PSY 100 Exam 3

question

is a disorder in which the person either prefers to, or must, achieve sexual arousal and fulfillment through sexual behavior that is unusual or not socially acceptable.

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A paraphilia

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Some have suggested that the results of Milgram's obedience study may have been due to the __________ effect.

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foot-in-the-door

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Kwan really doesn't feel like riding the stationary bicycle today, but he doesn't want the people around him to think he is a slacker. If he decides to continue exercising, what concept might explain his actions?

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social facilitation

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Bettina is 6 feet tall and desires to become a ballerina. Unfortunately, she is having difficulty being accepted into a ballet troupe because of her height. Bettina is experiencing _________.

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external frusturation

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Lance is in the 12th grade and is presently dating the head cheerleader, Ava. Lance is attracted to Ava, who is very feminine in her mannerisms, and Lance reports that he is attracted to girls who are petite and athletic. He and his buddies like to go "cruising for girls" on the weekends, but he has never strayed from Ava and is thinking about proposing to her after they graduate. He has never been attracted to any other boys. Lance is considered ________ in terms of his sexual orientation.

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homosexual

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Stress has been shown to put people at a higher risk for ________.

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heart attack and stroke

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In Zimbardo's prison study, male college students agreed to participate in a two-week experiment to discover what would happen when they took on the roles of prisoners and guards. After the prisoners staged a revolt, the researchers found that _________.

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the guards became more aggressive.

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Which female sex organ or process is present at birth?

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Vagina

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Extrinsic motivation is defined as __________.

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the pursuit of an activity for external reward

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What is the term for an improvement in performance caused by the perception that others are watching?

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social facilitation

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Which statement best reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion?

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We see a monster, our hearts race, we feel fear.

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What is the correct sequence of events in emotional response according to the Cannon-Bard theory?

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stimulus > emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous)

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A college instructor's schedule has her teaching an honors section of psychology. Halfway through the semester, she is told that her class was NOT an honors section after all. She responds "This is the best class I have ever taught and the grades prove it." What concept might a social psychologist use to explain the high grades this class obtained and the teacher's high opinion of the class?

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self-fulfilling prophecy

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In arousal theory, people are said to have a(n) __________ level of tension.

answer

optimal

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Ken wants to go to law school because he believes being a lawyer will bring him prestige and a good income. However, he is not sure he should attend because he is very concerned about the hard work law school will involve and the memory it will cost. Ken is faced with a(n) _________ conflict.

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approach-avoidance

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Which gender is more likely to talk to other members of that gender about current events?

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males

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In both social facilitation and social impairment, the key factor is _________.

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arousal

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Jell-O uses the slogan, "There's always room for Jell-O." To which theory of motivation is this slogan most relevant?

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incentive

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What do social psychologists call the tendency to rely on internal characteristics for explanations of the behavior of others and to ignore the influence of the situation?

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fundamental attribution error

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Jack said, "I want to rule the world." What type of need is this?

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need for power

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According to the facial feedback hypothesis, when Noah complies with instructions to smile and look happy, it is most likely that ________.

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his positive feelings will increase

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Which of the following qualities would make members of a target audience easier to persuade?

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younger members

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Behavior that is initiated or changed in response to a request, as opposed to a command or direct order, is an example of __________.

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compliance

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You overhear a psychologist presenting a lecture to an introductory psychology class. The teacher mentions "purposeful or goal-directed behavior that may vary in intensity from one occasion to another." You recognize that he is talking about which type of behavior?

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motivated

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Which of the following are considered mental symptoms of stress?

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depression, fear, irritability

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What is the primary effect, as it relates to impression formation, more commonly known as?

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first impression

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Working a second job to pay off credit cards is an example of?

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problem-focused coping

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In the early twentieth century, psychologists were inclined to explain motivated behavior by attributing it to __________.

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instincts

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A car crash woke John from his afternoon nap. When he looked out his apartment window, he saw several people milling around two smashed cars. He decided not to dial 911 because he assumed someone had already called. John's reaction is an example of _________.

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the bystander effect

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Attitudes are __________.

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learned

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Emotion has been defined as having three elements. Please identify which choice below is NOT one of the three elements.

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cognitive dissonance for the exhibited behavior

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When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation, they are engaging in what social psychologists call __________.

