Programming – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
.Net framework
answer
It provides language interoperability, Programs execute in a common language runtime environment.
question
.Net framework provides
answer
security, memory management and exception handling
question
What is contained in .Net frameowrk
answer
CLR and class library
question
What does .Net framework base class library provide
answer
It provides user interface, data access, database connectivity, cryptography, web application development, numeric algorithms, and network communications
question
ASP.Net MVC frameowrk
answer
Based on ASP.NET, it allows software developers to build a web Based on ASP.Net it allows software developers to develop a web application as a composition of three roles: Model, View and Controller. A model represents the state of a particular aspect of the application. A controller handles interactions and updates the model to reflect a change in state of the application, and then passes information to the view. A view accepts necessary information from the controller and renders a user interface to display that information
question
Java
answer
WORA
question
WORA
answer
Write once run anywhere, platform independent
question
JRE
answer
Java Runtime Environment
question
JVM
answer
Java Virtual machine
question
How is Java made portable
answer
This is achieved by compiling the Java language code to an intermediate representation called Java bytecode, instead of directly to platform-specific machine code
question
Dennis Ritchie
answer
Developed C (AT&T Bell Labs)
question
James Gosling
answer
Developed Java (Sun Microsystems)
question
What is common about C#, D, Go, Java, JavaScript, Limbo, LPC, Perl, PHP, Python, and Unix's C shell
answer
All derive from C
question
Intermediate level language
answer
C++
question
Who developed C++
answer
Bjarne Stroustrup
question
What does C++ have?
answer
The language began as enhancements to C, first adding classes, then virtual functions, operator overloading, multiple inheritance, templates and exception handling, among other features
question
What does signature define?
answer
It defines the inputs and outputs for a function, subroutine or method.
question
What does public mean in public static void main(String args[])
answer
It indicates that the main() method can be called by any object
question
What does static mean in public static void main(String args[])
answer
Static indicates that the main() method is a class method
question
What does void mean in public static void main(String args[])
answer
Void indicates that the main() method has no return value
question
Virtual function
answer
It is a function or method whose behavior can be overridden within an inheriting class by a function with the same signature
question
What is parametric polymorphism
answer
It allows a function or a data type to be written generically, so that it can handle values identically without depending on their type. Parametric polymorphism is a way to make a language more expressive, while still maintaining full static type-safety.
question
What is subtyping polymorphism
answer
It allows a function to be written to take an object of a certain type T, but also work correctly if passed an object that belongs to a type S that is a subtype of T.
question
Data handling differences b/w traditional & OOP
answer
Data in OOP is tied within the methods whereas its globally available in traditional programs so bugs could have wide ranging consequences
question
Traditional programming
answer
That used to be just a long list of tasks (subroutines) before OOP came
question
OOP
answer
A programming paradigm that represents concepts as "objects" that have data fields and associated procedures known as methods. Objects, which are usually instances of classes, are used to interact with one another to design applications and computer programs.
question
Modular programming
answer
Is focused on the function of a module, rather than specifically the data and provided for code reuse and self-sufficient reusable units of programming logic, enabling collaboration through the use of linked modules (subroutines).
question
OOP can be of types
answer
class based programming or prototype based programming
question
Instance based programming
answer
Is another name for prototype based OOP
question
Examples of Prototype based languages
answer
ECMAScript, JavaScript, JScript and Flash's ActionScript 1.0, Cecil, NewtonScript, Io, MOO, REBOL, and Lisaac.
question
Which was the first prototype based language
answer
Self
question
Who developed the first prototype based language
answer
David Ungar & Randall Smith
question
An object is
answer
an instance of a class
question
Classes contain definitions of
answer
Structure and behavior of objects
question
A method is
answer
definition in a class on how an object should behave
question
An object carries
answer
the data
question
A class doesn't
answer
carry the data
question
Class based programming model
answer
In this model, classes act as collections of behavior (methods) and structure that are the same for all instances, whereas instances carry the objects' data. The role distinction is thus primarily based on a distinction between structure and behavior on the one hand, and state on the other.
