PSY 105 Chapter 7 – Flashcards

On your computer desktop, you can see all sorts of different files, each immediately accessible. Because you are actively working on them, and because you can open them whenever you want, these files are in fact very similar to the kind of information held in:

The concept of working memory represents a contemporary conceptualization of _____ memory.

A research participant is required to report as much of a poem as he can remember immediately after having read the poem once. We would expect the greatest number of recall errors in lines:

The term engram is generally discouraged by psychologists studying memory. Why might this be?

Which of the following statements is true of working memory?

"Cat food, cola, toothpaste." Your roommate begins reciting items as you get to ready to leave to the store. He continues to list a few more items. Finally, he wraps up: "Coffee creamer, spaghetti sauce, dish liquid, and ice tea mix." You forget a couple of things, but you do manage to get the cat food, cola, and toothpaste. Your memory for these items reflects the _____ effect.

The process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information is known as _____.

Which of the following best describes the effect of stress on working memory capacity?

Which of the following expressions best reflects the capacity of short-term memory?

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of stages in the three-stage model of memory?

What key process is critical when moving new information from sensory memory into short-term memory?

The activation of information that a person already has in storage is referred to as

Margaret fell down her basement stairs and suffered serious injury to her amygdala. What memory problems is she most likely to experience?

Your roommate, Rhiana, asks your advice on how to best study for her final exams. Because of your knowledge of context dependent memory, you recommend that she study

Talking to people about what you have learned is a form of

Which of the following is NOT included in the encoding process?

Your mom is always giving you grief about how you surf the Web and send text messages while you are studying. You explain that multitasking does not affect your grades. Is your position supported by the information presented in the textbook?

In John's favorite picture, he is riding with his father on a lawn mower. John also likes the smell of freshly mowed grass. Which of the following cues do you predict will elicit the strongest emotional memory in John?

You tell your friends about the great time you had at a famous amusement park. Most of the visual and auditory sensations that you experienced and have now forgotten were initially processed in your ________ memory.

Detectives take advantage of context-dependent memory by

Rehearsal refers to the:

Grouping pieces of information together to expand the effective capacity of short-term memory is termed _____.

The primacy effect refers to the fact that:

items presented early in a list are remembered better than items in the middle of the list.

Which of the following is true of the neuroscience of memory?

Material in memory storage has to be located and brought into awareness to be useful. This process is known as _____.

When you tell an acquaintance your telephone number, you do not recite the digits one by one at a constant rate, as in "3, 3, 7, 2, 3, 4, 8, 3, 9, 2." Rather, you might say, "3, 3, 7 . . . 2, 3, 4 . . . 83, 92." This exemplifies _____, a strategy to enhance _____ memory.

When asked to memorize these 15 letters—C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S—Mary reorganized them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used the tactic of

Fifteen-year-old Matt and his father are in an electronics store looking at video game systems. Matt gives his father a complete breakdown of the pros and cons of each of the different video game systems on display. Matt is able to accurately recall all of these details because he has

Jacob is a server in a fancy restaurant. He takes orders without writing anything down. Which memory process does he use first?

You most likely store the seven-digit phone number from your previous address in ________ memory.

George just graduated from college and is going on his first job interview. He has learned that there are two other candidates. Because of the information he has learned about the serial position effect, George asks to be either the first or the last candidate interviewed. Why?

If you remember dancing at your high school prom, it is an example of ________ memory; if you showed me the dance steps you used, it is an example of ________ memory.

The recency effect refers to the fact that:

Activating one memory triggers the activation of related memories in a process known as:

Which of the following accurately describes the processing of information in working memory?

You are amazed at how the server in the fancy restaurant accurately remembered all of the orders from you and your 11 friends without writing them down. It is likely that while the server was taking your orders, he

Remembering the name of the author who wrote The Cat in the Hat is referred to as ________ memory.

Long-term potentiation is a concept that explains

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory, memory storage involves which of the following three systems?

Akira Haraguchi demonstrated amazing memory ability when he recited all 80,000 digits of pi. What process in the human memory system did he utilize?