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groupthink

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One secondary male sex characteristic is __________.

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a deepening voice

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Miranda is questioning whether her upcoming business tip, which she must travel through an area with many mountains, will pose a danger for her. As such, this example illustrates ________.

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primary appraisal

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An attitude has __________ major components.

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three

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What term is used to describe compliance with an initial small request followed by compliance with a larger request?

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foot-in-the-door effect

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Maurice was born with an XY chromosome type, and he has the external genitalia of a male. He has, for the better part of his life, however, felt like he was supposed to be a woman. He has always identified more with feminine clothes, behaviors, and emotions. New surgical and medical techniques will now allow Maurice to take which of the following courses of action?

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He will be able to alter his body to match his gender.

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Which of the following is a female primary sex characteristic?

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Vagina

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Marquis is 4 years old, and as one might expect he pays very careful attention to his father. He imitates many of his father's actions, copies his behaviors, and responds appropriately to rewards and punishments for his own behaviors. Marquis is learning many aspects of gender through the __________ theory.

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social learning

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A person who is described as intersex is __________.

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an individual who is born with ambiguous sex organs

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Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person's behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by __________.

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the real, imagined, or implied presence of others

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Bill has felt isolated and like an "outsider" since coming to college for his freshman year. As a result, he decided to join a fraternity and was very excited when he was selected to pledge. According to Maslow, Bill may be attempting to meet the need of _________.

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belonging

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It is 1951, and you are required to participate in a perception experiment. You join several others seated in a room. You are shown a 10-inch test line and much choose the line that matches it in length from a choice from three lines. The experimenter, Solomon Asch, is studying __________.

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conformity

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Researchers found that the __________ of daily hassles was a better predictor of headaches than were scores on a life events scale.

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perceived severity

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The method in which the minority person tries to maintain a sense of original culture identity, while also trying to form a positive relationship with members of the dominant culture, is called __________.

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integration

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One factor in hunger seems to be the increase in __________, which causes blood sugar levels to eventually drop several hours after we eat.

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insulin

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Gender schema theory is based on _________.

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Piaget's theory of development

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Car salespersons are notorious for using the __________ technique, which involves changing terms after an agreement has been made.

answer

lowball

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The growth spurt for boys typically begins at age _________.

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12-14

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Rashid and Tawana are watching the classic TV show Leave It to Beaver. After watching the show, they decide to play. Rashid says he will be Ward Cleaver, and Tawana should play June Cleaver. This play situation would be best explained by __________.

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social learning theory

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Frustration that occurs when a goal or need cannot be attained due to personal characteristics is called __________.

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personal frustration

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Researchers have found an association between daily hassles and __________.

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colds and headaches

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Which part of the brain has been identified as being particularly active when people experience cognitive dissonance?

answer

the left frontal cortex

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Close, friendly groups usually work well together, but they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity called __________.

answer

groupthink

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__________ is the term used to describe the excessive anger exhibited by drivers in response to ordinary traffic frustration.

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Road rage

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What is the term for the process of developing our first knowledge about another person?

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impression formation

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Some people are very quick to come to the aid of a woman because she is perceived as being helpless, weak, and unable to provide for herself. These same individuals may be quite a bit less likely to come to the assistance of a man in the same situation. Though these people may have noble intentions, this is still an example of __________ sexism.

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benevolent

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MRI technology has demonstrated that women listen with __________ of the brain.

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both hemispheres

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"Birds of a feather" is a phrase that refers to _________.

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similarity

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Naive subjects in the Stanley Milgram experiment were given the opportunity to administer shocks to helpless victims. What was the maximum voltage that could be administered in one shock?

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450 volts

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Which of the following statements is true regarding the development of sex organs in a baby?

answer

The first sex organs, which are the gonads, are undifferentiated in male and female fetuses for the first month of pregnancy.

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The breasts contain the __________ glads for milk production.

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mammary

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Over the past several years, several celebrities have openly discussed their desire for sexual experiences that are satisfying, regardless of the sex of their partner. Most researchers would consider such individuals to be __________.

answer

bisexual

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The four stages of sexual activity include excitement, plateau, orgasm, and _________.

