Poetry – Flashcards

"Pointlessly stiff term for poetry read aloud with stand-up comic timing and aggression,"

was a Jewish American underground writer and performance artist who is most famous for his recordings with Sub Pop records and close relationship with William S. Burroughs. Bernstein's substance abuse issues and mental illness contributed to his provocative local celebrity, though they ultimately culminated in his suicide. His substance abuse issues began as the aftermath of his stay in the Camarillo State Hospital in Camarillo, California as an adolescent. He moved to Seattle, Washington in January 1967, where he adopted the moniker Jesse, and began performing and self-publishing chapbooks of his poetry (the first chapbook was Choking On Sixth, 1979). Bernstein would become something of an icon to many in Seattle's underground music scene. Notable fans included Kurt Cobain and Oliver Stone. Though often noted for his connection to grunge and punk rock, Bernstein saw himself primarily as a poet and his live performances in Seattle, such as his regular readings at the Dogtown poetry theater and Red Sky Poetry Theatre, were influential in Seattle, and he is credited as a major influence by many local poets from his era. FACE

Member of the Beat movement - Writings attempted expose the audience to a visionary experience or another level of consciousness. • Born into wealth •Wrote novels and poetry about drug addiction and homosexuality. • Escaped conviction for murdering his 2nd wife • Known to some as "the grandfather of punk" THE THANKSGIVING PRAYER

• Avoids the constraints of traditional verse • Rhyme, rhythm and meter are often ignored • Opens the door to experimental poetry

• Poetry written much like prose, but condensed • The poem's aim is to tell a story • Often ignores rhyme, rhythm and meter. Narrative poems are poems that tell a story. Similar to most poetry, narrative poetry has an overall point or theme. The difference between narrative poetry and many other kinds of poetry is that narrative verses also have a plot.

• 1883 - 1963 (Modernist era) - Born in New Jersey - Received his M.D. from U of Pennsylvania where he befriended Ezra Pound - Spent most of his life practicing medicine. - Pulitzer prize winner (posthumous). • Highest American award for the printing industry, awarded by Columbia University. THE RED WHEELBARROW

With the words "so much depends" he's suggesting all the different things for which the wheelbarrow is used throughout the day on a farm. When you read that you should immediately wonder "like what? What depends on a red wheelbarrow?" and the answer should conjure images not only of that one unused moment, but of all the work of which the wheelbarrow is an important part. Even though people aren't mentioned, the wheelbarrow isn't using itself, and through that suggestion "so much depends" you can see the activity of the place even though he doesn't describe it. Actually this is a poem from a very specific genre called Imagist. They (Imagist) believed that a poem should impart a clear and specific scene, much like a painting might. As the first poster mentioned one interpretation of this poem focuses on the wheelbarrow and its function. ` Another interpretation is that what this poem is portraying, is simply a clear imagine with a wheelbarrow as its focus. Each word is drawing a clear picture of what is being described, without attributing meaning to it beyond the literal image.

• A stanza, much like a paragraph in prose, is a group of related thoughts separated by white space. • Stanzas may contain a metrical pattern and/or follow a rhyme scheme. • White space, not necessarily stanza, is equally important in poetry.

• (1894-1962) (Modernist era) • Father was a prof. of sociology and political science at Harvard. • Attended Harvard (B.A, M.A.) • Left Harvard with hopes of becoming a minister. • Spent time in a concentration camp in 1917 for 3.5 months. (WWI) (The Enormous Room) • Work is known for formal experimentation and celebration of the individual

• Born in Iowa in 1846 • Served as a scout for the Union Army and later for the U.S. Army • Started hunting buffalo in 1867 and earned his nickname • According to Cody, he had killed 4280 head of buffalo in seventeen months. • Fought diligently against the native resistance in the U.S. • Was heavily publicized in newspapers. • Created a traveling show called Buffalo Bill's Wild West • Invested profits and influence in public good - Native rights - Women's rights - Social wellbeing • Recruited other famous individuals, including Sitting Bull, "The man who killed Custer." • Died in 1917 penniless due to mismanagement

