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What is Horticulture?

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(Plants, plant growing) Definition: Hortis- "garden", cultura- "culture" • Learn only about plants that we either use or eat Definition- Horticulture is the science and art of producing nutritious food for the body, like fruits nuts and vegetables, and beautiful food for the soul. • Horticulture crops are more labor intensive • Discipline of *range management* plans, mesquite trees, grass not horticulture plants. Cotton is a discipline of *agronomy* is not a horticulture crop. We don't eat them, • Horticulture crop examples, tomatoes, cacti using as a plant at home, azalas, hedges or shrubs, peach trees, apple trees, medical marijuana, turf grass used in a yard, or any plant used in your landscape.

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Horticulture vs. other ag. disciplines

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Horticulture crops are more intensively managed, meaning they need more care. They have a higher labor input making them require more money to grow in general. We do this because in the end there is a higher gross return, or profit. • Acre of cotton vs. acre of geraniums in a garden- geraniums are a flowering plant, cotton is a cash crop. • 1 acre = 43,560 sq ft. o Selling cotton, as of Friday, cotton is sold for 1$ a pound. Average 700 pounds per acre= 700$ minus bills. o Selling geraniums, 4 inch. 4 plants in 1 sq foot with no walking room. 75 percent of a greenhouse are plants, 25 is benches and walkways. 174,240 plants fill 1 acre x 75% 130,680 plants and sell for 1$ a plant=130,680$ for 1 acre. Will you make the full price? • No, you have to pay for inputs like equipment, water, fertilizer, geraniums require a container unlike cotton and more water and more soil, greenhouse. Lots of labor, each plant has to be managed individually (more intensively managed) Difference between horticulture and other disciplines- fresh or living materials, other disciplines are processed first eg wheat turned into bread before being sold.

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Forestry

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the science of planting and taking care of trees, also a discipline

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Agronomy

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the productions of field crops, these crops are primarily used for fiber, feed, and fuel. A discipline.

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Range management

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the management of "wild lands" or native lands. Either wild life present, or to feed some sort of grazing animal.

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Viticulture

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(Studies within Horticulture) study of grapes for wine production

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Enology

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(Studies within Horticulture) study of wine or wine making

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Floriculture

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(Studies within Horticulture) study of flowering plants

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Pomology

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(Studies within Horticulture) study of fruit and fruit production

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Olericulture

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(Studies within Horticulture) study of vegetable and vegetable production

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Greenhouse management

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(Studies within Horticulture) study of managing a greenhouse

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Turf grass management

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(Studies within Horticulture) study of turf grass, not all grasses.

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Floral design

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(Studies within Horticulture) study of floral arrangements.

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Nursery management

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(Studies within Horticulture) study of nursery management, nursery is growing smaller plants outdoors instead of in a greenhouse.

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Aboriculture

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(Studies within Horticulture) study of trees.

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Landscape Architecture

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(Studies within Horticulture) landscape management, using plants in landscape.

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Interiorscaping

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(Studies within Horticulture) interior design w/ plants *ie. hotel lobbies etc.

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Horticulture Therapy

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(Studies within Horticulture) Using plants for therapy/healing humans

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Ag Tourism

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(Studies within Horticulture) making money off of agriculturally-based attractions *ie. christmas-tree farms/arboretums.

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The word "hortus" means _______.

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Garden

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What are things you would not be able to do today without horticulture?

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-wine/spirit making -food production -medical research

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Scientific Classification: Which Kingdom?

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Plant

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Scientific Classification: Which Division?

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Tracheophyta (seed bearing plants)

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Scientific Classification: Which Classes?

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Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (Angiosperms only can be broken down into subclasses, monocots and dicots)

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Scientific Classification: Which Subclasses?

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Monocots and Dicots

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Scientific Classification: Which Order?

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*many*

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Scientific Classification: Which Family?

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Often ends in aceae, often behave the same within the families

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Scientific Classification: Which Genera (Genus)?

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*many*

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Scientific Classification: Which Species?

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*many*

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Who is the Father of Taxonomy

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Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) • Came up with the binomial naming system • Based on sexual parts of the plants

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Angiosperm (more common) vs. Gymnosperm

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Angiosperms: -Covered seed -Flowering plant -Broad leaf -*ie. peach tree, cotton Gymnosperms: -Naked seeds -Cone bearing -Needle or Awl like leaf -*ie. cedar, evergreen, pine

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Monocots vs Dicots (angiosperms only)

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Monocots: -Parallel venation (veins) -Flower parts in multiples of 3 -One cotyledon (1 seed leaf) -Vascular bundles scattered (streaks in broken branch) -only 1 monocot tree known (ginko tree) -*ie. turfgrass Dicots (most plants) -nettled venation (veins) -Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 -two cotyledons -vascular bundles in a ring (rings in a broken branch) -*ie most trees, roses, most plants

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Cultivar vs Variety

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Cultivar: -Man made -Remain genetically true -*ie rose, altered to make an improvement like more color, broader leaf etc. -just add "Cultivar" at the end of the name Variety: -Found in nature -*ie improvements made in nature -Apple found in nature called red delicious that was more red and tastier than other apples, not altered by man but by nature.