Chunking involves

Being able to consciously recall information from the past and recite it, involves what type of memory?

The hippocampus is located in the _____ lobe.

You are relaxing beside a water display in the park. The quiet, scenic environment reminds you of a poem you read in English class last week. This is an example of ________ memory.

Juanita is an administrative assistant in the human resources department of a local business. She has noticed that in nearly every case, the last person interviewed for a job gets hired. What effect of memory may be influencing the hiring practice?

Which of the following is TRUE of short-term memory?

_____ memory refers to the initial, momentary storage of information that lasts only an instant.

_____ memory is memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main memory processes?

George Miller's classic paper on the seven plus or minus two phenomenon refers to a person's ________ memory.

You are engrossed in your favorite TV show in the living room. Your roommate yells for you to bring a flyswatter to the kitchen. Vaguely aware that a request is being made of you, you ask your roommate to repeat herself. Before she can reply, however, the sound of the words "bring a flyswatter to the kitchen" play through your mind. This is an example of ________ memory.

According to the serial position effect, if you are a waiter trying to remember all the orders for a table of seven, you should pay particular attention to the ________ orders.

________ memory is the conscious recollection of facts and events that you can verbally communicate.

One's culture is most likely to influence:

According to the levels-of-processing theory, which of the following students should retrieve information more successfully on classroom tests?

Which of the following searches explicit memory?

Mickey is about to take his psychology final. Just before the exam, the person sitting next to Mickey asks him the name of the physiologist who worked on classical conditioning. Mickey suddenly realizes that he cannot quite remember the name, but he knows that it starts with a P and is two syllables long. Mickey is experiencing:

Middle-aged Mrs. Lovett is recalling her first Christmas as a young newlywed at her in-laws' Wyoming ranch. This is a(n) _____ memory.

Which of the following alternatives best expresses psychologist Elizabeth Loftus' position on the validity of repressed memories?

A stimulus that facilitates the recall of information from long-term memory is called a:

_____ is a process in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events.

Which of the following is true of the levels-of-processing theory?

Christopher clearly remembers that he was practicing his dialogues for his school play when he heard that the governor of his state had been assassinated. This is an example of a(n) _____ memory.

Pierre has been an alcoholic for several decades. Now in his 50s, his intellectual abilities are intact, but he suffers from memory deficits and hallucinations. Based on this information, you suspect that Pierre may be afflicted with:

Which theory of forgetting is correctly matched with its description?

In _____ amnesia, memory is lost for events preceding an injury or accident; in _____ amnesia, memory is lost for events following an injury or accident.

_____, an illness characterized in part by severe memory problems, is the fourth leading cause of death among adults in the United States.

Which of the following best describes the results of Ebbinghaus's work on forgetting?

A soap opera character who had a major head trauma cannot remember any post-injury people or events, but his memory for people and events prior to his injury is perfect. Is this fictional tale possible in the real world?

An individual's autobiographical memory forms the core of the individual's

Eyewitness accounts of crimes are

Which of the following is likely to create a flashbulb memory?

Shauna is an excellent student. She rewrites her class notes after each class. Rewriting her notes is a form of memory

Some psychologists consider classical conditioning to be a form of implicit memory. Which of the following is probably the best reason for suggesting that classical conditioning is a type of implicit memory?

The levels-of-processing approach:

_____ amnesia occurs when an individual has a memory for some material but cannot recall where he or she encountered it.

Dr. Tranh has given so many lectures that he gives little thought to what he expects might happen: He assumes students will assemble, take notes, and occasionally ask a question. That Dr. Tranh finds the process so routine reflects the development of:

"Discuss several factors that contributed to the economic collapse of late 2008," asks a question on the midterm in an Economics course. Such a question is a test of _____ memory.

Which of the following is true of flashbulb memories?

The unconscious process whereby disturbing memories are prevented from entering awareness is called:

Flashbulb memories:

Ralph is preparing a report on his academic field trip to a manufacturing plant. He is trying to remember each event of the trip in the order in which it occurred to prepare an accurate report in a presentable form. Which of the following memory tasks is Ralph using?

