pltw 3 – Flashcard
Flashcard maker : Alden Wolfe
conclusions can you draw about who is at risk for developing cancer
people who smoke and have a genetic factor or family history are more likely to develop cancer in their lifetime
is there a way to predict who is going to get cancer
not very accurately but if you have a family history of cancer or take up unhealthy activites like sunbathing or smoking its pretty easy to predict you will get cancer at some point in time in your life
how do you think a persons lifestyle can affect his or her chances of developing cancer
the lifestyle choices made can increase a persons risks for developing cancer smoking sun bathing etc. exposure to harmful things for your body can make you more likely to develop cancer
how do you think a persons age can affect his or her chances of developing cancer
a person who is older might be more likely to develop cancer they have been exposed to more stuff during their lifetime and as they get older they are less likely to fight it as efficiently
why is early detection and treatment of cancer so important
to try and treat it or get rid of it as quickly as possible and to make it doesn’t spread to other areas
a patient enters a hospital after hitting her head in a car accident. she is diagnosed with a fractured skull but has other symptoms that she is suffering from brain damage. what technology should be used to confirm this diagnosis
CT scan and bone scan
where would it be inappropriate to use an MRI scan as a diagnostic tool
if someone has metal in their body
explain why a combination of x-rays ct scans bone scans and mri scans is used when diagnosing bone cancer
x-rays- site of cancer appears rugged if its spread to lungs
CT scans- outlines structures in your body
MRI- outling bone tumor
Bone scans- shows if cancer spread to bones
CT scans- outlines structures in your body
MRI- outling bone tumor
Bone scans- shows if cancer spread to bones
why do you think patients are often fearful of having an MRI or CT scan
they are in confined spaces the loud noises the unknown
how do MRI and CT scan technologies compare to ultrasonography
ct and mri longer than ultrasound
ct ionizing mri and ultrasound no ionizing less risk of cancer
ct and mri use contrast agents than ultrasound
ct and mri more detailed images than ultrasound
ct and mri have people who are unable to get it done
ct ionizing mri and ultrasound no ionizing less risk of cancer
ct and mri use contrast agents than ultrasound
ct and mri more detailed images than ultrasound
ct and mri have people who are unable to get it done
x ray
produces images of images of body
form of electromagnetic radiation that is sent through the body
structures that are dense will block most of the xray particles and appear white
metal and constrast media special dye used to highlight areas of body appear white
structures containing air will appear black and muscle fat and fluid will appear gray
2-d images
examines bones teeth lungs breasts hear blood vessels and digestive tract
uses ionzing radiaton can increase risk of developing cancer
form of electromagnetic radiation that is sent through the body
structures that are dense will block most of the xray particles and appear white
metal and constrast media special dye used to highlight areas of body appear white
structures containing air will appear black and muscle fat and fluid will appear gray
2-d images
examines bones teeth lungs breasts hear blood vessels and digestive tract
uses ionzing radiaton can increase risk of developing cancer
CT (computerized tomography)
noninvasive tests inside of body to help diagnose and treat medical conditions
series of xrays views different angles combined to produce cross sectional images of bones and soft tissue inside your body
examines chest abdomen pelvis spine other skeletal structures
uses ionizing radiation can increase your risk of developing cancer
series of xrays views different angles combined to produce cross sectional images of bones and soft tissue inside your body
examines chest abdomen pelvis spine other skeletal structures
uses ionizing radiation can increase your risk of developing cancer
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
uses powerful magnets and radio waves
detailed images of produced of soft tisses vs xrays and ct
produces cross sectional images of body
examine brain spine and joint abdoment blood vessels and pelvis
safe unless metal is in the person
detailed images of produced of soft tisses vs xrays and ct
produces cross sectional images of body
examine brain spine and joint abdoment blood vessels and pelvis
safe unless metal is in the person
bone scan
produce images of bones help diagnose
track several types of bone disease
nuclear imaging test
2-d image
examine skeleton to detect abnormalities
uses tiny amounts of radioactive materials called tracers
track several types of bone disease
nuclear imaging test
2-d image
examine skeleton to detect abnormalities
uses tiny amounts of radioactive materials called tracers
mri radiographer
education- associates degree most common educational path technoloist license required
duties and responsibility- perform diagnostic imaging examinations operate mri scanners to create diagnositc images
salary- 55,910
experience- familar with technology
duties and responsibility- perform diagnostic imaging examinations operate mri scanners to create diagnositc images
salary- 55,910
experience- familar with technology
ct radiographer
education- complete radiolgoic technology JRCERT accredited
advanced- specialize state license
duties and responsibilites- prepairing and operating ct scanner and positioning patients assist doctors
salary- 44,950-67360
experience- familiar with the technology
advanced- specialize state license
duties and responsibilites- prepairing and operating ct scanner and positioning patients assist doctors
salary- 44,950-67360
experience- familiar with the technology
replicative senescence
normal cells pass through a limited number of cell divisions before they die
contact inhibition
normal cells when placed on a tissue cultrue dish will proliferate until the surface of the disk is covered by a single layer of cells just touching each other. their close proimity will trigger them to stop replicating
cancer cells cover the surface of the dish the cells will continue dividing and pile up on top of each other
morphological changes
normal cells have distinct shapes common to that particular cell type
cancer cells under go this and will exhibit various shapes
nutrient amounts for cells
normal cells require specific nutrients that must be supplied to them in their tissue culture medium
cancer cells can grow under less stringent conditions and can usually grow on simple culture medium
cancer cells can grow under less stringent conditions and can usually grow on simple culture medium
cell chromosomes
normal cells have the normal set of chromosomes
cancer cells often have an abnormal number of chromosomes and the chromosomes have an abnormal structure
cancer cells often have an abnormal number of chromosomes and the chromosomes have an abnormal structure
explain why HeLa cells have an abnormal number or structure of chromosomes
HeLa cells have 46+ chromosomes because papilatoma virus
chromosome combines with human chromosome
normal amount is 70-90 chromosomes
chromosome combines with human chromosome
normal amount is 70-90 chromosomes
what characteristics would you look for that would indicate cancer cells
the cells would not be round there may be a lot more of the cells than there should be and they would be clumped together
describe the genetic mutations that you think occurred in the cancer cells that were responsible for the phenotypic differences between the normal and cancer cells you observed
the dna could have been broken or been transposed or been exposed to UV lights/radiation that could harm or change the DNA
why is cancer such a difficult disease to study
because cancer covers such a wide range of things different stages and variations
how can studying genes give us more info about cancer
genes being changed and turned on or off causes cancer if you study the genes you might be able to tell what genes and the problem that causes cancer
cancer cells
grow out of control
less specialized
ignore stopping signals for replicating
influence normal cells, molecules, blood vessels around it to feed it
blood vessels also remove waste from tumors
invade and take over cells
can keep immune system from killing cancer cells
less specialized
ignore stopping signals for replicating
influence normal cells, molecules, blood vessels around it to feed it
blood vessels also remove waste from tumors
invade and take over cells
can keep immune system from killing cancer cells
drives of cancer
proto-oncogenes normal cell growth and division
tumor suppressor genes controlling cell growth and division
dna repair genes fix damaged dna
tumor suppressor genes controlling cell growth and division
dna repair genes fix damaged dna
how does cancer metastasize
tumor sends signals to body to supply it
blood vessels attach and supply food etc.
how tumor cells enter blood and spread to rest of body
cancer cells break off primary tumor and create a tumor in another part of body
blood vessels attach and supply food etc.
how tumor cells enter blood and spread to rest of body
cancer cells break off primary tumor and create a tumor in another part of body
what type of mutations might occur that cause proto-oncogenes to become oncogenes
allterations of dna sequence
less functional protein
cell won’t be able to complete cell cycle
less functional protein
cell won’t be able to complete cell cycle
how does p53 prevent cancer cells from forming
protector of the genome
it codes to produce a protein called tumor protein 53
it acts as a tumor suppressor regulates cell division
attaches directly to dna, if dna gets damaged p53 will fix it if it can’t the p53 will kill the cell or not allow it to divide
it codes to produce a protein called tumor protein 53
it acts as a tumor suppressor regulates cell division
attaches directly to dna, if dna gets damaged p53 will fix it if it can’t the p53 will kill the cell or not allow it to divide
apoptosis
programmed cell death
metastasis
spread of cancer
how would you use microarray technology to determine which genes have been affected in his tumor cells
the ones that are red are different from the normal cells a genes is either turned on or off that isn’t supposed to be
what does it tell us if two genes show the same levels of expression in cancer cells and normal cells
the gene isn’t the cause of cancer in the cancer cells
what does it tell us if there are some genes that are highly expressed in normal cells but not expressed in cancer cells
the gene that causes it to be expresses is turned off in the cancer cell
the gene being turned off might be a cause of cancer
the gene being turned off might be a cause of cancer
what range of ratios could indicate that a gene was not expressed in cancerous tissues but was expressed in healthy tissues
<1 it indicates the gene is more expressed in healthy tissue rather than cancerous cells
the gene is suppressed by tumor formation gene transcription was less active in cancerous cells than in normal cells
when analyzing dna microarray results why are colors turned into ratios
intensity of color helps to determine the number of cells in sample
brighter the color the larger number of cells
duller the color represents small number of cells
ratio of cells helps analyze data by comparing tumor and normal cells
brighter the color the larger number of cells
duller the color represents small number of cells
ratio of cells helps analyze data by comparing tumor and normal cells
when analyzing dna microarray results what does a lack of color indicate
dna didn’t hybridize to the array plate specific gene is not present
what can a dna mircroarray teach us about oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
if these genes are present or mutated bc of intensity of sample colors and ratio of cells
>1 oncogenes are present and tumor suppresor genes are mutated causing normal cells to divide rapidly and form a tumor
>1 oncogenes are present and tumor suppresor genes are mutated causing normal cells to divide rapidly and form a tumor
Microarray- why are tissues samples from healthy and cancer cells taken from the same patient
to look at the differences in gene expression in the cells that have the exact same genetic blueprint
Microarray- describe the process used to isolate mRNA from the other types of RNA
you add the solvent to the tissue cells
put in vortex mix up
put into centrifuge to seperate RNA
seperate RNA out
mRNA stays on top
wash over colums filled with samll beads only binds to mRNA
wash to detach mRNA from beads
put in vortex mix up
put into centrifuge to seperate RNA
seperate RNA out
mRNA stays on top
wash over colums filled with samll beads only binds to mRNA
wash to detach mRNA from beads
Microarray- why is it necessary to make a cDNA copy? Why is mRNA not used?
the mRNA degrades
Microarray- what happens once you apply the DNA from the 2 samples to the DNA microarray
cDNA hybridized to their complementary DNA strands on microarray
Microarray- what does the red color indicate
cancerous cells
Microarray- what does the yellow color indicate
spot hybridized to this spot
Microarray- what conclusions can you make from microarray data
the genes that show up in only the red are genes only expressed in cancerous cells
Microarray- what are the limitations of DNA microarray technology
gene 6219 can’t be detected in microarray bc it’s yellow
rely on protein expression analysis
rely on protein expression analysis
Microarray- results
when the ratio is positive- gene is induced by tumor formation( gene transcription was more active in cancer cells than in normal cells)
when the ratio is negative- gene is suppressed by tumor formation( gene transcription was less active in cnacer cells than in normal cells)
ratios is equal to one- the gene is not affected by tumor formation
ratio is zero- gene is not expressed in either cell
when the ratio is negative- gene is suppressed by tumor formation( gene transcription was less active in cnacer cells than in normal cells)
ratios is equal to one- the gene is not affected by tumor formation
ratio is zero- gene is not expressed in either cell
why do scientists convert the gene expression ratios into logarithmic form
which are positive and which are negative
which genes do you think are induced by tumor formation
1 means they are the same
-1 means they are different
-1 means they are different
what does the correlation coefficent indicate about the similarities between the gene expression for gene 1 and the expression for gene 2
gene 1 and 2 .63 acting in similar way (positive)
relatively strong relationship bc far from zero
relatively strong relationship bc far from zero
what does the correlation coefficient indicate about the similarities between the gene expression for gene 1 and the gene expression for gene 3
gene 1 and 3 opposite because negative
far from zero fairly strong relationship
far from zero fairly strong relationship
what does the correlation coefficent indicate about similarities between the gene expression for gene 2 and the gene expression for gene 3
gene 2 and 3 is negative behave opposite
even stronger relationship between the two because even further from zero
even stronger relationship between the two because even further from zero
why would doctors and researchers want to know the correlation coefficient for a specific gene in a sample of patients with the same type of cancer
use to determine how gene will act
if positive expect to be same in patient
if negative expect to be different in each patient
if positive expect to be same in patient
if negative expect to be different in each patient
how could you use pearson correclation coefficient method to learn more about cancer cells before and after a particular treatment
to tell how they are related a correlation coefficient close to 1 has a strong relationship
a low number indicates a small correlation
0 means no correlation
a low number indicates a small correlation
0 means no correlation
