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Fostering Reading

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Use electronic text and internet

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Fostering reading

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Reading aloud excerpts of books

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Fostering reading

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Connecting prior knowledge and interest

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Teaching Vocab

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Link vocabulary with text themes

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Teaching Vocab

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Using structural word cues

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Teaching Vocab

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Teach to use context cues

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Comprehension

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Modeling

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Comprehension

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Think aloud /Talk it out

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Comprehension

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Questioning - Bloom's

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Comprehension

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Scaffolding

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Comprehension

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Activating prior knowledge

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Comprehension

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Identifying text structures (problem/solution, compare/contrast)

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Comprehension Strategies

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Identifying important info

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Comprehension Strategies

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Predicting and verifying

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Comprehension Strategies

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Summarizing and note-taking

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Comprehension Strategies

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Identifying cause and effect

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Comprehension Strategies

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Synthesizing

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Comprehension Strategies

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Visualizing and thinking aloud

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Comprehension

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Metacognition

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Metacognition

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Think about thinking

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Study Strategies

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Skimming

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Study Strategies

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Note-taking

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Study Strategies

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Graphic organizers

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Study Strategies

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Anticipation guides

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SQ3R

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Survey Question Read-Recite-Review

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Allegory

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A story in which people, things, or actions represent an idea or a generalization about life. Usually have a strong lesson or moral.

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Alliteration

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The repitition of initial consonant sounds in words

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Allusion

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A reference to a familiar person, place, thing, or event

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Anapestic Meter

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Meter that is composed of feet that are short-short-long or unaccented-unaccented-accented, usually used in light or whimsical poetry, such as limerick.

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Analogy

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A comparison of objects or ideas that appear to be different but are alike in some important way.

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Anecdote

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A brief story that illustrates or makes a point.

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Antagonist

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A person or thing working against the hero of a literary work (the protagonist)

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Aphorism

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A wise saying, usually short and written.

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Apostrophe

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A turn from the general audience to address a specific group of persons (or a personified abstraction) who is present or absent.

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Assonance

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A repitition of the same sound in words close to one another. Ex - White Stripes

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Blank Verse

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Unrhymed verse, often occurring in Iambic Pentameter

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Caesura

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A break in the rhythm of language, particularly a natural pause in a line of verse, marked in prosody by a double vertical line (")

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Characterization

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A method an author uses to let readers know more about the characters and their personal traits.

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Cliche

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An expression that has been used so often that it loses its expressive power.

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Consonance

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Repetition of the final consonant sound in words containing different vowels.

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Couplet

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A stanza made up of two rhyming lines.

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Diction

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An author's choice of words based on their clearness, conciseness, effectiveness, and authenticity

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Archaic Words

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Old-fashioned words that are no longer used in common speech, such as thee, thy, and thou.

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Colloquialisms

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Expressions that are usually accepted in informal situations or regions, such as "wicked awesome."

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Dialect

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A variety of a language used by people from a particular geographic area.

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Jargon

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Specialized language used in a particular field or content area.

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Profanity

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Language that shows disrespect for others or something sacred.

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Slang

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Informal language used by a particular group of people among themselves.

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Vulgarity

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Language widely considered crude, disgusting, and oftentimes offensive.

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End rhyme

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Rhyming of the ends of lines of verse.

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Enjambment

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Also known as a run-on-line in poetry, this occurs when one line ends and continues onto the next line to complete meaning.

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Existentialism

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A philosophy that values human freedom and personal responsibility. Notable authors include Jean-Paul Sartre, Kierkegaard, and Nietzsche.

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Flashback

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A literary device in which the author jumps back in time in the chronology of a narrative.

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Foot

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A metrical unit in poetry defined as one stressed syllable and a number of unstressed syllables (from 0-4).

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Symbol representing a stressed syllable

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'

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Symbol representing an unstressed syllable

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u

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Iambic

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u, ' (unstressed, stressed)

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Trochaic

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', u (stressed, unstressed)

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Anapestic

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u, u, ' (unstressed, unstressed, stressed)

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Dactylic

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', u, u (stressed, unstressed, unstressed)

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Monometer

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one foot

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Dimeter

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Two feet

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Trimeter

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Three Feet

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Tetrameter

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Four Feet

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Pentameter

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Five Feet

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Hexameter

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Six Feet

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Septameter

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Seven Feet

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Octameter

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Eight Feet

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Foreshadowing

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A literary technique in which the author gives hints or clues about what is to come at some point later in the story.

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Free Verse

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Verse that contains an irregular metrical pattern and line length; also known as vers libre.

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Genre

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A category of literature defined by its style, form, and content.

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Heroic Couplet

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A pair of lines of poetic verse written in iambic pentameter

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Hubris

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The flaw that leads to the downfall of a tragic hero; this term comes from the Greek word hybris, which means excessive pride.

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Hyperbole

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an exaggeration for emphasis or rhetorical effect

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Imagery

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The use of words to create pictures in the reader's mind.

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Internal rhyme

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Rhyme that occurs within a line of verse.

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Irony

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The use of a word or phrase to mean the exact opposite of its literal or expected meaning.

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Dramatic Irony

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The reader sees a character's errors, but the character does not.

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Verbal Irony

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The writer says one thing and means another.

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Situational Irony

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The purpose of a particular action differs greatly from the result.

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Malapropism

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A type of pun, or play on words, that results when two words become mixed up in the speaker's mind.

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Metaphor

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A figure of speech in which a comparison is implied but not stated.

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Meter

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A rhythmical pattern in verse that is made up of stressed and unstressed syllables.

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Mood

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The feeling a text evokes in the reader, such as sadness, tranquility, or elation.

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Moral

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A lesson a work of literature is teaching.

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Narration

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The telling of a story.

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Onomatopoeia

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The use of sound words to suggest meaning.

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Oxymoron

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A phrase that consists of two contradictory terms.

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Paradox

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A contradictory statement that makes sense - Man learns from history that man learns nothing from history.

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Personification

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A literary device in which animals, ideas, and things are represented as having human traits.

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Point of View

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The perspective from which a story is told.

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First Person

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The story is told from the POV of one character.

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Third Person

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The story is told by someone outside of the story.

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Omniscient

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The narrator of the story shares the thoughts and feelings of all the characters.

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Limited omniscient

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The narrator shares the thoughts and feelings of one character.

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Camera view

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The narrator records the action from his or her POV, unaware of any of the other characters' thoughts or feelings.

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Refrain

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The repetition of a line or phrase of a poem at regular intervals, particularly at the end of each stanza.

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Repetition

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The multiple use of a word, phrase, or idea for emphasis or rhythmic effect.

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Rhetoric

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Persuasive writing

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Rhythm

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The regular or random occurrence of sound in poetry.

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Setting

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The time and place in which the action of a story takes place.

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Simile

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A comparison of two unlike things, usually including the word like or as.

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Style

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How the author uses words, phrases, and sentences to form ideas.

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Symbol

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A person, place, thing, or event used to represent something else.

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Tone

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The overall feeling created by the author's use of words.

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Transcendentalism

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During the mid-19th century in New England, several writers and intellectuals worked together to write, translate works, and publish. Their philosophy focused on protesting the Puritan ethic and materialism. They valued individualism, freedom, experimentation, and spirituality. Notable writers of this philosophy include Hawthorne, Emerson, Thoreau, and Longfellow.

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Verse

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A metric line of poetry.

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Voice

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Distinctive features of a person's speech and speech patterns.

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Ballad

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A short poem comprised of short verses intended to be sung or recited.

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Canto

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The main section of a long poem

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Elegy

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A poem that is a mournful lament for the dead.

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Epic

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A long narrative poem detailing a hero's deeds.

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Haiku

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A type of Japanese poem written in 17 syllables. 3 lines of 5, 7, and 5 respectively.

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Limerick

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A humerous verse form of five anapestic lines with a rhyme scheme of aabba.

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Lyric

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A short poem about personal feelings and emotions.

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Sonnet

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A fourteen-line poem, usually written in iambic pentameter with a varied rhyme scheme.

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Shakespearean Sonnet

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A sonnet including three quatrains and a couplet.

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Petrarchan Sonnet

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A sonnet opening with an octave that states a preposition and ends with a sestet that states the solution.

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Stanza

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A division of poetry named for the number of lines it contains.

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Couplet

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Two-line Stanza

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Triplet

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Three-line stanza

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Quatrain

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Four-Line Stanza

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Sested

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Six-Line Stanza

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Septet

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Seven-line stanza

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Octave

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Eight-line stanza

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Fable

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A short story or folktale that contains a moral, which may be expressed explicitly at the end as a maxim.

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Fairy tale

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A narrative that is made up of fantastic characters and creatures, such as witches, goblins, and fairies.

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Fantasy

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A genre that uses magic and other supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, theme, and/or setting.

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Folktale

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A narrative form, such as an epic, legend, myth, song, poem, or fable that has been retold within a culture for generations.

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Frame tale

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A narrative technique in which the main story is composed primarily for the purpose of organizing a set of shorter stories, each of which is a story within a story.

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Historical fiction

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Narrative fiction that is set in some earlier time and often contains historically authentic people, places, or events.

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Horror

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Fiction that is intended to frighten, unsettle, or scare the reader.

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Legend

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A narrative about human actions that is perceived by both the teller and the listeners to have taken place within human history and that possesses certain qualities that give the tale the appearance of truth or reality.

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Mystery

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A suspenseful story that deals with a puzzling crime.

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Myth

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Narrative fiction that involves gods and heroes or has a theme that expresses a culture's ideology.

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Novel

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An extended fictional prose narrative.

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Novella

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A short narrative, usually between 50 and 100 pages long

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Parody

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A text or performance that imitates and mocks an author or work

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Romance

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A novel comprised of idealized events far removed from every day life.

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Satire

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Literature that makes fun of social conventions or conditions, usually to evoke change.

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Science Fiction

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Fiction that deals with the current or future development of technological advances.

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Short story

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A brief fictional prose narrative.

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Tragedy

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Literature ending in a catastrophic event for the protagonist(s) after he or she faces several problems or conflicts.

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Western

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A novel set in the western US featuring the experiences of cowboys and frontiersmen.

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Autobiography

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A person's account of his or her own life.

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Biography

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A story about a person's life written by another person.

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Document

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An expository piece written with eloquence that becomes part of the recognized literature of an era.

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Essay

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A document organized in paragraph form that can be long or short and can be in the form of a letter.

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Greek Classical and Hellenistic Periods.

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8th to 2nd Centuries BC. Works from this era include: Homer's The Iliad, Sophocles' Oedipus Rex, Aristophanes' Lysistrata, Aristotle's Organum.

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Roman Classical Period

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1st Century BC to 2nd Century AD-5th Century AD. Examples from this era include: Cicero's letters to Atticus, Brutus, Quintus, Virgil's The Aeneid, Ovid's Metamorhposes, and Plutarch's LIfe of Pericles.

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Renaissance

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13th -15th centuries. Examples from this era include Dante's The Divine Comedy, Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, and Malory's Le Morte d' Arthur

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French Neoclassical Period

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17th Century. Raciene's Andromaque and de la Fontaine's Fabels choisies mises en vers.

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English Neoclassical Period

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17th -18th Centuries. Dryden's The conquest of Granada, Swift's The Battle of the Books and Gulliver's Travels, and Pope's The Rape of the Lock.

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German Neoclassical Period

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18th and 19th Centuries. Lessings Zur Geschichte und LIteratur, von Schiller's Don Carlos.

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Old English Period

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450-1066 AD. Beowulf

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Middle English Period

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1066-1550 AD. The Canterbury Tales, Le Morte d' Arthur.

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Elizabethan Period

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1550-1660 AD. Shakespeare, Spenser (The Faerie Queene)

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Puritan Period

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1625-1660 AD. Pilgrim's Progress, The Compleat Angler

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Neoclassical Period

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1660-1780 AD. The Conquest of Granada, Memoirs of the Royal Navy

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Romantic Period

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1780-1840 AD. Don Juan (Byron), Pride and Prejudice (Austin), Prometheus Unbound (Shelley)

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Victorian Period

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1840-1900 AD. Great Expectations (Dickens), Poems (Tennyson)

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Modernism

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1900-1945 AD. All Quiet on the Western Front (Remarques), In the Seven Woods (Yeats)

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Postmodernism

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1945-Present AD. The Antichrist (Nietzsche), 1984 (Orwell)

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Colonial Period

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1630-1760 (America). Poor Richard's Almanack (Franklin), Bay Psalm Book (Hooker and Williams)

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Revolutionary Period

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1760-1781 (America). The Declaration of Independence, The Power of Sympathy (Brown)

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Nationalist Period

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1828-1836 (America). Nateure (Emerson), The last of the Mohicans (Cooper), The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (Irving).