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resolution

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Which of the following is one of the ways in which religion helps people reduce or cope with stress?

answer

Religion can provide a strong social support system.

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Johnny is a gay man who has a wonderful relationship with his sister. He regularly babysits for her children, and enjoys helping to raise them. Johnny's availability to help with the kids, and his interest in doing so, supports the __________ hypothesis of homosexuality.

answer

gender learning

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Social __________ theory emphasizes the role of cognition in motivation and the importance of expectations in shaping behavior.

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learning

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The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state of functioning is called ___________.

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homeostasis

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___________ psychology is the field of study devoted to understanding the relationship between physical activities, psychological traits, and social relationships and overall health and rates of illness.

answer

Health

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Edgar is learning deep-breathing techniques to reduce anxiety about having been robbed at knifepoint. This is an example of __________.

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emotion-focused coping

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People with gender _________ feel that they were born into the body of the wrong sex and have a strong identification with the opposite gender.

answer

dysphoria

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Which of the following individuals is most likely to make the fundamental attribution error?

answer

Mona, a 72-year old Hawaiian women

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Joey put a quarter in the gumball machine, only to find that the machine was not working. He continued to turn the dial on the machine in hope that he would retrieve a gumball. Unfortunately, after several minutes of forcefully turning the dial, he still did not retrieve a gumball. As a result, he kicked the machine several times. Kicking the machine is an example of __________.

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aggression

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All of the following are sources of stress EXCEPT __________.

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aggression

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During the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome, __________.

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the sympathetic nervous system is activated and adrenal glands release hormones

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The enhanced brain response of men to erotic images may be due to __________.

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the early male's need to identify sexually receptive females

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The __________ system is to boys as the _________ system is to girls.

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Wolffian; Mullerian

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In Soloman Asch's study, which factor increased the rate of conformity?

answer

The number of confederates increased.

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__________ is the process by which people learn their culture's preferences and expectations for proper "masculine" and "feminine" behaviors.

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Gender typing

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Research has shown that men tend to talk to each other about _________.

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current events

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At a recent viewing of the latest Hollywood blockbuster, LaToya and Ronald shared an awkward moment. LaToya, deeply moved by the story line, began to cry during the movie, whiler Ronald sat twiddling his thumbs wondering when the movie would finally be over. Afterward, while they were discussing their different reactions, Ronald said, "Well, girls always cry at sappy movies. That's why guys really hate those kinds of shows." Ronald is demonstrating that he holds very deep gender __________.

answer

stereotypes

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Which of the following descriptions best defines implicit personality theory?

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the set of assumptions people have about people, their actions, and their personality traits

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Indiana Jones goes off to foreign lands in search of artifacts hidden in dangerous places and guarded by fierce protectors. Dr. Jones would be described as __________ in arousal theory.

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a sensation seeker

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According to Carol Dweck, this type of person believes that intelligence is fixed, unchanging, and independent.

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external locus of control

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Which of the following statements supports the idea of social identity?

answer

"My name is Antonio and I belong to the best fraternity on campus."

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A conflict in which a person must choose between two undesirable routes to a goal or goals is called __________.

answer

avoidance-avoidance

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Upon arriving at college and meeting your roommate, you sigh mightily as you listen to his endless droning on about how wonderful his girlfriend back home is. "I miss her so much and I can't wait to see her during Thanksgiving break," he comments. Knowing a bit about social psychology and the rules of interpersonal attraction, what are you most likely to think to yourself?

answer

This relationship is doomed, because the rule of proximity says that people are most attracted to those who are nearby, not far away.

question

Recent research using the Asch paradigm has found less conformity in the United States than the original study found in the 1950s. The reason for this decrease in conformity may be that __________.

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the nature of people in the 1950s seemed to be more conforming

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Intrinsic motivation is one that propels a person to pursue an activity __________.

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for its own sake

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In psychology, instinct approaches to motivation have faded because they lack the goal of __________.

answer

explanation

question

Dr. Cirillo divided her first-period class into two groups. One group had to read 20 pages in a boring psychology text, but would get 2 extra points on the next test. The other group also read 20 pages but were given 25 points added to the next test. The class members were then asked to tell the second-period class how interesting the book was. According to the results of the Festinger and Carlsmith study, what predictions could one make about the remarks of the first-period class?

answer

The first-period class would say the pages were interesting, but the second-period class would say the pages were boring.

question

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs in a higher order need than cognitive needs?

answer

aesthetic needs

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Which statement is consistent with Masters and Johnson's findings?

answer

Many women can have multiple orgasms.