The poem is a thrilling memorial of William F. Cody, delivered in the excited, hero-worshipping tone of a boy or young adult who had seen the Wild West show, which featured not only the sure-shot Cody but also Annie Oakley, and for a brief period, Sitting Bull. The first arresting word in the poem (whose irregular spacing may not transfer exactly as cummings and I intend it to) is the word "defunct," where we would ordinarily expect "dead" or "deceased." As I see it, the poet's purpose is to be irreverent in his odd obituary and to grant no sense of victory to the apostrophized Mr. Death of the concluding line. With line 3 we depart from the concept of stillness and death and see the poem's subject in all his heroic and lively exuberance, riding his handsome stallion at full gallop and still capable of powdering clay pigeon targets in rapid-fire succession.. "Water-smooth-silver" coveys complex synesthesia as we picture his horse. Then isolated for emphasis on its own line is the exclamatory "Jesus." The picture of Buffalo Bill on his "watersmooth-silver stallion"...is...acidly ironic. Moreover...Buffalo Bill is not the only individualist mentioned in the poem; in fact, Jesus is given a line to Himself. Consequently, His name stands out emphatically in the poem--perhaps as a contrast to Buffalo Bill. Of the two types of individualism implied in the poem--the man of war and the man of peace--I submit that the latter is more akin to Cummings' basic ideas revealed throughout the body of his writing. As for the last three lines of the poem...they underline the central sarcasm of the work. The question is obviously delivered in acerbic tones; "your blueeyed boy" (the phrase seems to have overtones of "fair-haired boy") suggests that Buffalo Bill has at last found his rightful home--with Death itself.

• (1593 - 1633) (late renaissance) • Welsh writer who also served in Parliament. • Became ordained and devoted his life to a rural perish. • All of his poems were published after his death in 1633. • One of the great Metaphysical poets of the 17th century. - The metaphysical poets used an original approach toward poetry that involved appealing more to the reader's intellect. EASTER WINGS

In using shaped verse, the poet creates a visual image of wings. These wings, whether intended to be of angels or of birds, offer a thematic view of the human state. Additionally, as the poet progresses from the first stanza to the second, the nature of man also progresses from God's creation and the gifts provided therein to the fall of man and the required acceptance of Christ. In closing the poem, Herbert references wings, and the repair (healing) thereof to state that with help of God he can fly again and that his purposeful suffering will allow him to progress spiritually. In rhyme scheme, Herbert uses ababacdcdc in both stanzas, giving the poem a sense of order in the structure. With each stanza representing a different relational aspect of man to God, the first being the fall of man and the second being man's redemption through Christ, the rhyme scheme suggests that even with the failure of man, God keeps balance and order within the universe. By developing such a meter as Herbert does in "Easter Wings" he is able to adjust not only the number of accentual placements within each line, but also the number of feet, giving the poem a flow that feels as though the work itself is contracting and expanding, much like the opening and closing of the wings represented in the visual image produced by the layout of the lines, and also possibly the contracting and expanding of man's heart, within which God lives. In closing each stanza, Herbert uses alliteration to observe where man is in the process of redemption. In closing stanza one, he stresses the word "fall" and alludes that the "fall" is necessary in order to "further the flight in me" (10). In closing stanza two, and therefore the poem, Herbert writes, "For, if I imp my wing on thine / Affliction shall advance the flight in me" (19-20), inferring that by repairing our wings by grafting them to God's, such an "affliction" will allow man closer communion with the Lord. `

American Psychological Association

• Meant to be used (body of knowledge) • Focused on purpose and audience • Commonly an academic audience

Periodicals that publish research in a variety of scholarly fields

• Often research oriented • Provide sources much like journal articles • May omit publication requirements - Copy vs. final manuscript formatting

• Using a system of documentation to denote where your supporting information is coming from. - APA - MLA - Chicago

• Credibility • Provide a paper trail for researchers • Training for future research • Avoiding a plagiarism charge

• Borrowed facts • Borrowed ideas • Borrowed theories • Summaries • Paraphrases • Images/charts/graphs

• Anything that is vastly defined and/or listed can be considered common knowledge. - Example: • George W. Bush's middle name is Walker. • If you are unsure, it's never wrong to source.

