Physiology Exam 2 (CH 3, 4 7, 8, and bits from 9 & 10) – Flashcards

In the chemical equation A + B ? C + D, the materials on the left-hand side of the equation are known as _________ whereas the materials on the right-hand side of the equation are know as ________.

The sum of the thousands of chemical reactions that occur within the body is called

Making or synthesizing a protein would be considered a(n) ________ reaction and the type of reaction that carries this process out is a ________ reaction.

Which of the following is a correct description of an anabolic pathway?

When phosphate is added to ADP to form the energy-storing molecule ATP, this is known as ________ and, since water is also produced, this reaction is also considered a ________ reaction.

The addition of two hydrogens and two electrons to NAD+ is an example of what type of chemical reaction?

Chemical reactions that involve the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids that produce water as a byproduct are called ________ reactions.

During what type of reaction are electrons removed from the reactant?

In order for a reaction to proceed past the transition state, the reaction must overcome what energy barrier?

If the energy change of a reaction (?E) is positive, then

Which of the following is TRUE of an endergonic reaction?

Metabolism includes ________ reactions, which release energy and result in the breakdown of large biomolecules, and ________ reactions, which require a net input of energy and result in the synthesis of large biomolecules.

The kinetic energy of a molecule can be increased by

The energy that is stored within an object for later use is referred to as ________ energy.

An energy-releasing reaction is referred to as an ________ reaction.

Start with the following chemical reaction at equilibrium: A ? B. If you add product B to the system from a separate pathway, then what change in the reaction occurs?

Decreasing temperatures will ________ the frequency of collisions between molecules, thereby ________ the reaction rate.

Enzymes act as ________ to increase reaction rate.

Enzymes are what class of molecule?

A substrate is the same as a

The rate at which an enzyme-catalyzed reaction occurs can be increased by

Some enzymes require trace metals to function as cofactors. What do the trace metals do?

What are coenzymes?

The greater the attractive forces between substrate and enzyme, that enzyme is said to have a higher ________ for the substrate.

In allosteric regulation, the modulator molecule binds to the

Which of the following statements about end-product inhibition is FALSE?

What chemical group is most commonly added to a protein during covalent regulation?

What is the most important energy-transferring compound in cells?

Where does GLYCOLYSIS occur?

ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation during which of the following?

Which of the following does NOT occur in mitochondria?

The final product of glycolysis under AEROBIC conditions is pyruvate. What happens to pyruvate under AEROBIC conditions?

In the presence of oxygen, the process of glycolysis produces which of the following products?

In the presence of a limited oxygen supply, pyruvate is converted to what?

In terms of energy production, the Krebs cycle is significant because it

What is the final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport?

Where is the electron transport chain?

Hydrogen ions activate the enzyme ATP synthase by moving from

ATP synthase is able to use the potential energy that originates from ________ to produce ATP.

What is the net energy yield for the anaerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule?

Under anaerobic conditions, which of the following is a final product of glucose catabolism?

How is glucose stored in muscle and liver cells?

Which of the following molecules is NOT converted to glucose through the process of gluconeogenesis?

What is glycogenolysis?

Gluconeogenesis refers to synthesis of ________ and occurs in ________.

A substantial amount of ATP is generated from the metabolism of long carbon chains called

Beta-oxidation of a 14-chain fatty acid results in how many acetyl CoA molecules?

Before converting amino acids into intermediates for energy metabolism, they must first undergo

Any nutrient that is not synthesized by the body and must, therefore, be acquired through the diet is a(n) ________ nutrient.

The amine group removed from an amino acid must be converted to ________ before being eliminated from the human body.

Insulin levels in the blood are elevated in response to which of the following?

Glucose is synthesized by what process?

Glucose is stored in the form of glycogen primarily within what two organs?

What 2 divisions of the autonomic n.s. have opposite effects on the organs they innervate?

What portion of the peripheral n.s. transmits info: FROM sensory receptors ---> central n.s.

What portion of the efferent branch of the n.s. communicates to glands / cardiac muscle?

The brain and spinal cord are part of which branch of the n.s.?

What portion of the nervous system communicates w/ skeletal muscle?

What n.s. is found in the intestinal tract?

What portion of the n.s. provides communication between: peripheral organs ---> spinal cord

Info. gathered about our internal environment (fullness of stomach, blood pressure, etc) is called _________ info.

What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

On what portion of the neuron to action potentials propagate?

_______ branch from the cell body and receive input from other neurons at specialized junctions called _______.

An action potential originates at the ________ and travels along the axon until it reaches the ________.

What type of ion channels in the membrane of neurons allow ions to move across the membrane at rest and thereby contribute to resting membrane potential?

What type of ion channels in the membrane of neurons open or close in response to a neurotransmitter binding to its receptor?

In a neuron, where is the greatest concentration of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels located?

In a neuron, where are voltage-gated calcium channels located?

A group of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral n.s. is called what?

What is the only glial cell found outside of the central n.s.?

What type of glial cell provides the myelin sheath for many axons in the CENTRAL n.s.?

In the PERIPHERAL n.s., myelin is formed by __________ ; in the CENTRAL n.s., myelin is formed by __________.