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Which of the following is an example of an avoidance-avoidance conflict?

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A student has to decide whether to turn in an unfinished paper and receiving a failing grade or hand it in late and lose many points.

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Which of the following groups of individuals is LEAST responsible for the increase in AIDS and HIV infection cases in Russia?

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heterosexual men

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Drive-reduction theorists would say that getting a haircut to look attractive is a(n) __________.

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acquired drive

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Which statement reflects the core idea of the facial feedback hypothesis?

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Information from facial muscles intensifies emotional experiences.

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Coping strategies can be either __________-focused or __________-focused in nature.

answer

problem; emotion

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Kim is Vietnamese. Currently she is experiencing stress due to juggling many roles, such as taking care of her children, working full-time, coping with financial difficulties, and attending night school. Kim's culture suggests which of the following to help cope with these many stressors?

answer

consulting a fortune-teller

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When children observe their same-sex parents behaving in certain ways and imitate that behavior, a psychologist uses which theory to explain the situation?

answer

social learning theory

question

You want to visit Argentina, but your attitude about Argentina is changing as you read the news about the kidnappings that have occurred there. Which component of attitude is being affected?

answer

cognitive

question

Which of the following is a criticism of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

answer

There is a lack of scientific support.

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An urgent demand or expectation for our behavior that comes from an outside source is called _________.

answer

pressure

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After we have decided that a certain event is a stressor, we must decide how we will deal with it and what resources are available for coping with the stressor. This process is called __________.

answer

secondary appraisal

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The concept of "comfort food" suggests that eating _________.

answer

may be influenced by emotional factors

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According to Holmes and Rahe, a person who scores over 300 on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale is more likely than people with lower scores to have what kind of experience in the near future?

answer

a higher chance of becoming ill or having an accident

question

Which of the following is correct for people who are high in need for achievement?

answer

They look for careers and hobbies that allow others to evaluate them.

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Jordan is very frustrated because another patron at the bar is talking to the woman with whom Jordan was just dancing. According to Berkowitz's reformulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis, which of the following factors makes Jordan unlikely to lash out in a physically aggressive manner?

answer

The other man is much larger and clearly stronger than Jordan.

question

Which hormone is the primary determinant of whether a baby will develop male or female external genitalia?

answer

testosterone

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A person asks you if you would volunteer to counsel delinquent youths at a detention center for two years. When you refuse, she asks you if you could supervise the youths during a trip to the zoo. She is using the __________ technique.

answer

door-in-the-face

question

How are proximity to others and attraction correlated?

answer

positively correlated

question

The study of the judgments people make as to whether someone else's behavior is due to something about that person or due to the person's situation is called ___________.

answer

attribution theory

question

Shaquilla says that all men are insensitive and unemotional. She is probably expressing a __________.

answer

gender stereotype

question

The advice to "keep it simple, stupid" suggests that political and other messages should be so simple that the audience will understand the content without distractions. This is an example of which type of processing suggested by the elaboration likelihood model?

answer

central-route processing

question

Attitude formulation is the result of a number of influences. What they have in common is that they are all forms of __________.

answer

learning

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The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a particular social group in society is called __________.

answer

social identity

question

John lost his job as a steelworker. However, when seeking new employment, he considers a wide variety of jobs, such as a fighter pilot, teacher, and nurse. Given these choices, a psychologist like Bem might consider John to be _________.

answer

androgynous

question

Which of the following is correct concerning the interaction of culture and food?

answer

American women eat when they are depressed, whereas Japanese women eat because of social demands.

question

The tendency of people to comply with a second, larger request after complying with a small request is called the __________ technique.

answer

foot-in-the-door

question

Masters and Johnson reported that unlike men, women __________.

answer

do not have a refractory period and can achieve many orgasms during a sexual encounter.

question

Based on the studies of girls who were exposed to androgens before birth, which of the following statements is true?

answer

When these girls grew up, they became more typically "female" in their desire for marriage and motherhood.