question
Difference b/w class based & prototype based programming
answer
Advocates of prototype-based programming often argue that class-based languages encourage a model of development that focuses first on the taxonomy and relationships between classes. In contrast, prototype-based programming is seen as encouraging the programmer to focus on the behavior of some set of examples and only later worry about classifying these objects into archetypal objects that are later used in a fashion similar to classes.
question
Prototype based languages encourage what
answer
Changes to prototypes at runtime.
question
Very few class based languages encourage changes to what
answer
To classes at runtime
question
When is a language dynamically typed
answer
When the majority of its type checking is performed at run-time as opposed to at compile-time
question
In dynamically typed languages who has the type?
answer
In such type of typing, values have types, but variables do not; that is, a variable can refer to a value of any type
question
What are prototype based programming systems based on
answer
Almost all such systems are based on interpreted and dynamically typed languages
question
What is common among Objective-C, Python, Perl, or Ruby?
answer
These are class based OOP languages that allow classes to be altered at runtime
question
Fundamental features of an OOP language are
answer
Dynamic dispatch, encapsulation, subtype polymorphism, object inheritance and open recursion
question
Dynamic dispatch in OOP means what
answer
When a method is invoked on an object, the object itself determines what code gets executed by looking up the method at run time in a table associated with the object. This feature distinguishes an object from an abstract data type (or module), which has a fixed (static) implementation of the operations for all instances.
question
Encapsulation in OOP sense means what
answer
Access to data by an object can be public or private
question
Languages designed mainly for OO programming, but with some procedural elements are
answer
C++, Java, C#, VB.NET, Python.
question
Languages that are historically procedural languages, but have been extended with some OO features are
answer
Pascal,Visual Basic , Fortran, Perl, COBOL 2002, PHP, ABAP
question
Python, Ruby & Groovy are examples of what
answer
Dynamic languages built on OOP principles
question
When can a language be called dynamic language
answer
When it is possible to easily implement features with a language like adding code, extending objects, or modifying type system at runtime
question
The formal programming concept of objects was first introduced in which language
answer
Simula 67
question
Simula was developed by
answer
Ole-Johan Dahl & Kristen Nygaard
question
Functional programming
answer
In functional code, the output value of a function depends only on the arguments that are input to the function, so calling f(x) twice results in exactly same result. The focus here is on "application of functions" and not "changes in state". e.g LISP
question
Imperative programming
answer
The focus here is on "change in state". The output value of an imperative function depends not only on the arguments that are input to the function but also on the program state.
question
Who developed LISP
answer
John McCarthy for IBM 700/7000 series in 1950s
question
Who introduced the term OOP
answer
Alan Kay while developing Smalltalk at Xerox PARC in 1070s
question
Which were the main OOP languages in 90s when OOP really took off
answer
FoxPro 3.0, C++ and Delphi. It's association with GUI was the main reason that OOP took off big time
question
Who developed C#
answer
Microsoft for it's .NET platform. Anders Hejlsberg leads the team.
question
Java and JavaScript are similar in what respects
answer
JavaScript copies many names and naming conventions from Java, but the two languages are otherwise unrelated and have very different semantics
question
JavaScript is what type of language
answer
JavaScript is a prototype-based scripting language that is dynamic, weakly typed, and has first-class functions
question
What was the original reason behind development of JavaScript
answer
JavaScript (JS) is an interpreted computer programming language.It was originally implemented as part of web browsers so that client-side scripts could interact with the user, control the browser, communicate asynchronously, and alter the document content that was displayed
question
JavaScript was developed by
answer
Brendan Eich at Netscape in mid 1990s (BEiJoS = kiss)
question
JavaScript is now popular as
answer
server-side scripting language as well, especially with node.js
question
JScript
answer
Is Microsoft's implementation of JavaScript
question
Differences b/w Java & JavaScript
answer
Java has static typing; JavaScript's typing is dynamic (meaning a variable can hold an object of any type and cannot be restricted). JavaScript is weakly typed while Java is strongly typed. Java is loaded from compiled bytecode; JavaScript is loaded as human-readable source code. Java's objects are class-based; JavaScript's are prototype-based. JavaScript also has many functional programming features based on the Scheme language.
