PS 195z – Space – Flashcards
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What is the goal of science?
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To understand our physical surroundings on how it works.
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How does science play a role in your everyday life
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asking questions -making observations -conclusion
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How might the ancient Greek philosopher Plato, a medieval scholar at Oxford, and the Italian scientist Galileo have differed in the importance each placed on the role of rational processes, observations and received wisdom in the study of nature?
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Plato argued human are blind (watching shadows in a cave till the picture is fully seen) Galileo stated humans are fully capable of discovering new advances in science themselves.
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How is observation different from imagination
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Observation is when we use our eyes and observe something without changing it in anyway. Imagination is when we assume something on how it works.
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What are the roles of observation and measurement in the identification of the patterns in nature?
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Observing is when get a sense of how nature behaves. Measurements provide a exact description when something something's and how often.
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Why is mathematics considered the "language of science"
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Mathematics is a concise language that allows them to communicate their results in compact form and often as a added benefit allows them to make very precise predictions about expected outcomes of experiment or observations.
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What are the branches of science? How do they relate to the "web of knowledge"?
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Physics, chemistry, astronomy, geology, biology everything is connected
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Describe the steps of the scientific method
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Observation, hypothesis, hypothesis testing, empirical law, theory
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Describe the roles of hypotheses, theories, and predictions in the scientific method
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Hypothesis- a tentative guess about how the world works, based on a summary of experimental or observational results and phrased so that it can be tested by experimentation Prediction- a guess about how a particular system will be heave, followed by observations to see if the system did behave as expected within a specific range of situations Theory- A description of the world that covers a relatively large number of phenomena and has met many observational and experiemntal test.
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Describe the difference between an observation and an experiment
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Observation- we observe nature without manipulating it Experiment- we manipulate some aspect of nature and observe the outcome
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Why might the term scientific cycle be a good substitute for scientific method?
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The scientific method is a endless cycle that never stops collecting information. Science there is no final answers
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What "over reaching" are accepted by all scientist
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laws of nature
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Describe the difference between basic and applied research. Give examples of basic and applied research that might be undertaken in the fields of transportation and health
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Basic research- studying the behavior of distant stars, obscure life form, rare minerals, or subatomic particles Applied research- type of research performed by scientist with specific and particle goals in mind. This research is often translated into practical system by large scale research
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In what ways do scientist communicate with their colleagues? Why is peer view and communication amongst researchers an essential ingredient in scientific progress?
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Basic communications, meetings, writing Peer review- a system by which the editor of a scientific journal submits manuscripts considered for publications to a panel of knowledge scientist who, in confidence, evaluate the manuscripts for mistakes, misstatements, or procedure. After decide to publish or ask for a redo
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Describe the steps a scientist would take to obtain funding for a research project. What sources of funds might be available? What role would peer review play in the process?
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Grant proposal (outline) Review by scientist (10%-40% chance of being successful) Funds- national science foundation and the US government Peer review is important to make sure the project can work before wasting all of the american taxpayer money.
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With what anicent science is stonehenge associated ?
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passage of time, calender. Astronomy
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Would stonehenge have been of value if the universes was unpredictable?
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No there would be no way for those people to tell when to harvest and keep track of time. Stonehege era was only useful by close observation of the stars that needed to be predictable
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Why was the ptolemaic system accpeted as an explanation of celestial motion for over a thousand years? what did it explain?
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ptolemaic system explained that the earth was the center of the universe. Answering the uneven sky changes. Copernicus system the sun is the center of the universe.
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What were Tycho Brahe principle contributions to science? how did he try to resolve the question of the structure of the universe?
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He developed a aiming scope. Putting plaents in quadarnts. His end result he knew where exactly where the planets were. Rotating spheres the planets moved in
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What was Kepler role in interpreting Tycho Brahe data?
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Kepler took brahe data and turned into 3 mathematical statements about the solar system 1st law- all planets including earth orbit the sun elliptical not circular paths. Planets run elliptical around the sun
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How did Galileo apply the scientific method to his study of falling objects?
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he observed hypotheized predict emprical laws and came up with a conclusion. After 2 secs it double after 3 it triples
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According to Newton what are the two kinds of motion in the universe? how did this view differ from those of previous scholars?
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Newton first law- A moving object will contine moving in a straight line at a constant speed, and a stationary object will remain at rest unless pushed. Netwon second law- the accleartion produced on a body by a force is proptional to the magnitude of the force and inversely proptional to the mass of the object Netwon third law- for every action there is a opposite reaction scholars felt if the object is perfectly round will continue moving unless interefed. Newton two different kinds of motion uniform motion and force
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Why is gravity called a universal force?