question

Ethan is an award-winning swimmer. His desire to compete and win is part of his need for _________.

answer

achievement

question

Prejudice is to discrimination as ________.

answer

attitude is to behavior

question

According to Kinsey, what percentage of women reported bisexual experiences?

answer

less than 20 percent

question

What do we call judgments about people, situations, objects, or thoughts?

answer

attitudes

question

Chastity and Shane are fraternal twins, born 17 minutes apart. They go through many of life's trials and tribulations together, but if their developmental schedules hold true to average, Chastity will start going through her pubescent development approximately __________ her brother.

answer

2 years earlier than

question

Expectations about the way men and women behave are called gender __________.

answer

roles

question

The frequent finding that asthmatics often experience shortness of breath concurrently with tremendous anxiety in an example of how emotions and physiological symptoms often occur simultaneously. As such, it supports which of the following theories of emotion?

answer

Cannon-Bard

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When we make situational attributions, we are identifying the cause of an action as something __________.

answer

external

question

Which statement of motivation is TRUE?

answer

Motivation energizes and directs behavior.

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When the teacher was handing out this test, you noticed that your respiration rate and heartbeat increased, your palms got sweaty, and your hand shook a little. Your pretest behaviors were triggered by the __________. Upon completion of the exam, your body returned to its normal state by the way of __________.

answer

sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

question

"We" have all different types of personalities and lots of endearing little quirks, whereas "they" all think and act alike. This assumption would be an example of the cognitive schema called __________.

answer

a stereotype

question

Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. How are these 100 people likely to respond?

answer

The majority would administer 450 volts as instructed.

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The state of tension created by biological needs is called a(n) __________.

answer

drive

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Which of the following illustrates the power of complementary traits?

answer

A dominant women marries a submissive man.

question

Most recent surveys indicate that __________ of men between the ages of 15 and 44 are predominantly homosexual.

answer

9 percent

question

Which theory maintains that emotion is caused by the interaction of physiological changes and the cognitive labeling of the reason for the physical reaction?

answer

cognitive arousal theory

question

All of the following are decision points in helping behavior EXCEPT __________.

answer

diffusion of responsibility

question

Approximately __________ of HIV-positive women in Russia became infected through heterosexual contact with husbands or male lovers.

answer

25%

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A social group of people viewed as competitors, enemies, or different and unworthy of respect is a(n) __________.

answer

out-group

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The tendency of people to comply with a second, lesser request after refusing a larger one is called the __________ technique.

answer

foot-in-the-door

question

Jacob's father has always wanted him to be a lawyer. He has encouraged him to get good grades, graduate college earlier than his peers, and work as hard as he can. Jacob does not care about going to law school, but he does so to please his father. Jacob is responding to _________.

answer

pressure

question

Bobby is a very active 5-year old compared to others in his class. He appears to seek a great deal of stimulation, and is very playful, curious, and explorative. Bobby's seemingly unlearned motives, which are likely to increase stimulation, are called ________.

answer

stimulus motives

question

_________ consists of the physiological changes in the sex organs and reproductive system that occur during adolescence.

answer

Puberty

question

What historical event prompted Jane Elliott to begin the blue eye-brown eye project with her students?

answer

the Vietnam War

question

Anna Nicole weighed about 125 pounds most of her adult life. However, it seemed that whenever Anna Nicole gained weight, it was easy to lose and get back to 125. But when she wanted to go below 125, it took forever, and even the slightest deviation from her diet got her back to 125. What explanation would you give Anna Nicole?

answer

125 pounds is her weight set point. Leave it alone.

question

Which type of love is defined as commitment only?

answer

empty love

question

A person contemplating surgery to alter his or her bodily appearance to that of the opposite sex is thinking about becoming a(n) __________.

answer

transsexual

question

In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome has the body reached the limits of its ability to adapt to stress, which may result in the development of stress-related diseases?

answer

exhaustion

question

A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all group members get the same grade. What social physiological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about?

answer

social loafing

question

According to fMRI images taken when both men and women were erotic images, researchers found that the amygdala and hypothalamus areas of the limbic system were __________.

answer

more strongly active in men than women

question

Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)?

answer

Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $20.

question

Jose's medically ideal weight is 250 pounds. He would be considered to be obese when and if he weighed __________ pounds.