question
AJAX stands for
answer
Asynchronous JavaScript and XML
question
What is Ajax needed for
answer
With Ajax, web applications can send data to, and retrieve data from, a server asynchronously (in the background) without interfering with the display and behavior of the existing page. Data can be retrieved using the XMLHttpRequest object.
question
What was Microsoft contribution to developing Ajax
answer
In the 1990s, most web sites were based on complete HTML pages. Each user action required that the page be reloaded from the server (or a new page loaded). This process was inefficient, as reflected by the user experience: all page content disappeared then reappeared. n 1996, the iframe tag was introduced by Internet Explorer to load content asynchronously.In 1998, Microsoft Outlook Web Access team implemented the first component XMLHTTP by client script. In 1999, Microsoft utilized its iframe technology to dynamically update the news stories and stock quotes on the default page for Internet Explorer,[3] and created the XMLHTTP ActiveX control in Internet Explorer 5, which was later adopted by Mozilla, Safari, Opera and other browsers as the XMLHttpRequest JavaScript object.
question
Different programming types
answer
traditional programming, OOP, modular programming, class based programming, prototype based programming, instance based programming, intermediate language, functional programming, imperative programming, scripting language, domain specific language
question
Scripting language
answer
A scripting language or script language is a programming language that supports the writing of scripts, programs written for a special runtime environment that can interpret and automate the execution of tasks which could alternatively be executed one-by-one by a human operator. A scripting language can be written "on the fly", has simple rules, is interpreted from source code and can be written in light weight desktop environment
question
Python
answer
This is a general-purpose, high-level programming language whose design philosophy emphasizes code readability. Its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than would be possible in languages such as C, and the language provides constructs intended to enable clear programs on both a small and large scale. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative and functional programming styles. It features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management and has a large and comprehensive standard library.
question
Python was developed by
answer
Guido van Rossum in Netherlands at CWI
question
Perl
answer
It is a family of high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming languages. In addition to CGI, a version of this language is used for graphics programming, system administration, network programming, finance, bioinformatics, and other applications. It's nicknamed "the Swiss Army chainsaw of scripting languages" because of its flexibility and power, and possibly also because of its perceived "ugliness". In 1998, it was also referred to as the "duct tape that holds the Internet together", in reference to its ubiquity and perceived inelegance. it's overall structure derives broadly from C. It is procedural in nature, with variables, expressions, assignment statements, brace-delimited blocks, control structures, and subroutines.
question
Perl was developed by
answer
Larry Wall in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier while working at Unisys
question
Duct tape of internet
answer
Perl
question
Ruby
answer
This is a dynamic, reflective, general-purpose object-oriented programming language that combines syntax inspired by Perl with Smalltalk-like features. It was also influenced by Eiffel and Lisp. It was first designed and developed in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto in Japan. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including functional, object oriented and imperative. It also has a dynamic type system and automatic memory management; it is therefore similar in varying respects to Smalltalk, Python, Perl, Lisp, Dylan, and CLU.
question
ABAP
answer
Advanced business application programming developed by SAP. Its syntax is similar to COBOL.
question
Objective-C
answer
This is a general-purpose, high-level, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language. It is the main programming language used by Apple for the OS X and iOS operating systems and their respective APIs, Cocoa and Cocoa Touch.
question
PHP
answer
This is a server-side scripting language designed for web development but also used as a general-purpose programming language. It is now installed on more than 244 million websites and 2.1 million web servers.
question
LISP
answer
Originally specified in 1958, this is the second-oldest high-level programming language in widespread use today; only Fortran is older (by one year). It quickly became the favored programming language for artificial intelligence (AI) research. As one of the earliest programming languages, It pioneered many ideas in computer science, including tree data structures, automatic storage management, dynamic typing, conditionals, higher-order functions, recursion, and the self-hosting compiler.