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Binomials Nomenclature

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• Genus species or Genus species (must be underline or italicized) • Authority sometimes follows species Abbreviations of scientist who named species • variety or variety immediately after species *never capitalized* • 'Cultivar' after variety if both are present *first letter capitalized and in single quotes* • sp. Vs. spp. Examples: Gledistsia-Genus triacanthos-species inermis-variety 'Skyline'-Cultivar "honey locus" Solanum-Genus tuberosum-Species L. "potato"

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Common vs Scientific Name

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Why use scientific name? Avoid language barrier, no 2 plants have the same name, 1 plant may have 15 common names but 1 scientific name

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Plant Classification

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If trying to identify a plant or tree use Dichotomous key - search or Google online • eg. Classification Key of Evergreen Trees in Utah o 1. Leaves scaly like, cones are small, blue and berry like...go to 2 o 1. Leaves needle-like, cones are large and brown.. Go to 3

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o Annual

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(Growth Cycle) - 1 growing season (not necessarily 1 year)

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o Biennial

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(Growth Cycle) - 2 growing seasons, first season is vegetative growth (leaves stems and roots) second growing season reproductive growth (seeds and flowers and fruit if there's fruit)

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o Perennial

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(Growth Cycle) 3 or more growing seasons, short lived are the shorter-lived perennials, long lived are the longer living like trees.

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(Growth Cycle) What effects which you buy?

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Perennials are cheaper; you do not have to replace them.

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(Growth Habit) Trees

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by def are over 6 feet tall, also in general 1 single vertical axis

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(Growth Habit) Shrubs

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by def are less than 6 feet tall, shrubs have multiple axis.

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(Growth Habit) Herbs

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this is all your herb, vegetables, viney plants; by def herbs do not have a "woody" component.

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(Foliage Characteristics)Evergreen

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green year round, does not mean they keep the same leaves year round. They just lose leaves slowly enough for them to replenish. Eg. Pines and cedars

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(Foliage Characteristics)Deciduous

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leaves fall off at sometime during the year. Drought deciduous trees lose leaves during the hottest driest time of the year. Have a dormant season unlike evergreens. Eg. Red oak,

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(Foliage Characteristics) Why evergreen or deciduous?

answer

Deciduous has a larger canopy and shades the house keeping heat down in the summer and giving more sunlight for more heat in the winter. Deciduous drops leaves in pool and yard. Evergreens offer aesthetic beauty year round.

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(Water Usage) Xeriphyte

answer

minimal amount of water doesn't mean zero water.

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(Water Usage) Mesophyte

answer

moderate amounts of water,

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(Water Usage) Hydrophyte

answer

most amount of water, so water loving like orchids is cattails or things that live in the water. Most likely will not ever own in landscaping.

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(Soil Adaptations) Halophytes

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Plant that is salt tolerant, useful in places with salt water

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(Soil Adaptations) Basolphilic

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-base loving plant, high ph level

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(Soil Adaptations) Acidophilic

answer

-acidic loving plant, low ph level

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(Temperature) Warm Season

answer

Plants that thrive in warmer months of the year

question

(Temperature) Cool Season

answer

Plants that thrive in the cooler months of the year

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(Temperature) Hardiness

answer

Based on cold usually

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(Usage) Vegetables and fruits

answer

plants with vegetables or fruits

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(Usage) Foliage plants

answer

usually interior plants, not outside in winter

question

(Usage) Bedding plants

answer

Pretty flowers used in garden beds

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(Usage) Turf grasses

answer

sod, seed, etc

question

(Usage) Tree

answer

trees

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(Plant Organs - Pg 24 of lab manual) Flower

answer

includes petals, stamen, reproduction, sex

question

(Plant Organs - Pg 24 of lab manual) Fruit

answer

storage of plant's food, sugar etc..