Jerry is at a party. He is introduced to three different people in the span of a moment. Later, he is approached by the first person he met and cannot remember her name. Which of the following is most likely the source of Jerry's difficulty?

In _____ interference, information learned earlier disrupts the recall of information learned more recently; in _____ interference, recently learned information disrupts the recall of information learned earlier.

Drew is unable to recall whether Lincoln's head faces left or right on the penny. Which of the following is probably the best explanation for Drew's memory failure?

Owen has trouble remembering a friend's new phone number; he keeps recalling the old number instead. Completing a rental application, Pippa finds she can't recall one of her previous addresses, as she's had several addresses since. Owen is experiencing _____ interference; Pippa is experiencing _____.

A few years ago, you had a boyfriend named Phil. Now, you have a new boyfriend named Stephen. Because of ________, you sometimes call Stephen by the wrong name.

According to Hermann Ebbinghaus,

Encoding failure occurs when

According to decay theory, memories fade because

With respect to the potential influence of a written language on the recall ability of a culture's members, research has:

_____ is a memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alternatives.

Chad is puzzling over a difficult question on a multiple-choice sociology test. He re-reads the question, scans the options beneath the question, and glances at other questions on the test. Most likely, Chad is looking for:

Loftus and Palmer (1974) conducted an experiment in which participants estimated the speed of a car described as either contacting or smashing into another. To which of the following conclusions regarding eyewitness memory is this study most relevant?

"I know it! It's um . . . um . . . ," begins a trivia game contestant excitedly. The contestant is engaged in a test of her _____ memory.

In H. M.'s surgery, the part of his brain responsible for laying down new memories was damaged beyond repair. The result was

_____ is a phenomenon in which exposure to a word or concept later makes it easier to recall related information, even when there is no conscious memory of the word or concept.

Bart remembers the release date of his favorite movie director's upcoming project. Which of the following forms of memory would have helped Bart?

The first attempts to study forgetting scientifically were made by the German psychologist:

Both of Suzie's parents suffered from Alzheimer's disease before they died. Although still in her early 40s, Suzie is very concerned about her own cognitive functioning. What advice can you give her based what you know about the science of memory?

Motivated forgetting is usually associated with what type of memories?

A typical multiple-choice question on a psychology test is an example of both a _____ and a(n) _____ test of memory.

Which of the following statements best describes the fate of the decay theory of forgetting in psychology?

Repression is

We look up a number in the phone book, push the book away, and then begin to dial the number. Why do we discourage an interruption during this process?

"Milk, cereal, candy." Your roommate begins reciting items as you get ready to leave to the store. He continues to list a few more items. Finally, he wraps up: "Spaghetti sauce, dish liquid, and ice tea mix." You forget a few things, but the spaghetti sauce, dish liquid, and ice tea mix are in the bag. Your memory for these items reflects the _____ effect.

Steve is studying with his friend Mike for their biology test. Mike asks Steve about a particular concept, and Steve replies, "I know I was in class that day, but I don't even have that in my notes. Are you sure the professor mentioned it?" Steve is demonstrating a(n) ________ failure.

Kim was telling her friend about her most recent trip to her grandmother's house, but was having trouble remembering certain details. Later that month she visited her grandmother again and the details came flooding back. This is an example of

A schema is:

You are taking both Spanish and French this semester. As you study the vocabulary words for your French test, you realize that the French words are disrupting the memory of the Spanish vocabulary words you studied last week. This is an example of

The conscious repetition of information to ensure its survival in short-term memory is termed _____ rehearsal.

Which of the following refers to declarative memory?

You decide to go to a hypnotist to try to stop smoking. The hypnotist asks you to remember what it was like before you started smoking. Which memory system will you use to comply with this request?

The levels-of-processing approach suggests:

"I know it! It's um . . . um . . . It starts with 'G'," begins a trivia game contestant excitedly. The contestant is falling prey to the _____ effect.

During a conversation, Jerry told his friend that their favorite rock band was coming to perform in their city. However, he could not remember the medium through which he got the information about the show. Jerry was experiencing: