PSY-150: Exam II – Flashcards

Jordan is frightened by the sound of a train whistle. The sound is a or an Select one: a. conditioned reinforcer b. spontaneous recovery c. operant chamber d. stimulus

A tendency to overestimate the extent to which a stranger's violent behavior stems from his or her aggressive personality best illustrates Select one: a. the frustration-aggression principle. b. the mere exposure effect. c. the fundamental attribution error. d. deindividuation.

Acquiring new habits best illustrates the process of Select one: a. extrinsic motivation b. natural selection c. learning d. spontaneous recovery

People are most inclined to like those who are nearby. This most clearly illustrates the association between ________ and interpersonal attraction. Select one: a. physical arousal b. beauty c. equity d. proxmity

Effortful processing is encoding that requires Select one: a. implicit memory. b. conscious attention. c. visual imagery. d. flashbulb memory.

Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called Select one: a. flashbulb memories. b. sensory memories. c. mood-congruent memories. d. repressed memories.

Shelly was able to remember the names of three new class members for only a minute or two after they had been introduced to her. The new class members' names were briefly stored in her ________ memory. Select one: a. short-term b. flashbulb c. iconic d. implicit

The process of getting information out of memory is called Select one: a. encoding b. relearning c. retrieval d. rehearsal

Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's name. Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure in Select one: a. storage. b. encoding. c. rehearsal. d. retrieval.

People sometimes feel less personally accountable and less concerned about what others think of them when acting as part of a group. This most clearly contributes to Select one: a. the mere exposure effect. b. group polarization. c. social loafing. d. ingroup bias.

Following the 9/11 terrorist attack on New York, people across the country donated their time and money to assist the devastated community. This behavior best illustrates Select one: a. altruism. b. deindividuation. c. the bystander effect. d. the just-world phenomenon.

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the Unconditioned Stimulus was Select one: a. a tone b. salivation to the sound of a tone c. food placed in the dog's mouth d. salivation to the food in the mouth

Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. This principle is called Select one: a. intrinsic motivation b. intermittent reinforcement c. spontaneous recovery d. law of effect

Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a or an Select one: a. conditioned stimulus b. unconditioned stimulus c. reinforcement d. operant behavior

Retention of skills and classically conditioned associations without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory. Select one: a. state-dependent b. flashbulb c. short-term d. implicit

A dog salivates to the sound of a tone because the tone has regularly been associated with the delivery of food. In this case, the tone is called aNo Select one: a. unconditioned stimulus b. primary reinforcer c. conditioned stimulus d. immediate reinforcer

Automatic processing most clearly occurs without Select one: a. encoding. b. long-term potentiation. c. implicit memory. d. conscious rehearsal.

The famous Asch Conformity Study looking at "which line is longer," revealed that people will: Select one: a. not conform with the majority response if it is wrong. b. not conform with the majority response if it is right. c. conform to the majority even if their response is wrong. d. conform to the majority only a small percentage of the time.

During the course of a day, people may unconsciously encode the sequence of the day's events. This best illustrates Select one: a. the spacing effect. b. automatic processing. c. echoic memory. d. massed practice.

In which form of learning is behavior influenced by its consequences? Select one: a. observational learning b. operant conditioning c. classical conditioning d. latent learning

According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that Select one: a. people are naturally predisposed to be hostile and aggressive. b. even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction. c. the desire to be accepted by others is one of the strongest human motives. d. people value their freedom and react negatively when they feel they are being coerced to do something.

Faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned is called Select one: a. source amnesia. b. the misinformation effect. c. repression. d. déjà vu.

Which of the following is most clearly an operant behavior? Select one: a. whining b. blinking c. salivating d. blushing

The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of ________ and to overestimate the impact of ________ in explaining the behavior of others. Select one: a. social facilitation; social loafing b. social loafing; social facilitation c. personal traits; situational influences d. situational influences; personal traits

Conditioning is the process of Select one: a. Latent learning b. Spontaneous recovery c. Learning associations d. Observational learning

Which of the following is an unconditioned response? Select one: a. playing jump rope b. running through a maze to get a food reward c. sweating in hot weather d. clapping after a thrilling concert performance

Memory is best defined as Select one: a. the conscious encoding of information b. the persistence of learning through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. c. stored knowledge that has been semantically encoded. d. the retrieval of stored information in precisely the same form in which it was encoded.

The participants in Philip Zimbardo's mock prison study Select one: a. were assigned the roles of prisoner or guard on the basis of their personality test scores. b. found it very difficult to play the role of prison guard. c. became a cohesive unit when they pursued superordinate goals. d. were so strongly influenced by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued.

Social facilitation refers to the tendency to Select one: a. neglect critical thinking because of a strong desire for social harmony within a group. b. perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others. c. lose self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity. d. comply with a large request if you complied with a small request earlier.

Prejudice involves a three-part mixture of Select one: a. conflicts, attributions, and social scripts. b. inequality, frustration, and aggression. c. beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action. d. ingroup bias, mirror-image perceptions, and deindividuation.