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American Renaissance Period

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1830-1860 (America). Moby-Dick (Melville), Leaves of Grass (Whitman)

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Modern Period

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1900-1945 (America). The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Twain/Clemins), The Call of the Wild (London).

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Contemporary Period

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1945-Present (America). The Crucible (Miller), The Catcher in the Rye (Salinger).

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Knowledge

answer

The first level of Bloom's Taxonomy. Remember, recognize, recall who, what, where....

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Comprehension

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The second level of Bloom's Taxonomy.Interpret, retell, organize, and select facts.

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Application

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The third level of Bloom's Taxonomy.Subdivide information and show how it can be put back together; how is this an example of...?

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Analysis

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The fourth level of Bloom's Taxonomy. What are the features of...? How does this compare with....?

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Synthesis

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The fifth level of Bloom's Taxonomy. Create a unique product that combines ideas from the lesson; what would you infer from...?

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Evaluation

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The sixth level in Bloom's Taxonomy. Make a value decision about an issue in the lesson; what criteria would you use to assess...?

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Scaffolding

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This involves an adult or a more capable peer providing structural supports to a student in a learning situation. The more capable the student becomes with a certain skill or concept, the less instruction the adult or peer needs to provide.

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Metacognition

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This is a person's ability to think about his or her own thinking and regulate his or her own thinking.

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Character

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A person or being in a narrative

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Conflict

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Opposing elements or characters in a plot

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Person versus Person

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A character has a problem with one or more of the other characters

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Person versus society

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A character has a problem with an element of society: the school, an accepted way of doing things, the law, etc.

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Person versus self

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A character has a problem determining what to do in a situation.

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Person versus nature

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A character has a problem with nature: natural disasters, extreme heat, or freezing temps.

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Person versus fate (God)

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A character has to battle what appears to be an uncontrollable problem that is attributed to fate or God.

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Denouncement

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The outcome or resolution of plot in a story

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Plot

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The structure of a work of literature; the sequence of events.

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Protagonist

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The main character or hero of a written work.

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Setting

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The time and place in which a story occurs.

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Graphic Organizer

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A note-taking guide used before, during, or after reading a text.

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Phonetics

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The study of the sounds of language and their physical properties

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Phonology

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The analysis of how sounds function in a language or dialect

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Morphology

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The study of the structure of words

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Semantics

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The study of the meaning in language

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Syntax

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The study of the structure of sentences

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Pragmatics

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The role of context in the interpretation of meaning.

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Linguistics

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The formal study of the structures and processes of a language.

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Sociolinguistics

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The study of language as it relates to society, including race, class, gender, and age.

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Ethnolinguistics

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The study of language as it relates to culture, frequently associated with minority linguistic groups within the larger culture.

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Psycholinguistics

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The study of language as it relates to the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to learn language.

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Etymology

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The study of the history and origin of words

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Declarative

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This sentence makes a statement and tells about a person, place, or thing.

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Interrogative

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This sentence asks a question.

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Imperative

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This sentence issues a command.

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Exclamatory

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This sentence communicates strong ideas or feelings

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Conditional

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This sentence expresses wishes or conditions contrary to fact.

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Simple sentence

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This type of sentence has only one independent clause and no dependent clauses.

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Compound Sentence

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This type of sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a comma (and conjunction) or semicolon.

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Complex Sentence

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This type of sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.

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Compound/Complex Sentence

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This type of sentence has two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.

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Common

answer

A type of noun that does not name a specific person, place or thing.

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Proper

answer

A type of noun that names a particular person, place, or thing.

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Concrete

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A type of noun that names a tangible thing.

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Abstract

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A type of noun that names an idea, condition, or feeling.

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Collective

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A type of noun that names a group or unit.

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Nominative case

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A type of noun that can be the subject of a clause or the predicate noun when it follows the verb, be.

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Possessive case

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A type of noun that shows possession or ownership.

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Objective Case

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A noun case that can be a direct object, an indirect object, or an object of a preposition.

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Transitive

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A type of verb that names a direct object the receiver of an action.

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Intransitive

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A type of verb that takes no objects or complements.

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Linking

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A type of verb that connects the subject and the subject complement.

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Auxiliary

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A type of verb that comes before another verb.

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Present Tense

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A verb tense that describes situations are happening.

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Past Tense

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A verb tense that describes situations that have happened.

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Future Tense

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A verb tense used to express action that will happen.

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Present Perfect Tense

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A verb tense used to show action that began previously and continues presently.

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Past Perfect Tense

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A verb tense used to show action that began in the past and happened prior to another past action.

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Future Perfect Tense

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A verb tense used to show action that will begin in the future and will be completed in the future.

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Infinitive

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A phrase made up of to and the base form of a verb.

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Participle

answer

A verb form that usually ends in -ing or -ed. They operate as adjectives but maintain characteristics of verbs.

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Gerund

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A phrase made up of a present participle and always functions as a noun.

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Simple

answer

A type of pronoun consisting of words such as I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who, what.

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Compound

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A type of pronoun consisting of words such as Itself, myself, anybody, someone, everything.

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Phrasal

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A type of pronoun consisting of words such as each other, one another.

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Personal

answer

A type of pronoun that takes the place of a noun

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Relative

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A type of pronoun that relates adjective clauses to the nouns or pronouns they modify.

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Indefinite

answer

A type of pronoun that usually refers to unnamed or unknown people or things.

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Interrogative

answer

A type of pronoun that asks questions.

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Demonstrative

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A type of pronoun that points out people, places, or things without naming them.

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Adjective

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A modifier that describes or modifies nouns or pronouns.

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Adverb

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A modifier that describes or modifies verbs. They can modify time, place, manner, and degree.

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Phrase

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A group of related words that operate as a single part of speech.

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Clause

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A group of related words that have both a subject and predicate.

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Comma

answer

A punctuation mark used between two independent clauses, to separate adjectives, to separate contrasted elements, to set up appositives, to separate items in a list, and to enclose explanatory words (etc, etc, etc......)

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Period

answer

A punctuation mark used at the end of a sentence, an initial or abbreviation, or as a decimal point.

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Question Mark

answer

A punctuation mark used at the end of a direct or indirect question.

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Semicolon

answer

A punctuation mark used to separate groups that include commas and to set off independent clauses.

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Exclamation Point

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A punctuation mark used to express strong feeling.

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Apostrophe

answer

A punctuation mark used in contractions, to form plurals, to form singular possessives, to form plural possessives, in compound nouns, to show shared possession, and to express time or amount.

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Dash

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A punctuation mark used for emphasis, to set off interrupted speech, to set off an introductory series, and to indicate a sudden break.

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Parenthesis

answer

A punctuation mark used to set off explanatory information and to set off full sentences.

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Brackets

answer

A punctuation mark used to set off added words, editorial corrections, and clarifying information.

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Hyphen

answer

A punctuation mark used between numbers, between fractions, in a special series, to create new words, and to join numbers.

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Ambiguity

answer

A phenomenon that occurs when there are two or more possible meanings to a word or phrase.

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Euphemism

answer

A socially acceptable word or phrase used to replace unacceptable language.

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Doublespeak

answer

Language that is intended to be evasive or to conceal.

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Jargon

answer

Specialized language of a particular group or culture.

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Prewriting

answer

The first stage of the writing process. Involves gathering and selecting ideas.

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Drafting

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The second stage of the writing process. Students begin writing, connecting, and developing ideas.

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Revising

answer

The third stage of the writing process. Involves rewriting and re envisioning.

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Editing

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The fourth stage of the writing process. Involves checking for style and conventions.

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Publishing

answer

The fifth stage of the writing process. Involves sharing writing with others.

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Evaluating

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The sixth step of the writing process. The writer looks back at his or her work and self-evaluates.

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Creative Discourse

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Speech or written form in which one expresses thoughts and feelings with imagination and creativity.

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Expository discourse

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Speech or written form in which one explains or describes.

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Persuasive Discourse

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Speech or written form in which one sets forth to convince.

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Argumentative Discourse

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Speech or written form in which that debates or argues a topic in a logical way.

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Albert Bandura

answer

This person is credited for the Social Learning Theory. They found that people learn by observing others. In a classroom, students learn from modeling or vicariously through others' experiences.

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John Dewey

answer

This person is considered the father of progressive education practice, which promotes individuality, free activity, and learning through experience. He theorized that school is a primarily social institution and a process of living, not an institution in which to prepare for future living.

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Erik Erikson

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This person is credited with developing the Eight Stages of Human Development Theory. This focuses on different crisis and conflicts that people must overcome.

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Adolescence

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The fifth stage of the Eight Stages of Human Development Theory where a student is experiencing the identity versus role confusion conflict.

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Lawrence Kohlberg

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This person is credited with developing the Moral Development theory that states that people go through a developmental process in their morals at different stages of their life.

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Conventional

answer

The 3rd and 4th stages of Moral development where a student will experience the Good boy/good girl developmental phase and the law and order developmental phase.

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Abraham Maslow

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Credited with developing Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs which states that each person has a hierarchy of needs that need to be met before one can reach the next level.

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Jean Piaget

answer

This person is credited with developing the Stages of Cognitive Development which state that students will undergo different stages of cognitive development based dependent on their age. Adolescent students will likely be in the concrete operational phase or the formal operational phase.

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B.F. Skinner

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This person is thought of as the grandfather of behaviorism. He studied operant conditioning. He believed that learning is a function of change in observable behavior. Changes in behavior are the result of a person's response to stimuli.

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Lev Vygotsky

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This person is credited with developing the Zone of Proximal Development Theory. This states that social interaction influences cognitive development.

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The Zone of Proximal Development

answer

This is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help. It has to do with scaffolding students. Developed Lev Vygotsky.

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Operant Conditioning

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This is a type of learning in which an individual's behavior is modified by its consequences; the behavior may change in form, frequency, or strength. It is based on a reward system. Developed by Skinner.

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Affective Domain

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Contributes to growth in feelings or emotional areas

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Psychomotor Domain

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Contributes to manual or physical skills

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Cognitive Domain

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Contributes to the growth of mental skills

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allegory

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A story in which people (or things or actions) represent an idea or a gerneralization about life. Have a story lesson or moral.

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allusion

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A reference to a familiar person, place, thing or event.

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analogy

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A comparison of objects or ideas that appear to be different but are alike in some important way.

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anapestic

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A short-short-long or unaccented-unaccented-accented. used in whimsical, light poetry like limericks.

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anecdote

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A brief story that illustrates or makes a point.

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aphorism

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A wise saying usually short and written.

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assonance

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The repition of the same sound in words close to one another "white stripes".

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caesura

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A break in the rhythm of language, particulary a national pause in a line of verse, marked by a double vertical line. //

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consonance

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The repition of the final consonant sounds in words containing diferent vowels "stroke of luck".

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archaic

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A form of diction, old fashioned words that are no longer used in common speech "thy, thee, thou"

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colloquialisms

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An expression that is usually accepted in informal situations or regions "wicked awesome".

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enjambment

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A run on sentence line, one line ends and continues onto the next line to complete meaning.

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existentialism

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A philosophy that values human freedom and personal responsibility.

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foot

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One stressed syllable and a number of unstressed

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iambic

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unstessed, stessed

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trochaic

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stressed, unstressed

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dactylic

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stressed, unstressed, unstressed

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free verse

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Contains an irregular metric pattern and line length. also known as vers libre.

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genre

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category of literature defined by style, form, content.

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heroic couplet

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A pair of lines of poetic verse, written in iambic pentameter.

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hubris

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A flaw that leads to the downfall of the tragic hero. Comes from the Greek word "hybus" which means "excessive pride."

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irony

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The use of a word or phrase that means the exact opposite of its literal or expected meaning.