question

(Plant Organs - Pg 24 of lab manual) Seed

answer

found in the flower, reproduction

question

(Plant Organs - Pg 24 of lab manual) Root

answer

nutrient & water uptake, hormone synthesis, food storage, anchors plant, root hairs absorb most water

question

(Plant Organs - Pg 24 of lab manual) Stem

answer

Support, plumbing for flow of xylem and Phloem, food storage in some, position, support flower and fruit, position leaves, buds (undeveloped or compressed stems or flowers)

question

(Specialized Stems-Below Ground) Bulb

answer

underground, food storage, onion, tulip, daffodil, stem at the very base of the bulb. Has a cross section like onion rings.

question

(Specialized Stems-Below Ground) Rhizome

answer

underground, food storage, just below surface and grow horizontally below the surface e.g. Ginger, Bermuda grass,

question

(Specialized Stems-Below Ground) Tuber

answer

underground, food storage, potato, no cross section.

question

(Specialized Stems-Above Ground) Tendril

answer

supportive stems, curly, vines, grapes

question

(Specialized Stems-Above Ground) Thorn

answer

protection, all the way in the vascular cambium

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(Specialized Stems-Above Ground) Prickle

answer

protection, just in epidermal layer, leaf, rose

question

(Specialized Stems-Above Ground) Spine

answer

actually leaf, on cacti

question

Meristems

answer

• Responsible for changes in length and girth (outward growth)

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Apical (meristems)

answer

elongation, or upward growth, located at the tip

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Intercalary (meristems)

answer

elongation in monocots, located at the base of the plant

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Secondary (meristems)

answer

girth (outward growth) in dicots (dicot, netted venation, 4 5 plant parts, 2 cotyledons)

question

(Plant Organs - Pg 24 of lab manual) Leaf

answer

• Flattened and expanded appendages • Home to photosynthesis • Contain chlorophyll which make them green, and also cause photosynthisis • Epidermis- on top and bottom of leaf, for protection • Spongy Mesophyll- Loosely packed cells resembles a "sponge" • Palisade Layers- tightly packed cells • Stomata or stoma- pores or holes in the epidermal layer of the leaf, allows gas exchange water vapor out, carbon dioxide in • Guard Cells- 1 guard cell is located on each side of the stomata or pore. Responsible for opening and closing that pore.

question

(Plant Organs - Pg 24 of lab manual) Pistil

answer

Female part, stigma, style, ovary included.

question

(Plant Organs - Pg 24 of lab manual) Stamen

answer

male part, anther and filament included.

question

Leaves in Lab

answer

• Leaf form- leaf shape • Leaf Margins- outer edge (margins of paper is outer edge) • Leaf Arrangements- how the leaves are positioned on a stem • Leaf Tips- Part furthest away from the petiole (leaf stem) • Simple or Compound leaf

question

(Tissues-Plant organs are composed of tissues) Xylem

answer

movement of water and dissolved minerals

question

(Tissues-Plant organs are composed of tissues) Phloem

answer

movement of metabolites (plant manufactured substances)

question

(Tissues-Plant organs are composed of tissues) Meristems

answer

Undifferentiated cells where growth can take place

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(Tissues-Plant organs are composed of tissues) Epidermis

answer

outer layer

question

About Plant Cells

answer

• Tissues are made of cells • Cell wall- provides structure • Nucleus- "brain of cell" houses DNA • Mitochondria-Home to respiration • Plastids- -Chloroplasts-

question

(Plant Manufactured Substances) Carbohydrates

answer

• C,H,O ratio 1:2:1 (exam help) • Primary component of cell walls • Energy storage • Edible o Glucose, sucrose, starch • Structural o Cellulose

question

(Plant Manufactured Substances) Lipids

answer

• Oils, fats, and acids • Hydrophilic end- water repelling • Hydrophobic end- water loving • Phospholipids- have a stomata, • Suberins • Cutin

question

(Plant Manufactured Substances) Proteins

answer

• C-N backbone if you see C-N single bond in backbone, you know it's a protein (Exam help) • 2nd most abundant o Enzymes-type of protein • Catalysts- enzymes that speed up a reaction (not all enzymes are catalysts)

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(Plant Manufactured Substances) Nucleic Acids

answer

• DNA o Makes us what we are • RNA o Translated into proteins • Nucleus- "brain of cell" DNA stored here

question

(Plant Manufactured Substances) Alkaloids

answer

• Addictive- if consumed e.g. tobacco, caffeine, chili peppers

question

(Plant Manufactured Substances) Phenolics

answer

• Lignin- stiff compound that provides additional structure in woody plants and grass • Disease resistance

question

(Plant Manufactured Substances) Alcohols

answer

• Add flavor • Add texture • Softer flavors

question

(Plant Manufactured Substances) Esters

answer

• Add flavors • Add texture • Heavy-sweet

question

(Plant Manufactured Substances) Tannins

answer

found in the skin of red grapes • Bitter flavor

question

(Plant Manufactured Substances) Pigments

answer

• Chlorophyll • Carotenes • Lutiens • Limonins • Lycopene • Anthocyanins • Anthoxanthins • www.mypyramid.gov

question

Phytochemical

answer

• Plant produced chemical that has a function and health benefit beyond nutrition • Plant manufactured substances that are not a vitamin or nutrient, but for various reasons they have a health benefit to us.

question

(Phytochemical) Chlorophyll

answer

- green pigment in plants, responsible for making the plant photosynthesize, also anti-carcinogenic, water soluble

question

(Phytochemical) Luteins

answer

(spinach, broccoli, lettuce)- also green pigments, usually darker green, antioxidants, scavenge free radicals, also thought to be anti aging, water soluble

question

(Phytochemical) Carotenes

answer

(carrot, pumpkin, yellow bell peppers and squashes)- responsible for mostly yellows and oranges and a few reds, naturally high in vitamin A, also serve as antioxidants, fat soluble meaning

question

(Phytochemical) Lycopene

answer

(red watermelon, red grape fruit, tomatoes, and a handful of olive species)- Health benefits, fat soluble,

question

(Phytochemical) Limonins

answer

Yellow compounds some oranges found in citrus, antioxidants,

question

(Phytochemical) Xanthophylls

answer

yellows in flowers,

question

(Phytochemical) Anthocyanin

answer

(raspberry, blueberries, egg plant)-provide plants with blues, deep reds, and purples, have anti inflammatory qualities, cancer fighting/ preventatives, water soluble

question

(Phytochemical) Anthoxanthins

answer

white in color, antioxidants, not many vegetables or fruits,

question

(Movement of Plant Substances) Diffusion

answer

movement from a high concentration to a low concentration, energy free

question

(Movement of Plant Substances) Osmosis

answer

Diffusion across a semi- permeable membrane, energy free

question

(Movement of Plant Substances) Diffusion against a gradient

answer

net movement of a substance from a lower concentration to a higher concentration

question

What is photosynthesis?

answer

• Growth of plants is due to sugars manufactured by plants • Plants serve as energy for all living things • Plants turn kinetic energy into potential energy and then into kinetic energy again.

question

Autotrophs

answer

organisms that make there own energy

question

Autotrophs-Chemomorphs

answer

use inorganic chemicals as energy source

question

Autotrophs-Photomorphs

answer

use light as energy source

question

Heterotrophs

answer

consume autotrophs as their energy source

question

What is the correct balanced formula for photosynthesis?

answer

6h20 + light + 6cO2 -> c6h12O6 + 6O2 -Must have chlorophyll -Must have light

question

What type of lights do plants use?

answer

visible light (400-700nm) -mostly effective w/ red and blue

question

Chloroplasts

answer

o Home to photosynthesis o Contain membrane layers full of chlorophyll

question

Chlorophyll a and b

answer

o Chlorophyll a most important in photosynthesis o Chlorophyll b transfers energy to chlorophyll a o 2 forms of chlorophyll a o Responsible for trapping light for Photosynthesis

question

Photosystem I

answer

• Receives energy from chlorophyll a

question

Photosystem II

answer

• Receives energy from chlorophyll a and accessory pigments

question

Explain the differences between xylem and phloem tissues.

answer

xylem-water&minerals phloem-plant manufactured chemicals

question

Explain the diference between apical and secondary meristems

answer

apical-elongation, or upward growth, located at the tip secondary-girth (outward growth) in dicots (dicot, netted venation, 4 5 plant parts, 2 cotyledons)

question

Explain the difference between a rhizome and stolon.

answer

Rhizome-underground, food storage, just below surface and grow horizontally below the surface, usually thick e.g. Ginger, Bermuda grass, Stolon-generally above ground, usually thin, used as runners for plant cloning

question

T/F: A complete flower has a stamen, pistil, petals, and stepals?

answer

True

question

T/F: Adventitous roots are roots that form where they normally would?

answer

False

question

Tap root

answer

thick main roots off "primary root"

question

Fibrous root

answer

More thin fiber-like root hairs, no "primary root"

question

Adventitious root

answer

Roots that form where they normally would not. E.g. the bottom of your cutting in lab

question

Storage roots

answer

Roots that have the ability to store nutrients such as sugars and carbohydrates.

question

A tendril is used for _______.

answer

Support

question

Some fruits and vegetables have pigments which are _________?

answer

Phytochemicals & Antioxidants

question

T/F: All carbohydrates are edible?

answer

False

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