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gravity is everywhere we go.
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What is the difference between the constant g and G?
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constant g expresses the number of two masses of two objects and their seperation g- accleration
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What similarities did Newton see between the moon and the apple
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both the moon and the apple were both being affected by gravity and force.
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What is the difference between weight and mass?
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Mass- matter in the object weight- the force of the gravity of the obect
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How does velocity differ from speed? what are quantities that involve both speed and direction called?
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speed- the distance the object travles diveded by the time it takes to travel that distance velocity the distance the object travles divided by the time it takes to travle that distance, inlcuding the direction of travel.
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What is the scientific definition of work? how does it differ from ordinary english usage
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work- is done whenever a force is exerted over a distance everything we do requires work
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What is a joule? what is the english system of units equivalent of a joule?
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The amount of work done when u exert a force of one newton through a distance of one meter . 1 joule of work= force (newtons) x distance (meters)
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What is the difference between energy and power? what is a unit of power? how does speed relate to power?
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Energy- the ability to work Power- provides a measure of both the amount of work done and the time it takes to do that work P= W/T Power is required for an object to travel at any speed. No power no speed.
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How do mass and speed relate to kinetic energy?
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Kinetic energy is moving objects Speed is related with helping the objects move Mass is related by how far the object will move
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what is the relationship between heat, energy, and motion
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energy- the ablity to work heat- the amount of kinetic energy in an object motion- the ability to move all three are required to form movement
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Explain how a sound is actually a form of energy. In what medium do waves travel?
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Sound wave is molecules in the are set in motion and the energy of the sound wave is assoicted with kinetic energy.
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What does it mean to say that different from or energy are interchangable
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every form of energy in the universe is transfered into a different kind of energy
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What is a trophic level? give some examples. How much energy is lost at each trophic level?
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Trophic leve- all organisms that get their energy from the same source animals that eat plants first level- plants getting energy from sunlight second level- animals that eat plants third- animals that eat other animals
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Does the total amount of energy in an isloated system change over time? why or why not?
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No the energy will be trapped over time
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How did the discovery that mass is a form of energy resolve the debate over earth age?
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Rocks hold mass that held radioactivity
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Explain what it means to say "energy flow through earth"
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solar and wind energy are constantly flowing through the earth giving us a endless supply of energy.
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What does the term "nature direction" mean? what accounts for the directionality that we see in the universe around us?
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is the behavior the minute particles called atoms and molecules that form all materials.heat
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What is a specific heat capacity? which heats more quickly? a kilgram of water or a kilogram of copper? why?
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measure of the ablity of a materail to absorb heat and is defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the tmperature of one gram of that material by 1 C. Kilogram of water it absorbs 10 times as much energy then copper does
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What are the three different ways by which heat is transferred? how are these three phenomna occuring while you are reading this book?
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Conduction- workough the action of chemical bonds convection- the transfer of heat through fluids Radaition- the transfer of heat by electromagnetic radaition
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What is the difference between teperature and heat?
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Temperature- a quantity that reflects how vigorously atoms are moving and colliding in a material heat- the transfer of energy
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What is thermal conductivity? what makes a good conductor of heat? a good insulator?
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Themal conducivity- the ablity of a material to transfer heat energy from one molecule to the next by conduction. Metal good conductor of heat Wood good insulator
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Is there a directionality to the flow of heat?
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YES
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What forms of energy can travel across the vastness of space?
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Radaition
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Describe three common temperature scales? what fixed points are used to calibrate them?
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State the second law of thermodynamics in three different ways. In what ways are these three statements equal
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1. heat will not flow from a cold to a hot body 2. you cannot construct a enegine that does nothing but convert heat to useful work 3. every isloated system becomes more disordered with time
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What is the high-temperature reservior in your car enegine? what is the low-temperature reservior?
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gas mixture- high temperature heat being dumped- low temperature
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What is entropy? Can the entropy of an isloated system decrease? if so how?
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Entropy- the thermodynamic quantity that desrvie the degree of randomness of a system. No
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Why is it impossible to construct an engine that does nothing but convert heat to useful work?
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The engine will over heat
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In what way is aging an example of the second law of thermodynamics?
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you can not take back the years that already have passed
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What is meant by the "heat death" of the universes?
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