• Paraphrasing and summarizing both involve expressing other authors' ideas in your own words. • A paraphrase is about the same length as the original, whereas a summary condenses the information

1. Paraphrasing - Rewording an author's statements - Your writing style remains paramount - You synthesize the data 2. Summarization - Larger amount of knowledge is condensed - Your writing style remains paramount - You synthesize the data 3. Using direct quotations - Important when there is a reason the information cannot/should not be paraphrased/summarized. • Definition of a term • Wording is important

• Poetry is usually expressed through a single persona or speaker. • Can be the poets voice, but this is often not the case. • The speaker doesnt always express the ideas or feelings of the poet. • The speaker helps the audience to establish the tone of the poem.

• 1917-2000 • American author (Chicago) • Attended white, black and integrated schools • Published her first poem in 1930 • Taught creative writing at various prestigious American universities • A major contributor to the Black Art Movement in Chicago • Extremely prolific WE RREAL COOL

It is obviously about a group of young people who are excluded from society. They do not seem to have much of an individual identity (therefore the speaker is "we" not "I"). They are supposed to go to school so they are adolescents, not adults. They have begun to deal in illegals affairs, probably in alcohol during prohibition. They live in the feeling that they will die soon - probably in gang violence - and they seem to be fatalistic about it. You should research the historical period the poem refers to. As to the tone, how does it feel to you? What do you notice about the sentences? Do you think that the speakers really think they are cool? Is being cool a good thing in this poem? Do you get a sense of hope or rather of absence of hope, if not desperation?

• Born Robert Allen Zimmerman • Grew up as part of middle-class America • Often wrote about the struggles of the working class • His music is often noted for its social influence, especially in the 60s

cultural song intended for a reforming of the society's culture.

• in literature is related to tone of voice •projects the attitude of the speaker, not necessarily the poet • Adjectives (joyful, angry, comic etc.) are used to classify tone • Creating tone can be a challenge for poets because poems are often not read out loud.

• (1757-1827) (Romantic era) • Was also an engraver and general artist. • Produced his own books by creating etchings for printing. • He & his wife stitched his books together and sold them. • Was not formally educated or taken seriously during his life. LONDON & THE TYGER

The speaker wanders through the streets of London and comments on his observations. He sees despair in the faces of the people he meets and hears fear and repression in their voices. The woeful cry of the chimney-sweeper stands as a chastisement to the Church, and the blood of a soldier stains the outer walls of the monarch's residence. The nighttime holds nothing more promising: the cursing of prostitutes corrupts the newborn infant and sullies the "Marriage hearse." The poem's title denotes a specific geographic space, not the archetypal locales in which many of the other Songs are set. Everything in this urban space—even the natural River Thames—submits to being "charter'd," a term which combines mapping and legalism. Blake's repetition of this word (which he then tops with two repetitions of "mark" in the next two lines) reinforces the sense of stricture the speaker feels upon entering the city. It is as if language itself, the poet's medium, experiences a hemming-in, a restriction of resources. Blake's repetition, thudding and oppressive, reflects the suffocating atmosphere of the city. But words also undergo transformation within this repetition: thus "mark," between the third and fourth lines, changes from a verb to a pair of nouns—from an act of observation which leaves some room for imaginative elaboration, to an indelible imprint, branding the people's bodies regardless of the speaker's actions.

