question

Cognitive psychology focuses on ___________________.

answer

Mental processes such as thinking, perception, and information processing

question

In your text, psychology is defined as the _____.

answer

scientific study of behavior and mental processes

question

If researchers gave participants varying amounts of a new "memory" drug and then gave them a story to read and measured their scores on a quiz, the ______________would be the independent variable (IV), and the __________would be the dependent variable (DV).

answer

exposure to the drug; quiz scores

question

The term basic research is BEST defined as research that _____.

answer

advances scientific knowledge

question

The psychological perspective that emphasizes objective, observable environmental influences of overt behavior is called the __________________________.

answer

Behavioral perspective.

question

Salary and years of education are ____________ correlated, and grade point average and the number of hours of television watched per day are ______________ correlated.

answer

positively; negatively

question

The idea that depression is influenced by genetics and neurotransmitters, learned responses and thinking patterns, and socioeconomic status and culture represents the _____ model of psychology.

answer

biopsychosocial

question

Sociocultural psychology is the study of the ______________________.

answer

influence of culture and social interactions on people's behavior

question

The father of psychology is ________.

answer

Wilhelm Wundt

question

Structuralism made an important contribution to the science of psychology because it ________________.

answer

Established a model for the scientific study of mental processes.

question

The cerebral cortex consists of the

answer

frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes

question

Three structures associated with the brain stem are the _____.

answer

pons, medulla, and the midbrain

question

Three structures included in the hindbrain are the:

answer

medulla, pons, and cerebellum

question

The hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and hypothalamus are all parts of the _____.

answer

limbic system

question

A collection of glands found throughout the body that manufacture and secrete hormones into the bloodstream in order to effect behavioral change or maintain normal bodily functions is called the____________________

answer

endocrine system

question

The basic units of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that process, store, and transmit information are the _____.

answer

neurons

question

The branches of the neuron that receive neural impulses from other neurons are called _____, and the tube-like structure that conveys impulses toward other neurons is called the _____.

answer

dendrites; axon

question

An impulse travels through the structures of the neuron in the following order:

answer

dendrites, cell body, axon

question

A mental state other than an ordinary waking state, in which there are distinct changes in perception, emotion, memory, thinking, etc. is called alternate _____.

answer

states of consciousness

question

Circadian rhythms are _____.

answer

biological changes that occur on a 24-hour cycle

question

Just before sleep, brain waves move from _____ waves, indicating normal wakefulness, to _____ waves associated with drowsy relaxation.

answer

beta; alpha

question

Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of sleep stages? A. non-REM → Stages 1-2-3-4 - REM B. hypnogogic → Stages 1-2-3-4 - REM - Stages 4-3-2-1 C. hypnogogic → Stages 1-2-3-4-3-2 - REM D. non-REM → Stages 1-2-3-4-3-2 - REM

answer

C. hypnogogic → Stages 1-2-3-4-3-2 - REM

question

_____ act on the CNS to suppress or slow bodily processes and reduce overall responsiveness.

answer

Depressants

question

REM sleep is also called _____ because the brain is aroused and active while the person remains nonresponsive and asleep.

answer

paradoxical sleep

question

hich of the following persons is clearly experiencing chronic insomnia? A. Kipp frequently cannot fall asleep the night before a final exam. B. Kaula regularly sleeps around 7 hours per night. C. Consuela persistently has difficulty falling or staying asleep. D. Jorge wakes up throughout the night because his neighbors make so much noise.

answer

C. Consuela persistently has difficulty falling or staying asleep.

question

Irvings's doctor prescribed Valium to help him cope with job-related anxiety. He found a less stressful job, and is anxiety-free. However, Irving keeps taking Valium because he likes its effects. He hasn't had to increase the dosage, and he did not have withdrawal symptoms when he forgot to take his pills. It is MOST likely that Irving is_____________.

answer

psychologically dependent on Valium

question

The process of detecting, converting, and transmitting sensory information to your brain is called__________, and the process of interpreting and giving that information meaning is called _____________.

answer

sensation; perception

question

The physical senses include all of the following EXCEPT: A. olfaction B. transduction C. gustation D. audition

answer

B. transduction

question

Eli's grandma gives him a Tootsie Roll every time she visits. After enough times of receiving a Tootsie Roll, Eli's mouth begins to water when he sees his grandma arriving. In this example of classical conditioning, the Tootsie Roll is the __________________, and the mouthwatering reaction is the __________________________.

answer

unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

question

Your dog is begging for food while you eat dinner. Your Mother gives him a morsel from her plate, and he stops barking. In this situation, your dog has been _____________, and you Mother has been ________________.

answer

positively reinforced; negatively reinforced

question

Problem-solving is the act of moving _____.

answer

from a given state to a goal state

question

Mental representations of previously stored sensory experiences are called _____.

answer

mental images

question

Simple rules used in problem-solving that do not guarantee a solution, but offer a likely short-cut to it are called _____.

answer

heuristics

question

Judging the likelihood or probability of events based on how easily other such events can be recalled is known as the _____ heuristic.

answer

availability

question

__________is measured by the capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment.

answer

Intelligence

question

Mental retardation applies to an individual with significant deficits in adaptive functioning and a score below _____ on a standard IQ test.

answer

70

question

Every time you use information and engage in mental activity such as forming ideas, reasoning, solving problems, drawing conclusions, expressing thoughts, or comprehending the thoughts of others, you are thinking. Mental activity or thinking is also known as:

answer

Cognition

question

This is the first stage of prenatal development (from conception to implantation) characterized by rapid cell division.

answer

germinal period

question

The four stages of Piaget's cognitive development model are _________________.

answer

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

question

Amelia, who is 72, is looking back at the last few decades of her life and feeling deep regret at the opportunities she passed up, knowing she does not have enough time left to start over. Amelia is in which of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?

answer

integrity vs. despair

question

_______ attention improves encoding whereas ______ attention interferes with encoding.

answer

selective; divided

question

In the three-stage memory model,what is the CORRECT memory pathway?

answer

sensory memory - STM - LTM

question

In sensory memory, the approximate duration of a visual image is about _____, and the approximate duration of auditory echoic memory is up to _____.

answer

1/2 second; 2-4 seconds

question

Short-term memory receives information from _____ memory.

answer

sensory and long-term

question

According to the serial position effect, to increase the chance that you will be remembered by your host when introduced at a crowded party, you should try to be introduced _____.

answer

either first or last

question

Cramming is another term for _____, which is an inefficient form of studying.

answer

massed practice

question

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, if you haven't eaten all day, your thoughts will be MOST focused on your____________

answer

physiological needs

question

Knowing and managing one's emotions, empathizing with others, and maintaining satisfying relationships are the key factors in _____.

answer

emotional intelligence

question

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, expressing an emotion should ______.

answer

intensify it

question

An individual's relatively stable and enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions is known as his or her _____.

answer

personality

question

The trait theory that explains personality in terms of openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism is called the _____.

answer

Five-Factor model

question

According to Freud, the three mental structures that form personality are the _____.

answer

id, ego, and superego

question

The rational part of the psyche that deals with reality and tries to meet the needs of the other two mental structures is called the _____.

answer

ego

question

Defense mechanisms are _____ strategies employed by the ego to reduce anxiety and avoid conflict.

answer

unconscious

question

The first and most basic defense mechanism, which blocks unacceptable impulses from coming into awareness, is called _____.

answer

repression

question

Pedro was just diagnosed with testicular cancer. Rather than deal with his feelings about this, he searches the Internet for information, academically discusses the disorder with his family and friends, and endlessly debates the pros and cons of treatment with his doctor. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____.

answer

intellectualization

question

This is NOT a cause of mental illness.

answer

personal weakness

question

This has NOT been used as an approach to defining abnormal behavior.

answer

medical school consensus

question

Frances was diagnosed with a mental illness because she lost her job when she tested positive for marijuana use at a company that requires frequent random drug testing. This is an example of the _____ approach to defining abnormal behavior.

answer

personal dysfunction or distress

question

In early therapy of abnormal behavior, _____ was used to allow evil spirits to escape, while _____ was designed to make the body so uncomfortable it would be uninhabitable to the devil.

answer

trephining; exorcism

question

The classification system produced by the American Psychiatric Association and used to describe abnormal behaviors is called the DSM-IV-TR. DSM is an abbreviation for _____.

answer

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

question

The purpose of the DSM-IV-TR is to provide ____.

answer

descriptions of disorders

question

_____ is a legal term for people with a mental disorder that implies a lack of responsibility for their behavior and an inability to manage their affairs.

answer

Insanity

question

Anxiety disorders are _____.

answer

characterized by unrealistic, irrational fear

question

Chronic, uncontrollable, excessive worrying about nothing in particular is associated with _____.

answer

generalized anxiety disorder

question

The two main types of mood disorders are _____.

answer

major depression and bipolar disorder

question

All of the following are types of anxiety disorders EXCEPT: A. obsessive-compulsive disorder B. panic disorder C. phobias D. bipolar disorder

answer

D. bipolar disorder

question

Seligman found that when faced with a painful situation from which there is no escape, animals and people enter a state of helplessness and resignation. He called this _____.

answer

learned helplessness

question

Hans Selye defined stress as

answer

the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it

question

In your text, the physical and mental arousal to situations that we perceive as threatening or challenging is called _____.

answer

distress

question

The end result of a total absence of stress is _____.

answer

death

question

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale constructed by Holmes and Rahe measures the stress in a person's life on the basis of _____.

answer

life changes

question

The body's immediate fight-or-flight response is facilitated by the _______ system(s).

answer

SAM

question

The General Adaptation Syndrome indicates that we experience a biological reaction to stress, which occurs in three phases. The first phase is our initial response to a stressor. In the second phase we expend considerable energy to adapt to the stressor. And lastly, if the stressor is prolonged, it will likely result in us feeling depleted of energy, and increase our risk of becoming susceptible to serious illnesses. Identify below the correct order of the three phases:

answer

alarm reaction; resistance; exhaustion

question

All of the following are effective strategies for stress management EXCEPT: A. exercise B. seek social support from family and friends C. smoke cigarette D. engage in relaxation techniques such as meditation

answer

C. smoke cigarette

question

Cognitive therapist assume that problem behaviors and emotions are caused by________________

answer

faulty or distorted thought processes and/or irrational beliefs

question

Psychotherapy is defined in your text as the various methods of therapy that _____.

answer

aim to improve psychological functioning and promote adjustment to life

question

Using therapeutic techniques to improve psychological functioning and promote adjustment to life is known as _____.

answer

psychotherapy

question

If a patient falls in love with his therapist, this is likely a result of _____; if the therapist acts on this by entering a romantic or sexual relationship with the client this is considered _____.

answer

transference; unethical and possibly illegal

question

The process by which the therapist and client work to change destructive ways of thinking is called _____.

answer

cognitive restructuring

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