequently cannot fall asleep the night before a final exam. B. Kaula regularly sleeps around 7 hours per night. C. Consuela persistently has difficulty falling or staying asleep. D. Jorge wakes up throughout the night because his neighbors make so much noise.
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C. Consuela persistently has difficulty falling or staying asleep.
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Irvings's doctor prescribed Valium to help him cope with job-related anxiety. He found a less stressful job, and is anxiety-free. However, Irving keeps taking Valium because he likes its effects. He hasn't had to increase the dosage, and he did not have withdrawal symptoms when he forgot to take his pills. It is MOST likely that Irving is_____________.
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psychologically dependent on Valium
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The process of detecting, converting, and transmitting sensory information to your brain is called__________, and the process of interpreting and giving that information meaning is called _____________.
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sensation; perception
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The physical senses include all of the following EXCEPT: A. olfaction B. transduction C. gustation D. audition
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B. transduction
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Eli's grandma gives him a Tootsie Roll every time she visits. After enough times of receiving a Tootsie Roll, Eli's mouth begins to water when he sees his grandma arriving. In this example of classical conditioning, the Tootsie Roll is the __________________, and the mouthwatering reaction is the __________________________.
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unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
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Your dog is begging for food while you eat dinner. Your Mother gives him a morsel from her plate, and he stops barking. In this situation, your dog has been _____________, and you Mother has been ________________.
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positively reinforced; negatively reinforced
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Problem-solving is the act of moving _____.
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from a given state to a goal state
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Mental representations of previously stored sensory experiences are called _____.
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mental images
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Simple rules used in problem-solving that do not guarantee a solution, but offer a likely short-cut to it are called _____.
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heuristics
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Judging the likelihood or probability of events based on how easily other such events can be recalled is known as the _____ heuristic.
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availability
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__________is measured by the capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment.
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Intelligence
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Mental retardation applies to an individual with significant deficits in adaptive functioning and a score below _____ on a standard IQ test.
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70
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Every time you use information and engage in mental activity such as forming ideas, reasoning, solving problems, drawing conclusions, expressing thoughts, or comprehending the thoughts of others, you are thinking. Mental activity or thinking is also known as:
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Cognition
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This is the first stage of prenatal development (from conception to implantation) characterized by rapid cell division.
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germinal period
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The four stages of Piaget's cognitive development model are _________________.
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sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
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Amelia, who is 72, is looking back at the last few decades of her life and feeling deep regret at the opportunities she passed up, knowing she does not have enough time left to start over. Amelia is in which of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?
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integrity vs. despair
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_______ attention improves encoding whereas ______ attention interferes with encoding.
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selective; divided
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In the three-stage memory model,what is the CORRECT memory pathway?
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sensory memory - STM - LTM
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In sensory memory, the approximate duration of a visual image is about _____, and the approximate duration of auditory echoic memory is up to _____.
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1/2 second; 2-4 seconds
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Short-term memory receives information from _____ memory.
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sensory and long-term
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According to the serial position effect, to increase the chance that you will be remembered by your host when introduced at a crowded party, you should try to be introduced _____.
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either first or last
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Cramming is another term for _____, which is an inefficient form of studying.
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massed practice
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According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, if you haven't eaten all day, your thoughts will be MOST focused on your____________
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physiological needs
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Knowing and managing one's emotions, empathizing with others, and maintaining satisfying relationships are the key factors in _____.
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emotional intelligence
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According to the facial feedback hypothesis, expressing an emotion should ______.
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intensify it
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An individual's relatively stable and enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions is known as his or her _____.
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personality
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The trait theory that explains personality in terms of openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism is called the _____.
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Five-Factor model
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According to Freud, the three mental structures that form personality are the _____.
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id, ego, and superego
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The rational part of the psyche that deals with reality and tries to meet the needs of the other two mental structures is called the _____.
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ego
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Defense mechanisms are _____ strategies employed by the ego to reduce anxiety and avoid conflict.
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unconscious
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The first and most basic defense mechanism, which blocks unacceptable impulses from coming into awareness, is called _____.
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repression
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Pedro was just diagnosed with testicular cancer. Rather than deal with his feelings about this, he searches the Internet for information, academically discusses the disorder with his family and friends, and endlessly debates the pros and cons of treatment with his doctor. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____.
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intellectualization
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This is NOT a cause of mental illness.
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personal weakness
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This has NOT been used as an approach to defining abnormal behavior.
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medical school consensus
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Frances was diagnosed with a mental illness because she lost her job when she tested positive for marijuana use at a company that requires frequent random drug testing. This is an example of the _____ approach to defining abnormal behavior.
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personal dysfunction or distress
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In early therapy of abnormal behavior, _____ was used to allow evil spirits to escape, while _____ was designed to make the body so uncomfortable it would be uninhabitable to the devil.
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trephining; exorcism
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The classification system produced by the American Psychiatric Association and used to describe abnormal behaviors is called the DSM-IV-TR. DSM is an abbreviation for _____.
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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The purpose of the DSM-IV-TR is to provide ____.
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descriptions of disorders
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_____ is a legal term for people with a mental disorder that implies a lack of responsibility for their behavior and an inability to manage their affairs.
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Insanity
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Anxiety disorders are _____.
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characterized by unrealistic, irrational fear
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Chronic, uncontrollable, excessive worrying about nothing in particular is associated with _____.
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generalized anxiety disorder
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The two main types of mood disorders are _____.
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major depression and bipolar disorder
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All of the following are types of anxiety disorders EXCEPT: A. obsessive-compulsive disorder B. panic disorder C. phobias D. bipolar disorder
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D. bipolar disorder
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Seligman found that when faced with a painful situation from which there is no escape, animals and people enter a state of helplessness and resignation. He called this _____.
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learned helplessness
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Hans Selye defined stress as
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the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it
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In your text, the physical and mental arousal to situations that we perceive as threatening or challenging is called _____.
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distress
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The end result of a total absence of stress is _____.
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death
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The Social Readjustment Rating Scale constructed by Holmes and Rahe measures the stress in a person's life on the basis of _____.
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life changes
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The body's immediate fight-or-flight response is facilitated by the _______ system(s).
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SAM
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The General Adaptation Syndrome indicates that we experience a biological reaction to stress, which occurs in three phases. The first phase is our initial response to a stressor. In the second phase we expend considerable energy to adapt to the stressor. And lastly, if the stressor is prolonged, it will likely result in us feeling depleted of energy, and increase our risk of becoming susceptible to serious illnesses. Identify below the correct order of the three phases:
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alarm reaction; resistance; exhaustion
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All of the following are effective strategies for stress management EXCEPT: A. exercise B. seek social support from family and friends C. smoke cigarette D. engage in relaxation techniques such as meditation
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C. smoke cigarette
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Cognitive therapist assume that problem behaviors and emotions are caused by________________
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faulty or distorted thought processes and/or irrational beliefs
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Psychotherapy is defined in your text as the various methods of therapy that _____.
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aim to improve psychological functioning and promote adjustment to life
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Using therapeutic techniques to improve psychological functioning and promote adjustment to life is known as _____.
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psychotherapy
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If a patient falls in love with his therapist, this is likely a result of _____; if the therapist acts on this by entering a romantic or sexual relationship with the client this is considered _____.
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transference; unethical and possibly illegal
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The process by which the therapist and client work to change destructive ways of thinking is called _____.
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cognitive restructuring
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