answer

300

question

Problematic functioning of which of the following hormones can lead to overeating?

answer

adrenalin

question

nAch is an abbreviation for __________.

answer

need for achievement

question

__________ can vary from culture and are socially acceptable ways of showing emotion in public settings.

answer

Display rules

question

Sexual __________ refers to enduring sexual attraction towards members of one's own sex, the other sex, or both.

answer

orientation

question

Experiments showing the affects of group pressure on conformity were conducted by __________.

answer

Asch

question

Mary just received a traffic ticket but decided it is not worth being upset about. Mary just made a __________.

answer

primary appraisal

question

The first systematic surveys of sexual behavior were conducted in the 1950s by __________.

answer

Alfred Kinsey

question

Individuals who choose to neither maintain contact with their original culture, nor join the majority culture, are considered __________.

answer

marginalized

question

The stress resulting from the need to change and adapt to the dominant, or majority, culture is called __________.

answer

acculturative stress

question

Which theory of emotion states that your body reacts before you experience an emotion?

answer

Janes-Lange

question

Women may pay more attention to the tone and emotion of statements than men because they listen with ___________ of the brain.

answer

the left hemisphere

question

Drives that are learned through experience are called __________ drives.

answer

acquired

question

According to Kinsey, what percentage of males reported masturbating?

answer

92 percent

question

One conclusion of much of the research on media and violence is that __________.

answer

aggressive children tend to watch violent TV more than nonaggressive children

question

According to Maslow, the motive of self-actualization makes one want __________.

answer

to fulfill one's inborn potential

question

Which of the following traits is associated with people who live to be very old?

answer

being easygoing

question

Things that attract or lure people to action are __________.

answer

incentives

question

Which of the following examples best represents the Yerkes-Dodson Law?

answer

Dan plays his best games when they mean the most to the team and his arousal is moderately high.

question

Membership in a religious organization and regular attendance at religious functions __________.

answer

can be a vital part of a person's social support system

question

The idea that bodily arousal and the experience of emotion arise in tandem forms the essence of __________.

answer

Cannon-Bard theory

question

According to research, the majority of gay or bisexual college men report that they first became aware of their sexual orientation in __________.

answer

middle school

question

Seeing a snake, and then simultaneously running away from it and becoming frightened, is the sequence of events postulated by __________ theory.

answer

the Cannon-Bard

question

Roberta is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate. Based on what she has read about him, she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. In fact, she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign. Her trust of the candidate represents the ______ component of her attitude toward him.

answer

affective

question

Research on the effects of stress on the immune system suggests which of the following?

answer

Suppression of immune system functioning by stress can apparently continue even after the stress is over.

question

Which external factors might increase the likelihood of experiencing high levels of stress according to your textbook?

answer

noisy environments

question

What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, with no anticipation of reward?

answer

altruism

question

"I think I'm afraid; therefore, I am afraid." Name the theory of emotion that this statement characterizes.

answer

cognitive arousal theory

question

Physical arousal has to be interpreted cognitively before it is experienced as a specific emotion, according to __________.

answer

Schachter and Singer

question

Which is an example of a facial feedback hypothesis?

answer

making yourself smile, then finding your mood is more positive

question

The two areas of the hypothalamus which appear to be related to eating behavior as a result of controlling the level of glucose in the body are called the __________ and the __________.

answer

ventromedial hypothalamus; lateral hypothalamus

question

According to the drive-reduction theory, what occurs each time a behavior results in drive reduction?

answer

Tension is reduced.

question

"Children observe the world around them and develop mental concepts to represent the concepts of male and female. They then develop a concept of their own gender, and adjust their behaviors to be consistent with that concept." This statement is the foundation of __________ theory.

answer

gender schema

question

Which division of the nervous system is working when we experience emotions?

answer

sympathetic division of the nervous system

question

"Out of sight, out of mind" is a cliche that is consistent with the __________ rule of interpersonal attraction.

answer

proximity

question

As the week draws to a close, Nancy reviews the lessons she gave to her students, thinks about the papers she has graded and returned, and speculates on the exam that she wrote to give on Monday morning. Which stage of the GTD model is Nancy currently engaging in?

answer

fourth stage

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