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dramatic irony

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The audience knows something that the majority of the characters don't know.

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verbal irony

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When the writer says on thing but means another.

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situational irony

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When the opposite happens of what is expected.

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malapropism

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A type of pun or play on words that results when two words become mixed up in the speaker's mind "She will indite (for invite) him to supper"

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meter

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A rhythmical pattern in verse that is made up of stressed and unstressed syllables.

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oxymoron

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A phrase that consists of two contradictory terms "Jumpo shrimp".

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Camera view

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When the narrator records the action from his point of view, unaware of the other characters thoughts and opinions.

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rhetoric

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persuasive writing.

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diction

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The author's choice of words based on their clearness, conscience, effectiveness and authenticity.

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style

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How the author uses words, phrases, and sentences to form ideas.

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Tone

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The overall feeling created by an author's use of words

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Transcendtalism

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The philosophy that values freedom, experimentation and spirituality.

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Katherine Patterson

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book: A Bridge to Terabithia

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Christopher Paul Curtis

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books: The Watsons Go to Birmingham, Bud Not Buddy,

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Lois Lowry

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books: Number the Stars, The Giver, Gathering Blue.

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Louis Sacher

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book: Holes

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Ester Forbes

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book: Johnny Tremain

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Patricia Maclachlan

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book: Sarah Plain and Tall

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Phyllis Reynolds Taylor

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book: Shiloh

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William Armstrong

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book: Sounder

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Elizabeth George Speare

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book: Witch of Blackbird Pond

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Madeline L'Engle

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books: A Swiftly Tilting Planet, A Wind in the Door, The Small Rain, 24 Days before Christmas

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Ruth Avi

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book: The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle

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Paul Zindel

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book: The Pigman

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Carl Hiaason

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book: Hoot

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Avi

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books: Crispin, Nothing But The Truth

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Caroline Cooney

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book: The Voice on the Radio

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Robert Cormier

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book: The Chocolate War

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Sandra Cisneros

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book: The House on Mango Street

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Walter Dean Myers

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book: The Glory Field

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Edith Wharton

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book: Ethan Frome

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Alice Walker

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books: The Color Purple; American author, self-declared feminist and womanist; won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction

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George Orwell

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books: 1984, Animal Farm; dark satire on Stalinist totalitarianism

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1984

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book written by George Orwell, announced an insane world of dehumanization through terror in which the individual was systematically obliterated by an all-power elite; key phrases: Big Brother, doublethink, Newspeak, the Ministry of Peace...Truth...Love

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Marjorie Kinnan Rawling

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book: The Yearling

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Scott O'Dell

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book: Island of Blue Dolphins

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Jean Craighead George

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book: Julie of the Wolves

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Jack London

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book: The Call of the Wild, Sea-Wolf, White Fang

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Richard Adams

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book: Watership Down

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Emily Bronte

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book: Wuthering Heights

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Charlotte Bronte

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book: Jane Eyre

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Virgil

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book: The Aeneid

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The Aeneid

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A Trojan (Aeneas) destined to found Rome, undergoes many trials on land and sea during his journey to Italy, finally defeating the Latin Turnus and avenging the murder of Pallas.

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Lewis Carroll

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book: Alice In Wonderland

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Animal Farm

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a group of animals mount a successful rebellion against the farmer who rules them, but their dreams of equality for all are ruined when one pig seizes power; novella, dystopian animal fable

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Anna Karenina

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after having an affair with a handsome military man, a woman kills herself; Russian, 1970s, psychological novel

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Leo Tolstoy

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wrote Anna Karenina, War and Peace; Russian writer, realistic fiction

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The Pigman

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told in chapters alternating from Lorraine's and John's point of view, opens with an "Oath," signed by both John and Lorraine, two high school sophomores, in which they swear to tell only the facts, in this "memorial epic" about their experiences with Angelo Pignati

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William Shakespeare

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wrote Sonnet 18, Hamlet and Macbeth; greatest playwright who ever lived, prolific poet, known for sonnets

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Sonnet 18

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"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? / Thou art more lovely and more temperate;" Shakespearean couplet with ABAB CDCD EFEF GG rhyme scheme

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Johann David Wyss

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wrote The Swiss Family Robinson

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Kate Chopin

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wrote The Storm; feminist author of the 20th century; born in St. Louis, Missouri

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Sylvia Plath

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wrote The Bell Jar; born during the Great Depression

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The Bell Jar

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a young woman (Esther Greenwood) whose talent and intelligence have brought her close to achieving her dreams must overcome suicidal tendencies

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Toni Morrison

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wrote Beloved, The Bluest Eye, and Song of Soloman; female, African-American writer, won Pulitzer Prize in 1988

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Beloved

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an ex-slave is haunted by the memory of the daughter she killed; historical fiction, ghost story; characters include: Baby Suggs, Denver, Sethe

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Beowulf

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a great warrior, goes to Denmark on a successful mission to kill Grendel; he returns home to Geatland, where he becomes king and slays a dragon before dying; poem; alliterative verse, elegy, small scale heroic epic; author unknown; setting around 500 AD

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Herman Melville

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wrote Billy Budd, Sailor; Moby Dick; classified as a Dark Romantic; American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet

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The Call of the Wild

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a pampered dog (Buck) adjusts to the harsh realities of life in the North as he struggles with his recovered wild instincts and finds a master (John Thorton) who treats him right; novel, adventure story, setting late 1890s

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Geoffrey Chaucer

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wrote The Canterbury Tales

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Fyodor Dostoevsky

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wrote Crime and Punishment; Russian writer, essayist, philosopher

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Crime and Punishment

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in an attempt to prove a theory, a student (Raskolnikov) murders two women, after which he suffers greatly from guilt and worry; psychological drama, setting in the 1860s

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Charles Dickens

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wrote David Copperfield, English novelist during Victorian era

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David Copperfield

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after surviving a poverty-stricken childhood, the death of his mother, a cruel stepfather, and an unfortunate first marriage, a boys finds success as a writer; themes: plight of the weak, importance of equality in marriage, dangers of wealth and class

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The Giver

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It is set in a future society which is at first presented as a utopian society and gradually appears more and more dystopian; therefore, it could be considered anti-utopian; the novel follows a boy named Jonas through the twelfth year of his life; book allegedly glorified Communism

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Christopher Marlowe

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wrote Doctor Faustus

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Helen Keller

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wrote The Story of My Life and The Frost King; American author, political activist, lecturer; first deafblind person to earn BA

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John Keats

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wrote "On First Looking Into Chapman's Homer," "To Autumn," and "Bright Star, Would I Were Stedfast As Thou Art;" English poet in Romantic movement during early 19th century; motifs include departures and reveries, the five sense and art, and the disappearance of the poet and the speaker; symbols include music and musicians, nature, and the ancient world

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Louisa May Alcott

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wrote Little Women; American novelist

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Little Women

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four March sisters (Amy, Jo, Beth, Meg) in 19th century New England struggle with poverty, juggle their duties, and their desire to find love

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Zora Neale Hurston

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wrote Their Eyes Were Watching God; 20th century African-American writer; folklorist during the Harlem Renaissance

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Moby Dick

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a monomaniacal captain tries and fails to kill a monstrous white whale; adventure story, quest tale, allegory; protagonist: Ishmael, Ahab; antogonist: Ahab, great white sperm whale

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JD Salinger

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wrote The Catcher in the Rye

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The Catcher in the Rye

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bildungsroman; after being expelled from a prep school, a 16-year-old boy (Holden Caulfield) goes to NYC, where he reflects on the phoniness of adults and heads towards a nervous breakdown

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Mary Shelley

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wrote Frankenstein; Romantic British novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, travel writer

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Frankenstein

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Gothic novel; a scientist creates a monster, and then abandons it in horror, a decision that leads to disaster and the deaths of nearly everyone he loves

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Maya Angelou

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wrote I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings; African-American autobiographer and poet

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Ray Bradbury

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wrote Dandelion Wine

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Stephen Crane

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wrote Red Badge of Courage; American novelist, short story writer, poet, journalist, raised in NY and NJ; style and technique: naturalism, realism, impressionism; themes: ideals v. realities, spiritual crisis, fears

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Daniel Defoe

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wrote Robinson Crusoe; known as the father of the English novel

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Emily Dickinson

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wrote "Wild Nights--Wild Nights!;" "I Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died," and "Because I Could Not Stop For Death--;" 19th century poet; major themes: flowers/gardens, the master poems, morbidity, gospel poems, the undiscovered continent; irregular capitalization, use of dashes & enjambment, took liberty with meter

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Frederick Douglass

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wrote Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, editor of 'The North Star,' abolitionist, was self-educated slave

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Ralph Waldo Emerson

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wrote "Self-Reliance;" Transcendentalist poet, essayist, speaker

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Robert Frost

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wrote "The Road Not Taken;" American poet; highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life and his command of American colloquial speech; won Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry four times

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Edgar Allan Poe

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wrote The Fall of the House of Usher, wrote poems: "To Science," "The City and the Sea," and "Silence;" American writer, poet, editor and literary critic; part of American Romantic Movement

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Percy Bysshe Shelley

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wrote "Prometheus Unbound," "Ode to the West Wind," and "To A Skylark"

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HG Wells

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wrote The War of the Worlds, The Time Machine

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Walt Whitman

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wrote Leaves of Grass; celebrated the freedom and dignity of the individual and sang the praises of democracy

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Farenheit 451

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in a futuristic America, a firefighter (Guy Montag) decides to buck society, stop burning books, and start seeking knowledge; themes: censorship, knowledge vs. ignorance, religion as a knowledge giver

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The Joy Luck Club

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a group of Chinese mothers and their American-born daughters struggle to communicate and understand each other; four families dipicted Woo, Jong, Hsu, and St. Clair

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I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings

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a black girl growing up in the South struggles against racism, sexism, and lack of power

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"Self-Reliance"

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NOT anti-society or anti-community; presupposes that the mind is initially the subject to an unhappy conformity; calls on individuals to value their own thoughts, opinions, experiences above those presented to them by other individuals, society, and religion; "There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction," "society everywhere is in conspiracy against the mankind," and "What I must do is all that concerns me, not what people think."

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Nathaniel Hawthorne

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wrote "The Birth-Mark," works are considered part of the Romantic movement (specifically dark romancism)

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Henry David Thoreau

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wrote "Civil Disobedience;" American author, poet, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, philosopher, and leading transcendentalist

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"Civil Disobedience"

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an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state

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The Red Badge of Courage

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a naive young man (Henry Fleming) matures as a result of fighting in the Civil War

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William Butler Yeats

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wrote "A Fisherman," "The Second Coming," and "Easter 1916;" Irish poet and dramatist; foremost figures of 20th century literature; British WWI poet

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Aphra Behn

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wrote "History of a Nun;" prolific dramatist of the Restoration (18th century), one of the first English female writers

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Elizabeth Barrett Browning

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wrote "Aurora Leigh," poet of the Victorian era

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Aurora Leigh

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epic/novel poem written in blank verse and encompasses nine books (the woman's number, the number of the prophetic books of Sibyl)

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t.s. eliot

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wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," "The Waste Land" and "The Hollow Men;" British WWI poet, playwright, and literary critic

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Virginia Woolf

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wrote Mrs. Dalloway, Night and Day, The Voyage Out, and Jacob's Room; English novelist and essayist; one of the foremost modernist literary figures of 20th century

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Jane Eyre

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an impoverished young woman (Jane) struggles to maintain her autonomy in the face of oppression, prejudice, and love; Gothic novel, bildungsroman, social portest novel

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Oscar Wilde

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wrote The Picture of Dorian Gray; Irish playwright, poet, and author of numerous short stories and one novel

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The Picture of Dorian Gray

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the portrait of a sinful young man ages while the young man depicted in the portrait remains youthful; English Gothic novel

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Anne Bradstreet

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wrote "In Reference to her Children;" English-American writer, first notable American poet; first woman to be published in Colonial America

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"In Reference to her Children"

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maintains the bird metaphor throughout the poem's ninety-six lines, describing the various "flights" of five of her children and her concerns about those remaining in the nest