• Born in 1939 in Ottawa and grew up in northern Ontario, Quebec and Toronto (post-modern) • Has published a total of 35 volumes of poetry, fiction, and nonfiction. • One of the most famous Canadian authors SIRENS SONG

So in pretending to need rescuing, she lures the mariner. While this is quite heartless, the way Atwood composes the poem is actually quite humorous, "bird suit", "squatting", "feathery maniacs", and "looking picturesque and mythical". Through this humor, it is apparent that the speaker is deceptive. The Siren claims that she will reveal the secret of their deadly song when actually it is the song she sings that is bait. Tone: desperation, Mysterious, serious, humorous

• Style (format) - This is how your paper is formatted (numbering, title pages etc.) • In-text citation - After you borrow and idea or directly pull a quotation from a work, you must immediately cite your source within your paper. • A "References" page - Otherwise known as a bibliography. This is a list of all the works you have consulted, and it is located at the end of your paper on a page of its own

• Font - 12 pt. (I prefer Arial) • Margins - 1" all around. Default will be fine • Spacing - Double space all • Indentation - All paragraphs

• Numbers - Write out in words • numbers at the start of sentences • numbers below 10 (unless they represent precise measurements) - Use numerical form for • all numbers 10 and above • numbers that represent precise measurements • numbers below 10 when grouped for comparison with numbers 10 or above (5 of the 15 participants)

• Spell out the whole title first followed by the abbreviation; after that, just use the acronym. - [e.g., At the Lethbridge Association for Community Living (LACL), . . . Volunteers with the LACL . . . ]

• In the humanities, present tense is used when writing research papers. • The sciences and social sciences sometimes use past tense. • We will be using present tense, even if your author is dead! - Eg. Shakespeare is writing about how confusing love can be in A Midsummer Nights Dream.

• Title pages should be aligned to the center of the page, placed in the upper portion of the page and contain the following: Your Title Your Name Class Title Instructors Name Date Word Count

• In-text citation contains the following information, if available: - The authors last name followed by a comma - The date of publication (year in full) followed by a comma - The page number preceded by p. (Semak, 2010, p. 742) - Omit page number if you are paraphrasing or summarizing.

• Review the APA guide for placement of citations - Early in sentence with author's name - End of sentence • Remember that citation is at the sentence level - If a sentence contains citable material, you must either include a formal citation or allude to the most recent formal citation

• This should be the last page of your paper, and it should only contain your references. • This page will contain the full publication references of your sources. • It should have the title References at the top of the page and this title should be centered.• Arrange sources alphabetically by the authors last name or by title if the author is unknown (rare). • It should be double spaced (copy V.S. final manuscript) • Indent all but the first line of all your references (hanging indents) • Main title use sentence capitalization • Italicize book titles, periodical titles and volume numbers

• "A visible object or action that suggests some further meaning in addition to itself" - Conventional - Culturally based - Universal - Recognized regardless of culture - Private - Idiosyncratic • Meanings are condensed and open to interpretation • Meanings will often change over time

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• American author • Was awarded poetry laurite of the US (1993) • Daughter of a research chemist • After a degree, she joined the Iowa Writers' Workshop (MFA '77) • Pulitzer Prize (1987) • 21 Hon. Doctorates • Teaches @ U of W. Virginia

• An explicit comparison between two things, often using "like," "as" or "than." • Verbs can also denote a simile - Akin - Correspond - Resemble

• An implicit comparison between two unlike things to create an understanding. • This comparison is definitive and implicit. • Three primary types - Mixed - Excessively joining metaphors - Extended - Continuing after first use - Controlling - Extends throughout a work

• We were swamped with a shocking barrage of work, and the extra burden had a clear impact on our workflow. • We were swamped with a shocking barrage of work, and the extra burden had a clear impact on our workflow. • How can we conjure a clear image in our mind?

• Lived in Yugoslavia during WWII - traumatic • Moved to the US in 1954 • Started publishing poetry in the late 50's • Experiments with theme, imagery and/ or form The Butcher Shop

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• University educated. • Enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps. • Failed to qualify to fly, however, and instead worked for the Army as a control tower operator. • Died by being struck by a car. • Suffered from mental illness/ suicidal contemplations The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner