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wild

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Free ranging, untamed, unexploited, untouched, non-domesticated

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wildlife

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interaction of wild animals, wild animals

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management

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game commission, organization of assets, control, facilitation

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wildlife management

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application of ecological knowledge to population of vertebrates and their plant and animals associates in a manner that strikes a balance between the needs of those populations and the needs of people

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husbandry

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management of domestic animals

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preservation

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letting the natural system alone. this is the building philosophy of many natural parks

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conservation

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to maintain and use natural resources wisely. In general, the idea is maintain the resource in perpetuity

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Era of Abundance (1600-1850)

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Wildlife numbers are high Wilderness areas are abundant perception of untamed bounty fear of predators is high

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Era Exploration and Over Exploitation (1850-1900)

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wildlife decline was due to repeating firearms, railroads, markets, overexploitation, and hunting for non game species

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Horace Greeley

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Founder of NY Tribute Founder of the Liberal Republican Party Go west, young, go west

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The Boone and Crockett Club

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formed by teddy Roosevelt a coalition of conservationist and sportsmen concerned with the need to address the issues that affect hunting, wildlife, and wild habitat

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Organic Act

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passed 1897 stated that national forests were reserved for two reasons 1. to maintain favorable conditions for water flows 2. to ensure a continuous supply of timber (nothing specific about wildlife)

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Gifford Pinchot

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1.appointed chief division of forestry 2.founding father of American conservation because of his great and unrelenting concern for the protection of the American forests 3.repbulican governor of PA

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Era of Preservation and Production (1900-1930)

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- American public realizes over exploitation was the principle cause of wildlife decline in US - Most states establish fish and game department - Many state/federal laws enacted

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Lacy Act

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-Federal law passed which prohibited the interstate transportation of illegally taken wildlife a federal offense and established formal regulations on imported wildlife species -the original act was directed more at the preservation of game and wild birds by making it a federal crime to poach game in one state with the purpose of selling it in another

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Pelican Island Fl

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First bird reservation established by Roosevelt and Muir

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Weeks-Mclean Act of 1912

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Gave federal government authority over waterfowl, including close seasons and set bad limits

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Migratory Bird Treaty Act 1918

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Us and Canada: protects birds, including waterfowl that migrated between two countries

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Migratory Bird Conservation Act 1929

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Established national refuges for the enhancement of waterfowl

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Era of Harvest and Habitat Management (1930-1965)

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-Period in North America gave birth to the science of wildlife conservation and management -specific programs were developed to understand the relationship between wildlife and their habitat

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Blue Ribbon Committee

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Composed of Aldo Leopold, Jay Norwood, Ding Darling, and Thomas Beck, They wrote Ducks in Trouble

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Aldo Leopold

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- Father of Wildlife Management -Professor of Forestry at university of Wisconsin -published "game management" which was the first look to explore the basic skills and techniques of WLM, creating a new science that combined forestry, agriculture, biology, zoology, ecology, and education

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Ding Darling

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-Political Cartoonist -Director of Bureau of Biological Survey, the precursor to the US and Fish WL service

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Duck stamp

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- $1 -designed by ding darling - provided financial foundation for migratory waterfowl protection

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pittman-Robertson act

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provides a tax on hunting equipment and goes into a fund. The money collected is

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Bald eagle protection act of 1940

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first federal statue made it illegal to kill or possess any part of a bald eagle

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The Wilderness Act

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designated 9.1 million acres as wilderness in 13 states

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Era of Environmental Awareness (1965-now)

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-environmental awareness increased -president Kennedy called for testing of chemicals -Carson has been called the "mother of modern environment movement"

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value

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something that holds meaning to you, internally

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valuable

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something everybody considered high importance

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naturalistic attitude

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attraction toward wildlife wildlife is viewed as wildlife pets are inferior to wild animals ex)bird waters, taming wild animals is something you shouldn't do

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ecologistic attitude

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more intellectual, similar sentiment as naturalistic nature viewed as system of interdependent parts interested in protecting the environment for sake of humans ex)pa game commission, game management

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humanistic attitude

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personal affection of individuals, especially pets extends empathy for pet and animals and the well being of all animals ex) bets

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moralistic attitude

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well fare of animals both as pets and as wild animals ex) PETA, activist groups

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scientistic

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objective, intellectual perspective of animals animals are viewed as physical objects of study animals are a means to acquire knowledge ex)research scientists, geneticists, biologist

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aesthethic

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emotional detachment to animals, but view animals with symbolic properties ex) fly fishing, fox hunting

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utilitarian

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practical or profitable qualities ex)meat hunters, fisherman

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dominionistic

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view wildlife with a sense of superiority feel the need to dominate wild animals ex)bull fighting, dog training, rodeos

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negativistic

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avoid animals, dislike animals fear animals, and often superstitious ex) black cats, fangs, venom

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neutralistic

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completely uninterested, passive avoidance due to indifference

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two types of value

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1. consumptive 2. nonconsumptive

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non consumptive- recreational

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money spent pursuing wildlife for sport or hobbies ex) whale watching

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non consumptive- social

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social benefits derived from wildlife or form organizations associated with wildlife ex) pheasants forever

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non consumptive- aesthetic

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benefit people get from the beauty of wildlife ex) bird watching

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non consumptive- scientific/ecosystem

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benefits we get from studying wildlife. the more organisms there are in a system the more stable it is.

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consumptive value

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animals can be removed from there habitats and consumed for meat, hides, oil, plumage, and other goods

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Gross Expenditure Method (GEM)

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- equates value of hunting/fishing activity with the total dollars spent to participate in the activity -estimate the total number of animals in an area and divide by the cost to view or hunt them -easy to calculate -cant be used to predict value if management plan changes or to generate consumer demand curve -hard to capture money spent on used firearms, cash transactions, or barters

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Travel Cost Method

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- generates demand curve by determining how many people would visit a site or participate in an activity given the cost of traveling a certain distance -includes price for fuel and distance traveled - does not include price for guns, licenses, ammo, food, or lodging - used to assess the value of parks, lakes, and similar public areas

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contingent valuation method

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surveys people and asks them how much they are willing to pay to participate in wildlife related activities (aka biding game) - license fees - park access fees -"willingness to pay"

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mitigation

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economic unit is not money but habitat - habitat units are calculated using a system known as the habitat evaluation procedure (HEP)

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HSI models

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allow us to make prediction/projections -is a numerical index that represents the capacity of a given habitat to support a selected species

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mitigation valuation

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some agencies require more than a 1:1 ratio between impact and restoration

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biopolitics

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involves the interaction of the biological aspects of natural resource conservation wildlife a variety political factors such as economic, legal, and social forces

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conservation directory

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-published by the national wildlife federation publishes each year -contains information on local, state, federal, international organizations dealing with a wide array of natural resource concerns

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US department of interior

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-DOI is the nation's principle conservation agency -mission is to protect America's treasures for future generations and to conserve/protect fish and wildlife -500 million acres of land

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US fish and wildlife service

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-manages over 150 million acres of national wildlife refuge system -operates 70 national fish hatcheries and 86 ecological services field stations -enforces federal wildlife laws, administers the endangered species act, manages migratory bird populations -restores nationally significant fisheries, conserves and restores wildlife habitats, and helps foreign governments with conservation efforts

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USGS

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biological resource division works with others to provide the scientific understanding and technologies needed to support the sound management and conservation of out nations biological resources

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National Park Services

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-has oversight into nation parks, seashores, national monuments and other properties of national significance for their recreational, historical, and natural values -coordinate the wild and scenic river and national trail systems

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Bureau of Land Management

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- to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations - manages over 245 million acres of land -majority is in western USA

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US department of agriculture

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-founded by president Lincoln -"peoples department"

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natural resources conservation service

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-is responsible for all soil and water conservation programs that were previously carried out by the Soil Conservation Service -Stream bank fencing and soil erosion programs

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CREP (Conservation Reserve Enhancement Programs)

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pay farmers to keep certain pieces of land out of crops or grazing to try to improve farm land

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APHIS

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animal and plant health inspection service

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PA game commission

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-manages and generates money from -- state game lands timber, mineral, and gas rev. --federal excise tax on sporting arms and ammo (Pittman/Robertson fund)

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Department of Conservation and National resources

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-established july 1st 1995 -maintains and reserves 116 state parks

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Department of Environmental Protection

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- protects PA's air, land, and water from pollution and to provide for the health and safety of its citizens through a cleaner environment

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state rights doctrine

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state have authority over wildlife that resides in their boundaries

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tragedy of commons

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poor management and overuse of resource becomes valueless

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common law

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it is the right of a landowner to prevent access for hunting and fishing on his/her property

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native treaties

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indigenous people, when they are on their land, are allowed to hunt/fish how they see fit

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CITIES (Conservation on International Trade and Endangered Species)

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an international agreement between government appendix 1= species threatened with extinction appendix 2=species not necessarily threatened with extinction but need to be protected appendix 3= species that are protected in at least 1 country

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