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Langston Hughes

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wrote The Weary Blues, The Ways of White Folks, and Not Without Laughter; American poet, novelist, playwright, short story writer, and columnist; early innovator for literary art known as jazz poetry; best known for work during Harlem Renaissance

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Not Without Laughter

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the protagonist of the story is a boy named Sandy whose family must deal with a variety of struggles imposed upon them due to their race and class in society in addition to relating to one another

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Countee Cullen

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wrote "Any Human to Another," "Color," and "The Ballad of the Brown Girl;" American Romantic poet; leading African-American poets of his time; associated with generation of poets of the Harlem Renaissance

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Lord Byron

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wrote "She Walks in Beauty" and "When We Two Parted;" British poet and leading figure in Romanticism

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William Wordsworth

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wrote "We Are Seven," "The Prelude," and "The World is Too Much With Us;" English Romantic poet; joint publication of 'Lyrical Ballads' with Samuel Taylor Coleridge; motifs: wanders vs wandering, memory, vision/sight, light, leech gatherer; believed that childhood was a "magical" and magnificent time of innocence; devotion to nature; use of everyday speech and country characters

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Macbeth

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inspired by witch's prophecy, a man murders his way to the throne of Scotland, but his conscience plagues him and his fellow lords rise up against him; themes: unchecked ambition as a corrupting force, relationship between cruelty and masculinity, kingship v. tyranny

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Willa Cather

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wrote My Antonia; prolific during the 1920s, reputation as one of the most important post-Civil War American authors

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Ernest Hemingway

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wrote A Farewell to Arms and The Sun Also Rises; American writer and journalist; veteran of WWI, belongs to literary movement called 'The Lost Generation'

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James Joyce

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wrote Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man: 20th century Irish author

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Robinson Crusoe

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a man is shipwrecked on an island, where he lives for more than 20 years, fending off cannibals and creating a pleasant life for himself

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William Golding

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Wrote To the Ends of the Earth; British novelist, poet

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Watership Down

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heroic fantasy novel about a small group of British rabbits; Fiver, a young runt rabbit who is a seer, receives a frightening vision of his warren's imminent destruction

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Washington Irving

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wrote "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle;" American author, essayist, biographer, historian

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Holes

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set in modern times and focuses on the current circumstances of Stanley Yelnats, an unfortunate, unlucky young man who is sent to Camp Green Lake for a crime he didn't commit

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Karen Hesse

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wrote Out of the Dust

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Sharon Creech

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wrote Walk Two Moons

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Jerry Spinelli

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wrote Maniac Magee

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Ben Mikaelson

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wrote Touching Spirit Bear

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EB White

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wrote Charlotte's Web

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Wendy Towle

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wrote The Real McCoy: The Life of an American Inventor

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Nancy Farmer

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wrote The Eye, the Ear, and the Arm

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Mary Downing Hahn

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wrote Time for Andrew: A Ghost Story

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couplet

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a stanza made up of two rhyming lines

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jargon

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specialized words (doctors words)

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end rhyme

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occurs at the end of lines

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foot

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one stressed and a number of unstressed syllables

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hyperbole

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an exaggeration of emphasis

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internal rhyme

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rhyme that happens within a line of verse

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malapropism

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the unintentional misuse of a word by confusion with one that sounds similar

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paradox

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a contradictory statement that makes sense -- man learns form history that man learns nothing from history

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personification

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a literary device in which animals, ideas and things represent human traits

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refrain

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the repetition or refraising of a phrase or line at the end of each stanza

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verse

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metric line of poetry

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ballad

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a short poem, often written by an anonymous author, comprised of short verses intended to be sung

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canto

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the main section of a poem

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elegy

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a mournful poem -- robert luis stevens's "requiem" and Tennyson's "IN Memoriam"

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epic

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A Long narrative detailing a hero's deeds -- The Aeneid by Virgil, The Illiad and Odyssey by Homer, Beowulf, War and peace by Tolstoy, and Hiawatha by Longfellow

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haiku

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poem written in 17 syllables with three lines of five, seven, five syllables

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limerick

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a humorous verse form of five anapestic lines with a rhyme scheme of aabba

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lyric

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a short poem about personal feelings

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sonnet

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14 line poem, usually in iambic pentamitar

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fable

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a short story or folktale that contains a moral --Aesop's fables: The country mouse and the town mouse THe tortis and the hare and the wolf in sheeps clothing

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frame tale

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a narritve technique in which the main story is composed primarily for the purpose or organizing shorter stories, each is a story within a story. -- Chaucer's "Canterbury tales and Emily Bronte's Wulthering Heights

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Ray Bradbury

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Something wicked this way comes

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Legend

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Story about human actions that is perceived by both the teller and the listeners --- Irving's The legend of sleepy hollow, King arthur and the holy grail

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Edgar Allen Poe

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The murder in Rue Morgue

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Charles Dickens

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The Mystery of Ewin Drood

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Novella

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A short 50-100 line narrative-- Orwell's Animal Farm, Kafka's The Metamorphosis

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Romance

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Idealized events far removed from everyday life-- Mary Shelly's Frankenstein, Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida and King Horn (anonymous)

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Science fiction

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Fiction that deals with current and future development-- Orwell's 1984, ALdous Huxley's Brave New World, and Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451

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SHort story

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Jackson's "The Lottery, Irving's "Rip Van WInkle"

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Isabel Allende

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The House of Spirits

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James Balwin

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Go Tell it on the Mountain

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Pearl S Buck

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The Good Earth

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Sanra Cisneros

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The House on Mango Street

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Joseph Conrad

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Heart of Darkness

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Ralph Ellison

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The Invisible Man

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Lorraine Hansberry

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A Raisin in the Sun

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Ernest Hemingway

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A Farewell to Arms

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Homer

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The Odyddey and The Illiad

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Zora Neal Hurston

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Their Eyes were Watching God

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Henry James

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The Turn of a Screw

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Franz Kafka

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The Metamorphosis

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The Crucible

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(Arthur Miller, 1953). Miller chose the 1692 Salem Witch Trials as his setting, but the work is really an allegorical protest against the McCarthy anti-Communist "witch-hunts" of the early 1950s. In the story, Elizabeth Proctor fires servant Abigail Williams after she finds out Abigail had an affair with her husband. In response, Abigail accuses Elizabeth of witchcraft. She stands trial and is acquitted, but then another girl accuses her husband, John, and as he refuses to turn in others, he is killed, along with the old comic figure, Giles Corey. Also notable: Judge Hathorne is a direct ancestor of the author Nathaniel Hawthorne.

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Arthur Miller

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Death of a Salesman

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Maxine HIng Kingston

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The Woman Worrier

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Leslie Marmon Silko

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Ceremony

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John Steinbeck

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Grapes of Wrath

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The Joy Luck Club

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Amy Tan

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Alice Walker

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The Color Purple

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Thorton Wilder

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Our Town

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Tennessee WIlliams

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THe Glass Menagerie, A Street Car Named Desire

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Paul Zindel

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The Pigman

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I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings

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the 1969 autobiography about the early years of black writer and poet Maya Angelou. It is a coming of age story that illustrates how strength of character and a love of literature can help overcome racism and trauma. Title comes from Paul Lawrence Dunbar's poem "Sympathy"

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The House on Mango Street

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A woman growing up in poverty in 1960s Chicago is determined to find her own path in life without forgetting her past.

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Heart of Darkness

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A sailor tells the story of his journey through the Congo, where he met an enigmatic, powerful, insane imperialist who had abandoned the rules of English civilization., story reflects the physical and psychological shock Conrad himself experienced in 1890, when he worked briefly in the Belgian Congo.

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Invisible Man

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This story depicts a black man's struggle for identity. In the end, the unnamed narrator runs for his life and falls into a cellar. He decides to remain underground and write a novel about the absurdities of his life., It told about the life of a Southern black man who could not escape racism in the North.

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A Farewell to Arms

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E. Hemingway. A love story which draws heavily on the author's experiences as a young soldier in Italy. Lieutenant Frederic Henry, a young American ambulance driver during WWI. Falls in love with nurse Catherine Barkley. The Battle of Caporetto. In Switzerland, their child is born dead, and Catherine dies due to hemorrhages.

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The Odyssey

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A Greek warrior undertakes an arduous journey back to his homeland and his loyal wife and son, experiencing many fantastical adventures along the way.

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The Illiad

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epic poem about the Trojan war, by Homer

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Their Eyes Were Watching God

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After two marriages to oppressive men, a woman (Janie Crawford) finds temporary happiness with a husband twelve years her junior; themes: the illusion of power, non-necessity of relationships, folkloric quality of religion

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The Metamorphosis

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(changes to something else , for example caterpillar--> butterfly or man --> werewolf) . Novel by Franz Kafka ,where a man wakes up as a giant insect. He struggles with simple task of getting up and out of bed.

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Death of a Salesman

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(Arthur Miller, 1949). This play questions American values of success. Willy Loman is a failed salesman whose firm fires him after 34 years. Despite his own failures, he desperately wants his sons Biff and Happy to succeed. Told in a series of flashbacks, the story points to Biff's moment of hopelessness, when the former high school star catches his father Willy cheating on his mother, Linda. Eventually, Willy can no longer live with his perceived shortcomings, and commits suicide in an attempt to leave Biff with insurance money.

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The Lottery

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Shirley Jackson. Mysterious town-wide lottery takes place in which the winner is stoned to death. Mrs. Hutchinson wins..., Injustices are easy to overlook when they don't affect you AND traditions should not be carried on simply because they have always been done. There should be some other basis for their presence.

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The Grapes of Wrath

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Set during the Great Depression, this novel focuses on a poor family of sharecroppers driven from their home by drought, economic hardship, and changes in the agriculture industry.

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The Color Purple

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The story of a protagonist who is repeatedly raped by a man she thinks is her father. A missionary family in Africa adopts the resulting children. The protagonist's sister, Nettie, works for the missionary family, and the novel takes the form of a series of letters between the sisters. Name this Pulitzer Prize winning novel featuring Celie.

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Our Town

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(Thornton Wilder, 1938).It is divided into three acts: "Daily Life" (Professor Willard and Editor Webb gossip on the everyday lives of town residents); "Love and Marriage" (Emily Webb and George Gibbs fall in love and marry); and "Death" (Emily dies while giving birth, and her spirit converses about the meaning of life with other dead people in the cemetery). A Stage Manager talks to the audience and serves as a narrator throughout the drama, which is performed on a bare stage.

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A Street Car Named Desire

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Tennessee Williams. (Drama) Blanche DuBois, fading Southern belle. Nymphomania and alcoholism. French Quarter of New Orleans. Sister Stella, crude Stanley. Pleasure is short. One-way ticket.

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The Canterbury Tales

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a book written by Geoffrey Chaucer are stories that a group of pilgrims tell to entertain eachoter as they travel to the shrine of Saint Thoman Becket in Canterbury. Fictional stories.

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Keats

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(1795-1821) One of the principle poets of the English Romantic movement. Odes, "Upon First Looking into Chapman's Homer," "Cristabel," "Endymion," "Isabella," "Ode on a Grecian Urn," "Ode on Melancholy," "Ode to a Nightingale," "Ode to Autumn."

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The Glass Menagerie

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Tom Wingfield financially supports his mother Amanda and his crippled sister Laura (who takes refuge from reality in her glass animals). At Amanda's insistence, Tom brings his friend Jim O'Connor to the house as a gentleman caller for Laura. While O'Connor is there, the horn on Laura's glass unicorn breaks, bringing her into reality, until O'Connor tells the family that he is already engaged. Laura returns to her fantasy world, while Tom abandons the family after fighting with Amanda.

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Prometheus Unbound (Shelly)

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Poem about a revolt of humans against a repressive society

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Don Juan

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Byron -- written in ottava rima ABABABCC; DJ is Byronic hero, typical brooding "bad guy", mocks many aspects of society, poetry, politics, philosophy, etc.

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infinitive phrase

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made up of "to" and the base form of a verb (to order, to abandon)

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participle

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verb form ending in (ing or ed) operates as an adjective (barking dog, painted fence)

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gerund

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a verb ending in "ing" that functions as a noun (gardening is my favorite activity)

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antecedent

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the noun to which the pronoun is refering

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adverb

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time place manner degree )tomorrow, there, exactly, degree) Ly words

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double speak

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language that is meant to be evasive or conceal (downsized = fired loss of job

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phonetics

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the study of sounds of language

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morphology

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The study of the structure of words

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semantics

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the study of the meaning in language, in language, study of meanings of words

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syntax

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the study of the structure of sentences, studies of the rules for forming admissible sentences

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contemporary

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Miller's The Crucible, Miller's Death of the Salesman, Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye

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modern

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Mark Twain, London's White Fang, London's Call of the Wild, Frost's Nothing Gold Can Stay, The Road Not Taken, Joyce, T.S. Elliot- The Wasteland

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American (Harlem) renaissance

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Langston Hughes, Zora Neal Hurston, Countee Cullen, Emily Dickinson, Melville's Moby Dick, Walt WItman's O Captain my Captain

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Post Modernism

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Nietzsche, Orwell

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Victorian

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Dickens- Great Expectations, Tennyson, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Charlotte Bronte- Jayne Eyre

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Nationalist (transindentalism)

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James COoper- The Last of the Mohicans, Pioneer prairie, Emmerson- Nature, THe over soul, Irving's Rip van winkle, the legend of sleepy hollow, Poe- THe raven, Longfellow

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Revolutionary

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Declaratoin of Independence, Jefferson

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Romantic period

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Keats, Percy shelly- prometheus unbound, Byron- Don Juan, Austen

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Elizabethian

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Shakespeare, Marlowe- Dr. Faustus, Spenser's - The Faerie Queen

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Middle English

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Chaucer, More's- Utopia, Malory's Le morte d' Arthur, shakespear- Everyman Politcal and religious unrest; Humanism and morality

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Great Expectations

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Tells the story of Pip, an English orphan who rises to wealth, deserts his true friends, and becomes humbled by his own arrogance. It also introduces one of the more colorful characters in literature: Miss Havasham.

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The Scarlet Letter

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Nathaniel Hawthorne's masterpiece from mid 1800s about Hester Prynne who has affair w/ Dimmesdale (preacher) and has a baby w/ him. Deals w/ Puritan culture and Hawthorne's ties to Salem witch trials.

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Brave New World

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Looks to the year 2540, where society accepts promisc sex and drug (soma) use and science has made humanity carefree, healthy, and technologically advanced. War and poverty no longer exist, and people are always happy. But these achievements have come by eliminating things from which people derive happiness —. Marx and Lenina are both from this artificial world where babies are made in factories, while John the Savage and Linda are from a Savage Reservation that still practice old ways.

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The Wasteland

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The (1922) T. S. Eliot's epic poem, depicting a world devoid of purpose or meaning.

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The Great Gatsby

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a self-made man (Gatsby) woos and loses a married aristocratic woman (Daisy) he loves

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Robinson Crusoe

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The hero of Daniel Defoe's novel is about a shipwrecked English sailor who survives on a small tropical island, A man is shipwrecked on an island, where he lives for more than twenty years, fending off cannibals and creating a pleasant life for himself., a novel written by Daniel Defoe about a sailor shipwrecked on an island

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Harriet Beecher Stowe

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United States writer of a novel about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause (1811-1896), wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin

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Willa Cather

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United States writer who wrote about frontier life (1873-1947), wrote My Antonia; prolific during the 1920s, reputation as one of the most important post-Civil War American authors

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antithesis

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the juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas to give a feeling of balance

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fallacy

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a misconception resulting from incorrect reasoning

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Beloved

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an ex-slave is haunted by the memory of the daughter she killed; historical fiction, ghost story; characters include: Baby Suggs, Denver, Sethe

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sestina

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A type of fixed form poetry consisting of thirty-six lines of any length divided into six sestets and a three-line concluding stanza called an envoy. The six words at the end of the first sestet's lines must also appear at the ends of the other five sestets, in varying order. These six words must also appear in the envoy, where they often resonate important themes.

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masculine rhyme

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A rhyme ending on the final stressed syllable

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feminine rhyme

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latter two syllables of first word rhyme with latter two syllables of second word (ceiling appealing)

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the sun also rises

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E. Hemingway. A powerful expose of the life and values of the Lost Generation. Jake Barnes is in love with Brett Ashley (a girl), but Barnes suffered an injury during World War I... Robert Cohn (Jewish outsider), Michael Campbell (Brett's fiance), Bill Gorton, Pedro Romero (star bullfighter of the fiesta.)

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The awakening

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Written by Kate Chopin in 1899. The Awakening portrays a married woman who defies social convention first by falling in love with another man, and then by committing suicide when she finds that his views on women are as oppressive as her husband's. The novel reflects the changing role of women during the early 1900s.

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Sister Carrie

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Theodore Dreiser's novel; single woman who moved to city and worked in shoe factory but then turned to prostitution due to poverty

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orthography

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noun; the art or study of correct spelling according to established usage / the aspect of language study concerned with letters and their sequences with words / spelling

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comma splice

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two sentences joined incorrectly with only a comma

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dangling modifier

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dangling modifiers have no noun or pronoun to modify, change the dangling modifier to an independent clause.

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imperitive sentence

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gives a command or makes a request and ends with a period

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alliteration

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use of the same consonant at the beginning of each stressed syllable in a line of verse

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blank verse

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unrhymed verse (usually in iambic pentameter)

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apostrophe

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address to an absent or imaginary person or audience

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denouement

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the final resolution of the main complication of a literary or dramatic work

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survey, question, read, rehearse, review

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SQ3R Study Method

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etymology

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The history of a word.

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conditional sentence

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A sentence that expresses wishes or conditions contrary to fact.

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compound sentence

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A sentence composed of at least two independent clauses.

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complex sentence

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A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

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compound/complex sentence

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A sentence with two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.

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transitive verb

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A verb that has a direct object (object of the verb).

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intransitive verb

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A verb that does not have a direct object.

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perfect tense

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A tense of verbs used in describing action that has been completed or began in the past.

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demonstrative pronouns

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Pronouns that point out people, places, or things without naming them.

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clause

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Has a subject and a predicate.

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prewriting

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Part 1 (Writing Process) gathering and selecting ideas; creating lists, researching, brainstorming, reading to discover, talking, and free-writing

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drafting

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Part 2 (Writing Process) Begin writing, connecting, and developing ideas...

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revising

answer

Part 3 (Writing Process) Re-Writing, re-seeing; Looking at the piece alone or with another; Examining meaning/sense, diction, voice, and organization

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editing

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Part 4 (Writing Process) Checking for style and conventions- Grammar

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publishing

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Part 5 (Writing Process) Sharing piece with larger audience

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evaluating

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Part 6 (Writing Process) Looking back, Critical Reviews, etc.

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MLA

answer

Salinger, J.D. The Catcher in the Rye (underlined). New York: Little, Brown, and Company, 1945

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APA

answer

Salinger, J.D. (1945). The Catcher in the Rye (italicized). New York: Little, Brown, and Company

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extended metaphor

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A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.

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appeal to authority

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A type of argument where an expert is cited for the purpose of strengthening the argument.

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appeal to emotion

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A type of argument where the writer appeals to the reader's emotion to prove the argument.

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counterpoints

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The use of contrasting ideas to communicate a message (black/white, dark/light).

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William Gibson

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The Miracle Worker

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Louisa May Alcott

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Little Women

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Maya Angelou

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I know why the caged bird sings, A song flew up to heaven

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Ray Bradbury

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Fahrenheit 451, Dandelion Wine

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Stephen Crane

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Red Badge of Courage; an episode of the Civil War

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Daniel Defoe

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(father of the English novel) Robinson Crusoe

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Emily Dickinson

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Come slowly Eden, I felt a funeral in my brain, I'm nobody who are you (19th century poet, irregular capitalization, use of dashes & emjambant, took liberty w/ meter

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Fredrick Douglass

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Editor of The North Star, abolitionist, was self-taught slave, My Bondage and My Freedom

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Ralph Waldo Emerson

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Transcedentalist poet, essayist, speaker wrote "Self-Reliance"

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F. Scott Fitzgerald

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The Great Gatsby, Tender Is the Night

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Anne Frank

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1st published in 1952 Diary of a Young Girl, chronicles her life in Nazi Germany from 1942-1944

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Robert Frost

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The Road Not Taken, The Gift Outright --won Pulitzer for poetry 4X

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S.E. Hinton

answer

The Outsiders, That was then This is Now, Rumble Fish, Tex

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Zora Neale Hurston

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Their Eyes were watching God, Jona's Gourd Vine

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John Keats

answer

Ode to a nightingale, Endymion, The Eve of St. Agnes -Brit 19th Cent. poet

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Helen Keller

answer

The Story of my Life 1902 became The miracle worker, The World I live in, Out of the Dark

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Harper Lee

answer

To Kill a Mockingbird

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Madeline L'Engle

answer

A Wrinkle in Time, The Small Rain, 24 Days before Christmas

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C.S. Lewis

answer

allegorical novels, The chronicles of Narnia, The Lion, the witch, and the Wardrobe

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Jack London

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Call of the Wild, Sea-Wolf, White Fang

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Lois Lowry

answer

The Giver, Number the Stars

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Herman Melville

answer

Moby Dick, Billy Budd, Typee

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George Orwell

answer

Animal Farm, 1984, Down and Out in Paris and London--dark satire on Stalinist totalitarianism

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Edgar Allan Poe

answer

The Fall of the House of Usher, The Murders in the Rue Morgue, and The Raven and Other Poems --short story writer

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J.D Salinger

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The Catcher in the Rye

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William Shakespeare

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1564-1616 Greatest playwrite who ever lived, prolific poet, known for sonnets; wrote Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello, and King Lear (tragedies)

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Mary Shelley

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Frankenstein --English author

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Percy Bysshe Shelley

answer

Prometheus Unbound, Ode to the West Wind, To A Skylark

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Amy Tan

answer

The JoyLuck Club, --widely hailed for its depiction of the Chinese-American experience of the late 20th century.

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J.R.R. Tolkien

answer

Lord of the Rings, a trilogy in which he details the life, history, and cosmology of the mythological Middle Earth, and for which he invented several languages, most notably Elvish, and the Hobbitt

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Mark Twain

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The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Prince and the Pauper,--master of humor and sarcasm

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Alice Walker

answer

The Color Purple, Meridian, In Love and Trouble --Pulitzer-prize winning author writes about southern Blacks/ hardships

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H.G. Wells

answer

The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds, The Time Machine

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Walt Whitman

answer

Leaves of Grass--celebrated the freedom and dignity of the individual and sang the praises of democracy

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Bernard Malamud

answer

The Natural, The First Seven Years, The Fixer

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Geoffrey Chaucer

answer

The Canterbury Tales (written in the street vernacular, or street language, of England rather than in Latin)

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Thomas Malory

answer

wrote L'morte D'arthur which is the story of King Arthur and his court

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Sir Edmund Spenser

answer

wrote The Frairie Queen; he created the nine-line stanza--eight lines iambic pentameter and an extra-footed ninth line called 'alexandrine'

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John Milton

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Paradise Lost

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John Bunyan

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wrote 'Pilgrims Progress'

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John Donne

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A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning; Meditations

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Dr. Samuel Johnson

answer

compiled the first comprehensive English dictionary in 1775.

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The Bronte Sisters (Charlotte, Emily)

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Wuthering Heights; Jane Eyre

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Mary Anne Evans (George Eliot)

answer

Middlemarch, Silas Marner, Adam Bede, Mill on the Floss

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Alfred Lloyd Tennyson

answer

Idylls of the King

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Robert Browning

answer

My Last Duchess

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Rudyard Kipling

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The Jungle Book

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Friedrich von Schiller

answer

William Tell

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Henrik Ibsen

answer

The Doll's House

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Leo Tolstoy

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War and Peace

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Fyodor Dostoyevsky

answer

Crime and Punishment

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Alexandre Dumas

answer

The Three Musketeers; The Man in the Iron Mask

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Victor Hugo

answer

The Hunchback of Notre Dame

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Franz Kafka

answer

The Metamorphosis, The Trial, The Castle

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Miguel de Cervantes

answer

Don Quixote; El Cid

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Virgil

answer

The Aeneid

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Homer

answer

The Iliad; The Odyssey

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Mark Mathabane

answer

Kaffir Boy

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Alan Paton

answer

Cry, the Beloved Country

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Yasunari Kawabata

answer

The Sound of the Mountain; The Snow Country

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Katai Tayama

answer

The Quilt

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Jonathan Swift

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Gulliver's Travels

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Johann Wyss

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The Swiss Family Robinson

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A Bridge to Terabithia, Katherine Patterson

answer

fantasy childrens' novel published 1977 by American author (1932-), Characters include Jess Aarons, Leslie Burke, Mr and Mrs Aarons; set in the late 1970s in Lark Creek; Friendship, Childhood, Conformity and individuality, Gender Roles , education

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Sonnet 18, William Shakespeare

answer

comparative poem of the Elizabethian Movement, author was born in 1564 and died in 1616, "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?"

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Not Without Laughter, Langston Hughes

answer

written and set during the Harlem Renaissance (1920s, 30s); African American author known for Jazz poerty, characters include Sandy Rogers, Jimboy, Annjee Williams; realities of black life in a small Kansas town

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Sounder, William Armstrong

answer

young adult novel published in 1969, based on a true story, set during 19th century in Southern America; characters include "the boy", "the boy's father", "the boy's mother"; author 1914-1999

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The Joy Luck Club, Amy Tan

answer

postmodern novel published in 1989; characters include the Woo, Jong, Hsu, and St. Clair families, set in China from the 1920s to 1980s; author born in 1952

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The Hobbit, JRR Tolkien

answer

postmodern, fantasy, heroic quest novel by British author (1892-1973) published in 1937; characters include Bilbo Baggins, Gandolf, Gollom; set the Third Age of Middle-Earth, 2941-2942 in various locales in the imaginary world of Middle-Earth

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HG Wells

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British author (1866-1946), wrote mainly science fiction including "The War of the Worlds","The Time Machine", and "The Invisible Man"

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Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry; Mildred Taylor

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historical fiction concerning racial tension published in 1976 by African American author (1943-); characters include Casey, Stacey, Christopher, and David Logan; set in 1930s in Mississippi

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Holes, Louis Sacher

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Mystery; folk tale; adventure novel; published 1998 by American author (1954-); characters include Stanley Yelnats, Zero, Xray, Squid, Magnet, Armpit; set in 20th century in Green Lake, Texas

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Anna Karenina, Leo Tolstoy

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Realist, psychological, tragic novel by Russian writer (1828-1910); published in 1873; characters include Anna Karenina, Alexei Karenin, Alexei Vronsky, Konstantin Levin; themes include adultery and suicide

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Sarah, Plain and Tall; Patricia MacLachlan

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children's novel set in 19th century Kansas, published in 1985 by American author (1938-); characters include Sarah, Anna, Caleb; deals with abandonment, loneliness, and death

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To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee

answer

Southern Gothic novel published in 1960 by American author (1926-); characters include Scout Finch, Atticus Finch, Boo; set 1933-1935 in fictional town of Maycomb, Alabama; deals with goodness, integrity, rape and racial inequality

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The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde

answer

Gothic work written in Victorian era (1837-1901) by Irish playwright (1854-1900); characters include Basil Hallward, Dorian Gray, Lord Henry, Sibyl Vane; set 1890s in London, England; deals with fear of lost beauty, low morality, pursuit of happiness

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Little Women, Louisa May Alcott

answer

dramatic, comedic novel published in 1869 by American novelist (1832-1888); characters include Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy March; set during Civil War period (1861-1865); deals with poverty, personal growth

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The Witch of Blackbird Pond, Elizabeth George Speare

answer

historical fiction published by American author in 1958; characters include Katherine "Kit" Tyler, Hannah Tupper, Nathaniel Eaton; set in 1697 in Connecticut Colony

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A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway

answer

Literary war novel published in 1929 by American author (1899-1961); set during WWI (1916-1918) in Italy and Switzerland; characters include Lt. Frederic Henry, Catherine Barkley, Rinaldi; deals with romance and war

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The Call of the Wild, Jack London

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adventure novel involving Realism and Naturalism published in 1903 by American author (1876-1916); characters include dog named Buck, Judge Miller, John Thornton, "devil dog" Spitz; set in late 1890s in California; deals with cruelty

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Frankenstein, Mary Shelley

answer

Sci-fi, horror, Gothic novel written during the Romantic Movement ( second half of 18th century) and Industrial Revolution (late 18th, early 19th century); published in 1818 by British novelist ( 1797-1851); characters include Victor, the monster, Robert Walton, Elizabeth Lavenza

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Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte

answer

Gothic, Romantic, bildungsroman novel by British novelist (1816-1855) published in 1847, characters include Jane, St. John, Edward Rochester, Bertha Mason; set in early 19th century in 5 different locations in England

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Robinson Crusoe, Daniel Defoe

answer

adventure, frame tale published in 1719 by English writer (1659-1731); characters include Crusoe, "Friday", The Portuguese captain, Xury; set 1659-1694 at many different locations including the island

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The Giver, Lois Lowry

answer

fantasy, science fiction, dystopian novel published in 1993 by American author (1937-); characters include Jonas, The Giver, Lilly, Gabriel; set in an unspecified time in the future in an utopian community

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Out of the Dust, Karen Hesse

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historical fiction published in 1997 by an American author ( 1952-); characters include Billy Jo Kelby Anne, Ma (Polly), and Pa ( Bayard) ; set in 1934-35 in Oklahoma during the Dust Bowl years; deals with guilt, sorrow, and anger

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The Catcher in the Rye, JD Salinger

answer

bildungsroman novel by American author (1919-) published in 1951; characters include Holden Caulfield, Ackley, Stradlater; setting is a long weekend in late 1940, early 1950s in Pennsylvania and New York; deals with teenage rebellion and defiance

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The Outsiders, SE Hinton

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bildungsroman novel published in 1967 by American author (1950-); set in the mid 1960s in Tulsa, Oklahoma; characters include Ponyboy Curtis, Darrell Curtis, Sodapop Curtis, Steve Randle, Greasers and Socs; deals with social division and class struggles

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Because of Winn Dixie, Kate DiCamillo

answer

animal fiction published in 2000 by an American author (1964-); characters include dog (eponymous), Opal Buloni, Miss Franny Block; set in Naomi, Florida at an unspecified time; deals with emotional growth

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Aurora Leigh, Elizabeth Barrett Browning

answer

epic/novel prose poem written in 1st person blank verse, published during Victorian Era (1837-1901) by an English author (1806-1861); eponymous character is a heroine

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Prometheus Unbound, Percy Bysshe Shelley

answer

romantic 4 act play (closet drama), published in 1820 by an English poet (1792-1822)

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Hoot, Carl Hiaason

answer

adventure novel published in 2002 by an American author (1953-); set in Florida; characters include Roy Eberhardt, Mullet Fingers, Beatrice

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Narrative of the Life and Times of Frederick Douglas

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memoir and treatise on abolition encompassing 11 chapters published in 1845; describes events of African American author's life (1818-1895) ; deals with Civil Rights, but NOT written during Civil Rights Movement (1950-1980)

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The Scarlett Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne

answer

historical fiction during Romantic Movement (second half of the 18th century); published in 1850 by American novelist (1804-1864); characters include Hester Pryne, Pearl, Dimmesdale, Chillingworth; set in the mid 17th century in Puritan Boston; deals with adultery and symbolism

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Island of the Blue Dolphins, Scott O'Dell

answer

historical fiction published in 1960 by American author (1898-1989); characters include Karana, Ramo, Rontu, Tutok, set in 1835-1853 in Ghalas-at, an island off the coast of California

question

Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury

answer

dystopian science fiction novel published in 1953 by an American writer (1920-); characters include Guy Montag, Mildred Montag, Captain Beatty, Granger; set sometime in the twenty-first century, in and around an unspecified city

question

The Bell Jar, Sylvia Plath

answer

semi-autobiographical bildungsroman published in 1963 by American author (1932-1963); characters include Esther Greenwood, Buddy Willard, Doctor Nolan; set 1953-54 in New York City and Boston; deals with suicide and mental instability

question

Beowulf, anonymous

answer

heroic, epic poem displaying alliterative verse and elegy; characters include Beowulf, King Hrothgar, Grendel; set around 500 AD in Denmark and Geatland (a region in what is now southern Sweden) ; Anglo-Saxon literature, using "Old English"

question

Beloved, Toni Morrison

answer

postmodern, contemporary historical fiction published in 1987 by African American author (1931-); characters include Sethe, Denver, Beloved; set in 1873 in Cincinnati, Ohio; includes ghosts and flashbacks

question

Night, Elie Wiesel

answer

Holocaust memoir set during WWII (1941-45); follows author Eliezer (1928-) through loss of faith, abuse and other experiences, set in Transylvania (beginning) and concentration camps in Europe

question

The Great Gatsby, F Scott Fitzgerald

answer

Modernist novel during the Jazz Age published in 1925 by American author (1896-1940), considered to be part of the "Lost Generation"; characters include Nick Carraway, Joy Gatsby, Jordan Baker; set in summer of 1922 in Long Island and NY City

question

Mrs Dalloway, Virginia Woolf

answer

Modernist, formalist, feminist novel published in 1925 by English novelist (1882-1940); set one day of party preparation in mid-June 1923 in London, England; characters include Clarissa Dalloway, Peter, Septimus; deals with judgement

question

A Wrinkle in Time, Madeline L'Engle

answer

science fantasy novel published in 1962 by American writer (1918-2007); characters include Mrs Whatsit, Mrs Which, Mrs Who, Meg Murray, Charles Wallace, Caulin O'Keefe; set at an unspecified time and throughout the universe

question

Walk Two Moons, Sharon Creech

answer

quest, adventure novel published in 1994 by an American novelist ( 1945-); characters include Sal, Phoebe Winterbottom; set in 1980s or early 1990s in Kentucky and Ohio; deals with abandonment

question

Animal Farm, George Orwell

answer

Animalism dystopian novella published in 1945 by English author (1903-1950); characters include Old Major, Snowball, Napoleon, Squealer; set in unspecified time on Manor Farm in England

question

Aenied, Virgil

answer

Latin mythological, heroic epic poem written in dactylic hexameter by Roman poet (70 BCE-19 BCE); set in the late 1st century (29-19 BCE) during the aftermath of the Trojan War in The Mediterranean, including the north coast of Asia Minor, Carthage, and Italy; characters include Aenas, Dido, Turmis

question

Crime and Punishment, Fyodor Dostoevsky

answer

psychological suspense novel published in 1866 by Russian author (1821-1881); characters include Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov, Sofya Semyonovna Marmeladov, Porfiry Petrovich; set in 1860s in St. Petersburg and a prison in Siberia, deals with existentialism, alienation from society, the idea of superman

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1984, George Orwell

answer

dystopian political novel published in 1949 by English author (1903-1950); characters include Winston Smith, Julia, O'Brien, Big Brother; set in 1984 in London, England; deals with individuality and totalitarian regime

question

The Color Purple, Alice Walker

answer

epistolary, confessional novel published in 1982 by African American author (1944-); characters include Celie, Alphonso, Nettie, Mr.__, Harpo; set 1910-1940 in rural Georgia

question

The Real McCoy: The Life of an African American Inventor, Wendy Towle

answer

Biography of Elijah J McCoy (1843-1929), an engineer and investor, who was known for over 57 US patents, mainly in automatic lubrication; published in 1995 by American author; displays heroic status in African American community

question

Macbeth, William Shakespeare

answer

tragic play published in 1623 by English poet and playwright (1564-1616) of the Elizabethan Era (1558-1603); characters include 3 witches, Duncan, Macbeth, Banquo; set during The Middle Ages, specifically the eleventh century in various locations in Scotland; also England, briefly

question

Their Eyes Were Watching God, Zora Neele Hurston

answer

Bildungsroman, American Southern spiritual journey novel published in 1937 by American author (1891-1960); characters include Janie Crawford, Tea Cooke, Phoeby Watson, Jody; set in rural Florida in the 1920s and 30s (Harlem Renaissance); deals with younger love and search to find peace

question

Leaves of Grass, Walt Whitman

answer

part of poetry collection, published 1855 by American Realist and Transcendentalist poet (1819-1892) known as the "father of free verse" during Civil War period (1861-1865); author wrote about sexuality (especially homosexuality)

question

Charlotte's Web, EB White

answer

children's novel published in 1952 by American author (1899-1985); characters include Wilbur, Charlotte, Fern; set at unspecified time in a barn on farm

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Ethan Frome, Edith Wharton

answer

tragic romance novel published in 1911 by an American author (1862-1937); characters include Ethan Frome, Mattie Silver, Zeena; set in the late nineteenth-early twentieth century in Starkfield, Massachusetts; deals with sexual tension and suicide

question

Lord of the Flies, William Golding

answer

allegorical adventure novel published in 1954 by British novelist (1911-1993); characters include Ralph, Piggy, Island Beast, Jack, Simon, Roger; set in the near future on a deserted tropical island; deals with loss-of-innocence

question

A Time for Andrew: A Ghost Story, Mary Downing Hahn

answer

horror mystery novel published in 1994 by American author; characters include Drew Tyler, Aunt Blythe

question

Self-Reliance, Ralph Waldo Emerson

answer

essay written by Transcendentalist American author (1803-1882); essay NOT anti-society, however focuses on the avoidance of conformity and the importance of individualism

question

Doctor Faustus, Christopher Marlowe

answer

tragic play written in blank verse, published 1604 during Elizabethan Era by English dramatist (1564-1593); characters include Mephastophilis, Wagner, Faustus; set during the 1580s in Europe; deals with magic, the supernatural, and tricks

question

The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer

answer

frame tale, collection of narrative poems published sometime during the 14th century or Middle English period (1066-1470), by an English author/poet (1343-1400); characters include pilgrims, Knight, Miller, Squire, Reeve whom all share there stories; set during the 14th century

question

The Fall of the House of Usher, Edgar Allen Poe

answer

sci-fi, gothic, horror detective short story published in 1839 by American writer/poet (1809-1849) during the Romantic Movement ; characters include the narrator, Roderick Usher, Madeline; set deals with a gloomy and mysterious estate

question

The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrok, TS Eliot

answer

dramatic monologue with refrains published in 1915 by American poet (1888-1965); isolation and compulsion

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I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Maya Angelou

answer

Bildungsroman autobiography published in 1969 by African American author/poet (1928-); set during the 1930s-1950s in California, Arkansas, and Missouri; deals with abandonment, racism, insecurity/inferiority, and shame; other characters include Bailey, Momma, Vivian

question

Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Lewis Carroll

answer

fantasy, fairy tale, allegorical, satiric literary nonsense novella published in 1865 by a British author (1832-1898); characters include Alice, White Rabbit, Mouse, Cheshire Cat, Dyna; set during the Victorian Era c. 1865

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On First Looking into Chapman's Homer, John Keats

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sonnet published during Romantic Movement (second half of 18th century) by a British poet (1795-1821); focused on the astonishment at reading the works of ancient Greek poet Homer; "Much have I travell'd in the realms of gold,..."

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Watership Down, Robert Adams

answer

allegorical heroic fantasy published in 1972 by English writer (1920-); characters include Fiver, Hazel, Threarah, Big Wig, Captain Holly; set May-June c.1972 between Berkshire and Hampshire, England; deals with search for a home

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The Glory Field, Walter Dean Myers

answer

collection of stories about the Lewis family published in 1994 by an African American author (1937-); set 1753-1994; focuses mainly on slavery and the struggle for freedom and dignity during the Civil Rights Movement (1920s-80s)

question

The Swiss Family Robinson, Johann David Wyss

answer

family adventure novel published in 1812 by German author (1743-1818); characters include Mom, Dad, Fritz, Jack, Ernest, and Franz (Swiss family); set at an unspecified time on an island; deals with confinement, good values, husbandry, the uses of the natural world, and self-reliance

question

Johnny Tremain, Esther Forbes

answer

Bildungsroman historical war novel published in 1943 by American novelist (1891-1967); characters include Johnathan Tremain, Rab Silsbee, Priscilla Lapham, Ephraim Lapham; set in the summer of 1773 and ends during April of 1775 in Colonial Boston (during Boston Tea Party and American Revolution); deals with transition from arrogance to idealistic selflessness

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The Lion, the Witch,and the Wardrobe, CS Lewis

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fantasy novel published in 1950 by Irish author (1898-1963); characters include Aslan, The White Witch, Peter, Susan, Edmond, and Lucy Pevensie; set during WWII (1939-1945) on the English countryside and the magical land of Narnia

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The Yearling, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings

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Bildungsroman young adult novel published in 1938 by an American author (1896-1953); characters include Jody Baxter, Ora and Penny Baker; set during the 1870s in the animal-filled Florida backwoods; deals with companionship, strained relationships, hunger, death

question

Touching Spirit Bear, Ben Mikaelson

answer

teen novel published in 2002 by author who grew up in the Andes Mountains, Bolivia, later moving to US in 7th grade (1952-); characters include Cole Matthews, Peter Driscal, Garvey; set on a remote island in Alaska for one year; deals with anger, rage, hate, blame, fear, learned forgiveness

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Julie of the Wolves, Jean Craighead George

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children's novel published in 1972 by American author (1919-); characters include Miyax, Aunt Martha, Amaroq, Daniel; set in early 1970s in Northern Alaska (tundra); deals with acceptance, life as an Americanized Eskimo, running away from home

question

The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, Washington Irving

answer

Gothic, folktale, historical short story published in 1820 by American author (1783-1859) during the Romanticism Movement and American Revolutionary War; characters include Ichabod Crane, Katherine Van Tassel, Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt, Headless Horsemen; set circa 1790 in Dutch Settlement of Tarry Town, NY, in secluded glen

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The Voice on the Radio, Caroline B Cooney

answer

novel published in 1996 by American author (1947); characters include Janie, Reeve; deals with kidnapping, and acceptance issues

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She Walks in Beauty, Lord Byron

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poem which focuses on beauty of one particular woman; "She walks in beauty...like the night"; published in 1815 by British poet (1788-1824) during Romanticism Movement

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In Reference to Her Children, Anne Bradstreet

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poem written in forty-eight tetrameter couplets by English-American author (1612-1672) during Colonial American period; maintains the bird reference throughout poem; "I had eight birds hatch in one nest..."

question

The Chocolate War, Robert Cormier

answer

controversial novel published in 1974 by American author (1925-2000); characters include Jerry Renault, Archie Costello, The Goober, The Vigils; setting is relatively modern at Trinity High School; deals with rebellion against bullies

question

The House on Mango Street, Sandra Cisneros

answer

Bildungsroman novella published in 1984 by Chicana author (1954-); characters include Esperanza Corderon, Lucy, Rachel, Sally; set in crowded Latino neighborhood in Chicago over a period of one year; deals with poverty, sexual growth and maturity, writing as an outlet

question

The History of the Nun, Aphra Behn

answer

prose narrative (short story) published in 1688 by British author (1640-1689) who was the first woman to write professionally in English; speculated to be based on author's romantic relationship with Hortense Mancini; set in the 17th century; analyzed female sexual desire

question

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte

answer

Gothic novel published in 1847 by English novelist and poet (1818-1848); characters include Heathcliff, Catherine Earnshaw, Hindley, Nelly Dean; set 1770s-1802 at Thrushcross Grange; deals with love

question

The Pigman, Paul Zindel

answer

Young adult novel published in 1968 by American author (1936-2003); characters include John and Lorraine (both narrators), Mr. Angelo Pignati; set on Staten Island New York, early to mid 1960s; deals with friendship, symbolism, death, maturation, trust

question

Shiloh, Phyllis Reynolds Naylor

answer

children's novel published in 1991 by American author (1933-); characters include Marty Preston, Judd Travers, Dad, David; set in Friendly, West Virginia; deals with companionship and loss

question

Hatchet, Gary Paulson

answer

Bildungsroman, adventure, survival novel published in 1987 by American author (1939-); characters include Brian Robeson, Brian's mother and father, Terry; set in Hampton, NY, Canadian woods presumably in the 1980s; deals with death, self-reliance on island

question

The Story of My Life, Helen Keller

answer

autobiography published in 1903; author (1880-1968) was women's suffragist, workers rights activist, socialist, who was the first deaf-blind individual to earn a Bachelors degree; well respected and honored by society; includes Anne Sullivan (teacher)

question

Bud, Not Buddy, Christopher Paul Curtis

answer

historical fiction novel published in 1999 by African American author (1953-); characters include Bud Caldwell, Herman Calloway, Todd Amoses; set in Flint, Michigan 1936 during the Great Depression; deals with racism, abuse in foster home, search for father

question

Any Human to Another, Countee Cullen

answer

irregular rhyme, five stanza poem written during Harlem Renaissance by leading African American poet (1903-1946); "The ills I sorrow at, not me alone, like an arrow..."; was a cry for racial equality

question

Wild Nights! -- Wild Nights!, Emily Dickinson

answer

3 stanza poem published in 1891 and written by an eccentric, reclusive, and introverted American poet (1830-1886) ; some speculate the meaning of the poem - eroticism?, religion?; "Wild Night!-Wild Nights!, were I with thee, Wild Nights!-Wild Nights! should be our luxury..."

question

Civil Disobedience, Henry David Thoreau

answer

natural history essay published in 1849 by transcendentalist author (1817-1862) who was also an abolitionist and into simple living; the active refusal to obey certain laws, demands,and commands of a government or occupying power, w/o resorting to physical violence

question

Crispin: The Cross of Lead, Avi

answer

historical fiction published in 2002 by American author (1937-); characters include Asta, Crispin, Duke of Lancaster, Father Quinel, John Aycliffe; set 14th century England; deals with being an outcast, hatred, learning difficiencies

question

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Tom Sawyer

answer

Bildungsroman, Picaresque novel published in 1884 by American author (1835-1910); characters include Huckleberry "Huck" Finn, Jim, Tom Sawyer, Widow Douglas and Miss Watson, The duke and the dauphin; set before the Civil War; roughly 1835-1845 on The Mississippi River town of St. Petersburg, Missouri; various locations along the river through Arkansas

question

Picaresque

answer

episodic, colorful story often in the form of a quest or journey

question

The Road Not Taken, Robert Frost

answer

4 stanza, 5 line poem published in 1916 by an American poet (1874-1963) who believed in free will and fate as well as the appreciation of rural life; "...Two roads diverged in a wood and I - I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference"; irony, regret?

question

The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle, Avi

answer

historical novel published in 1990 by American author (1937-); characters include Charlotte Doyle, Zachariah, Captain Jaggery, Samuel Hollybrass,Roderick Fisk, Seahawk (ship); set early summer in the year 1832 on voyage from Liverpool, England to Providence, Rhode Island; deals with upper-class lifestyle, rebellion, betrayal, racism

question

David Copperfield, Charles Dickens

answer

Bildungsroman novel published in 1850 by English author (1812-1870), considered the most popular author of the Victorian Era; characters include Agnes Wickfield, James Steerforth, Clara Peggotty, Little Em'ly; set 1800s in England; deals with cruelty, the plight of the weak, wealth and class, and equality in marriage

question

The Awakening, Kate Chopin

answer

Bildungsroman, modernistic novel published in 1899 by American author (1850-1904); characters include Edna Pontellier, Mademoiselle Reisz, Adèle Ratignolle, Robert Lebrun, Léonce Pontellier; set in 1899, at a time when the Industrial Revolution and the feminist movement were beginning to emerge yet were still overshadowed by the prevailing attitudes of the nineteenth century in New Orleans; deals with selfishness, feminist issues, the pursuit of happiness, and suicide

question

The Red Badge of Courage, Stephen Crane

answer

Realism psychological war novel published in 1895 by American novelist (1871-1900); characters include Henry Fleming, Jim Conklin, Wilson; set during the Civil War in 1863 presumably during the Battle of Chancellorsville; deals with courage, manhood, and self-preservation

question

We Are Seven, William Wordsworth

answer

poem published in 1798 by English Romantic poet (1770-1850); focuses on the distinction between the dead and the living; "--A simple child, that lightly draws its breath, and feels its life in every limb, what should it know of death?"; poet had optimistic view of nature and dissatisfaction with rationality; believed that childhood was a "magical and magnificent time of innocence"

question

Moby Dick, Herman Melville

answer

allegorical, tragic, epic, quest, adventure novel, sea story published in 1851 by American author (1819-1891); characters include Ishmael, Ahab, Starbuck, Queequeg; set 1830s or 1840s aboard the whaling ship the Pequod, in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans; deals with revenge, morals, death

question

A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, James Joyce

answer

semi-autobiographical Kuntslerroman published in 1917 by Irish author (1882-1941); characters include Stephen Dedalus, Simon Dedalus, Emma Clery, Eileen Vance; set 1882-1903 primarily in Dublin and the surrounding area; deals with devotion of life to art of writing, development of individual consciousness, pitfalls of religious extremism

question

The Ear, the Eye, and the Arm, Nancy Farmer

answer

science fiction novel published in 1994 by American author (1941-); characters include Tendai, Rita, Kuda (children of General Matsika), the "Mellower", Eye, Ear, and Arm (detectives), She-Elephant; set in Zimbabwe the year 2194; deals with isolation, pseudo-hypnosis

question

My Antonia, Willa Cather

answer

historical, frontier fiction recollection memoir published in 1918 by American author (1873-1947); characters include Jim Burden, Ántonia Shimerda, Lena Lingard, Otto Fuchs; set 1880s-1910s in and around Black Hawk, Nebraska; also Lincoln, Nebraska; deals with humankind's relationship to the past and its environment

question

Maniac Magee, Jerry Spinelli

answer

novel published in 1990 by American author (1941-); characters include Jeffery Lionel Magee, Aunt Dot, Uncle Dan, Beale and McNab families, set in the Pennsylvania towns of Hollidaysbury, Two Mills, and Bridgeport at unspecified time, deals with race relations, reconciliation, fearlessness, running away, friendships

question

The Whipping Boy, Sid Fleischman

answer

novel published in 1987 by American author (1920-); characters include Jemmy, Prince Horace, Hold-Your-Nose-Billy, Cutwater, Betsy, Captain Harry Nips; set during an era of powdered wigs and highwaymen from the royal castle to the countryside; deals with misbehavior, running away, taking the blame

question

Old Yeller, Fred Gipson

answer

childrens novel published in 1956 by American author (1908-1973); characters include The Coates Family (mother, father, Travis, and Arliss); set in Texas Hill Country, 1860s; deals with protection of family, loyalty, death

question

Flowers for Algernon, Daniel Keyes

answer

controversial sci-fi short story published in 1959 by American author (1927-); characters include Charlie Gordon, Alice Kinnian, Dr Strauss, Professor Harold Nemur, Algernon; set in New York city in the mid 1960s; deals with mistreatment of the mentally disabled, the tension between intellect and emotion, and the persistence of the past in the present

question

Where the Red Fern Grows, Wilson Rawls

answer

novel published in 1961 by American author (1913-1984); characters include Billy Coleman, Old Dan, Little Ann, Rainie, Rubin; set in The Ozarks, Oklahoma during the Great Depression (1929-1940s); deals with loyalty, death, competition

question

A Midsummer Night's Dream, William Shakespeare

answer

Fantasy romantic comedy about the adventures of 4 Athenian lovers written 1594-1596 and published 1600 by English poet and playwright (1564-1616); characters include Puck, Oberon, Titania, Helena, Hermia, Hippolyta; set in Athens and the forest outside its walls, Combines elements of Ancient Greece with elements of Renaissance England; deals with love's difficulty, magic, and dreams

question

The Crucible, Arthur Miller

answer

tragic, allegorical, dramatic play published in 1953 by American playwright (1915-2005); characters include Abigail Williams, John Proctor, Rev John Hale, Elizabeth Proctor, Rev Parris, Giles Corey; set in Salem, Massachusetts, 1692; based on actual events before Salem Witch Trials in 1692; deals with intolerance, hysteria, reputation

question

Gulliver's Travels, Johnathan Swift

answer

satire novel published in 1726 by Anglo-Irish author (1667-1745); characters include Gulliver, The Emperor, The Farmer, Glumdalclitch, Lord Munodi, Laputans; set early 18th century primarily in England and the imaginary countries of Lilliput, Blefuscu, Brobdingnag, Laputa, and the land of the Houyhnhnms; deals with might versus right, the individual versus society, and the limits of human understanding

question

Hamlet, William Shakespeare

answer

tragic revenge play published in 1603 by English playwright (1564-1616); characters include Hamlet, Claudius, Gertrude, Polonius, Horatio, The Ghost, Ophelia; set the late medieval period in Denmark, deals with the impossibility of certainty, the complexity of action, the mystery of death

question

Candide, Voltaire

answer

Satire, adventure novel published in 1759 by French Enlightenment author (1694-1778); characters include Candide, Pangloss, Martin, Cunégonde, Cacambo; set in various real and fictional locations in Europe and South America in 1750s; deals with the folly of optimism, the uselessness of philosophical speculation, the hypocrisy of religion, and the corrupting power of money

question

Allegory

answer

A story in which people (or things or actions) represent an idea or a generalization about life. Usually have a STRONG LESSON OR MORAL.

question

Alliteration

answer

The repetition of initial consonant sounds in words, such as "PETER PIPER PICKED A PECK OF PICKLED PEPPERS."

question

Allusion

answer

a reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art

question

Analogy

answer

a comparison of two different things that are similar in some way

question

Anapestic Meter

answer

Meter that is composed of feet that are short-short-long or unaccented-unaccented-accented, usually used in light or whimsical poetry, such as limerick.

question

Anecdote

answer

a brief story or incident; making point

question

Antagonist

answer

the character who works against the protagonist in the story

question

Aphorism

answer

a short saying stating a general truth

question

Apostrophe

answer

Someone absent, dead, or imaginary, or an abstraction, is being addressed as if it could reply

question

Assonance

answer

The repetition of similar vowel sounds; such as WHITE STRIPES!

question

Blank Verse

answer

unrhymed iambic pentameter

question

Caesura

answer

a pause or break within a line of poetry

question

Characterization

answer

the process by which the writer reveals more about the personality of a character

question

Cliché

answer

an overused saying or idea

question

Consonance

answer

repetition of identical consonant sounds within two or more words in close proximity, as in boost/best; it can also be seen within several compound words, such as fulfill and ping-pong

question

Couplet

answer

a pair of rhyming lines

question

Diction

answer

a writer's choice of words

question

Archaic

answer

-Old fashioned words, that no longer used by people in a geographic area

question

End Ryme

answer

Rhyming of the ends of lines of verse

question

Enjambment

answer

The continuation of a syntactic unit from one line or couplet of a poem to the next with no pause

question

Existentialism

answer

(philosophy) a 20th-century philosophical movement assumes that people are entirely free and thus responsible for what they make of themselves

question

Flashback

answer

a device that enables a writer to refer to past thoughts, events, or episodes

question

Foot

answer

a group of 2 or 3 syllables forming the basic unit of poetic rhythm

question

Iambic Trochaic Anapestic Dactylic

answer

Unstressed stressed Stressed unstressed Unstressed, unstressed, stressed Stressed, unstressed, unstressed

question

Free Verse

answer

Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme

question

Genre

answer

A category of literature defined by its style form and content

question

Heroic couplet

answer

A pair of lines of poetic verse written in iambic pentameter

question

Hyperbole

answer

A exaggeration for emphasis or rhetorical effect

question

Hubris

answer

The flaw that leads to the downfall of tragic hero this term comes from the Greek work hybris, which means "excessive pride".

question

Imagery

answer

The use of words to create pictures in the reader's mind

question

Internal Rhyme

answer

Rhyme that occurs within a line of verse

question

Irony

answer

The use of a word or phrase to mean the exact opposite of its literal or expected meaning

question

Malapropism

answer

The use of a word sounding somewhat like the one intended but humorously wrong in the context; "Don't pull the horse before the cart".

question

Metaphor

answer

"The winter is a Bear"

question

Meter

answer

A rhythmical pattern in verse that is made up of stressed and unstressed syllables

question

Mood

answer

The feeling a text evokes in the reader such as sadness, tranquility or elation.

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Moral

answer

A lesson in the story or teaching in the story.

question

Narration

answer

The telling of a story

question

Onomatopoeia

answer

The use of sound words to suggest meaning as in buzz, click or vroom.

question

Oxymoron

answer

A phrase that consists of two contradictory terms for example---deafening silence

question

Paradox

answer

a statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.

question

Personification

answer

A literary device in which animals ideas and things are represented as having human traits; making them humans in stories.

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Point of View

answer

The perspective from which a story is told.

question

Refrain

answer

The repetition of one or more phrases or lines at definite intervals in a poem, usually at the end of a stanza

question

Repetition

answer

The Multiple use of a word phrase or idea for emphasis or rhythmic effect

question

Rhetoric

answer

Persuasive writing...swaying!

question

Rhythm

answer

The regular or random occurrence of sound in poetry

question

Setting

answer

The time and place in which the action of a story takes place

question

Simile

answer

A comparison of two unlike things usually including the word like or as

question

Style

answer

How the author uses words, phrases and sentences to form ideas.

question

Symbol

answer

A person, place, thing or event used to represent something else such as the white flag that represents surrender.

question

Tone

answer

The overall feeling created by an author's use of words.

question

Transcendentalism

answer

philosophy that emphasized the truth to be found in nature and intuition

question

Verse

answer

A metric line of poetry composing of foot.

question

Voice

answer

Distinctive features of a person's speech and speech patterns.

question

Elements of Poetry

answer

Ballad-Canto-Elegy-Haiku-Limerick-Lyric-Sonnet.

question

Ballad

answer

A short poem, often written by an anonymous author, comprised of short verses intended to be sung or recited

question

Canto

answer

The main section of a long poem

question

Elegy

answer

A poem that is a mournful lament for the dead.

question

Epic

answer

A long narrative poem detailing a hero's deeds.

question

Haiku

answer

A type of Japanese poem that is written in 17 syllables with three lines of five, seven and five syllables.

question

Limerick

answer

A humorous verse form of five anapestic lines with a rhyme scheme of aabba

question

Lyric

answer

A short poem about personal feelings and emotions

question

Sonnet

answer

14 line poem, fixed rhyme scheme, fixed meter (usually 10 syllables per line)

question

Stanza

answer

A division of poetry named for the number of lines it contains.

question

Elements of Prose Fiction

answer

Fable-fairy tale-fanstasy-folktale-frame tale-Historical fiction-horror-Legend-Mystery-Myth-Novel-Novella-Parody-Romance-Satire-Science Fiction-Short Story-Tragedy-Western

question

Couplet

answer

-Two line stanza

question

Octave

answer

-Eight-line stanza

question

Septet

answer

-Seven-line stanza

question

Sestet

answer

-Six line stanza

question

Quintet

answer

-Five-line stanza

question

Quatrain

answer

-Four-line stanza

question

Triplet

answer

-Three-line stanza

question

Three types of Irony

answer

Dramatic Verbal Situation

question

First Person

answer

-The story is told from the point of view of one character

question

Camera view

answer

-The narrator records the action from his or her point of view unaware of any of the other characters thoughts or feelings. Objective view

question

Limited Omniscient

answer

-The narrator shares the thoughts and feelings of one character

question

Omniscient

answer

-The narrator of the story shares the thoughts and feelings all characters

question

Third Person

answer

-The story is told by someone outside the story

question

Dramatic

answer

-The reader sees a character's errors, but the character does not

question

Verbal

answer

-The writer says one thing and means another

question

Situation

answer

-The purpose of a particular action differs greatly from the result.

question

one foot

answer

Monometer

question

two feet

answer

Dimeter

question

three feet

answer

Trimeter

question

four feet

answer

Tetrameter

question

five feet

answer

Pentameter

question

six feet

answer

Hexameter

question

seven feet

answer

Septameter

question

eight feet

answer

Octameter

question

Colloquialisms

answer

Expressions that are usually accepted in informal situations

question

Dialect

answer

A variety of a language used in a particular field or content area

question

Jargon

answer

Specialized Language used in a particular field or content area

question

Profanity

answer

Language that shows disrespect for others or something Slang-Informal language used by a particular group of people

question

Slang

answer

Informal language used by a particular group of people among themselves

question

Vulgarity

answer

Language widely considered crude, disgusting, and often times offensive.

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