Which of the following best describes the electrochemical forces acting on Na+ and K+ ions at the resting membrane potential?

The ______ maintains the resting membrane potential.

A change in a cell's membrane potential that makes the INSIDE more POSITIVE is called ___________.

A change in a cell's membrane potential that makes the INSIDE more NEGATIVE is called ___________.

What determines the strength of a graded potential?

A _______ is a sub threshold change in membrane potential w/ in the cell body that decays as it travels away from its point of origin.

Which statement best describes how graded potentials determine whether an action potential will be generated or not?

What is an example of spatial summation?

Which of the following changes in membrane potential is considered excitatory?

If the graded potential remains above threshold once it reaches the _______ an action potential will be generated.

The opening of sodium channels causes a rapid ________ of sodium that ______ the neuron's membrane.

The depolarization phase of the action potential is generated by a rapid _______.

The REpolarization phase of the action potential in a neuron is driven by the _______.

In myelinated axons, sodium and potassium channels would be concentrated in what area?

During which of the following states are the majority of voltage-gated sodium channels closed and incapable of opening?

The all-or-none principle, associated w/ action potential, states that _______.

How can action potentials relay info. about the intensity of a stimulus, such as distinguishing between a loud and a soft sound?

The jumping of an action potential from node-to-node is called ________.

In the peripheral n.s.: ___________ neurons carry sensory / visceral info. TO central n.s., and ___________ neurons LEAVE the central n.s. and innervate organs, usually muscles of glands.

What happens to the resting membrane potential of -70 mV when sodium channels open?

For cells that communicated by electrical synapses, the message travels between cells via _________.

What happens to the resting membrane potential of -70 mV when potassium channels open?

What happens to the resting membrane potential of -70 mV when potassium channels close?

What happens to the resting membrane potential of -70 mV when channels that permit BOTH sodium and potassium to move through, open?

1. DEPOLARIZATION: 2. HYPERPOLARIZATION

The neurotransmitter that is released from the presynaptic neuron must diffuse across the ______ to reach the postsynaptic neuron.

What type of ion channels is necessary for the function of the axon and the axon terminal?

Synaptic vesicles store ________.

Voltage-gated calcium channels in the axon terminal open in response to what?

The extent of neurotransmitter binding to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane is determined primarily by what?

The synaptic delay is caused by the time requirement for which step of neurotransmitter release?

What is a change in the postsynaptic potential that brings the membrane closer to threshold called?

What ion directly triggers neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic neuron?

The binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptor at an inhibitory synapse can lead to what?

What channels are the most abundant type of voltage-gated channel w/ in the axon terminal and are responsible for the release of neurotransmitter?

What type of synapse occurs between an axon terminal of neuron and the cell body of another neuron?

How does temporal summation create an action potential?

Convergence in neurophysiology refers to what?

Most neurotransmitters are synthesized in what region of a neuron?

Neurotransmitter release occurs by what mechanism?

Neurons that synthesize and release acetylcholine are called _________.

What is transported back into the axon terminal of cholinergic neurons to be resynthesized into active neurotransmitter?

What enzyme catalyzes the BREAKDOWN of acetylcholine?

What type of glial cells play a critical role in maintaining extracellular potassium levels?

What type of glial cell is necessary for normal development of the blood-brain barrier?

What type of glial cell is a phagocyte?

What forms myelin in the CENTRAL n.s.?

Which is the only glial cell located in the peripheral n.s.?

Which of the following enhances conduction velocity of neurons in the CENTRAL n.s.?

What type of receptor detects blood pressure?

According to the law of specific nerve energies, a single sensory receptor _______.

The perception of the position of one's joints and limbs is called ______.

The process whereby a sensory receptor converts a stimulus modality into a change in membrane potential is called _______.

How is the intensity of a stimulus encoded during info. transmittal to the central n.s.?

What is a decrease in the amplitude of a receptor potential in the presence of a continuing stimulus called?

Which receptor type is used for sound waves?

Which receptor type is used to detect the stretch of specific blood vessels?

Which receptor type is used to detect photons of light?

Which of the following is found in greater concentration INSIDE the cell than outside?

When molecules are passively transported across a membrane, the direction of their movement is dictated by the molecules tendency to move

Molecules tend to move spontaneously ______ their chemical gradient.

Comparing intracellular to extracellular fluid, the intracellular fluid has a ________ charge relative to the outside of a cell due to the presence of more ______ in that solution.

Which is NOT found in a higher concentration OUTSIDE of the cell?

Which of the following would NOT increase the rate of simple diffusion across the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?

Which of the following pairs of characteristics is more likely to make a substance diffuse through the cell membrane?

O2 diffuses from blood into cells down its concentration gradient. As cells become more active and oxidative phosphorylation increases in the cell, which of the following occurs?

If a molecule crosses a membrane and is quickly removed rom the area by the blood stream or some biological pathway, what effect does this have on its rate of diffusion?

The diffusion rate is ________.

One way that membrane surface area is increased in absorptive cells is through increasing the _______ of the apical membrane.

Molecules w/ a relatively high lipid solubility are capable of crossing the membrane _______.

As the molecular weight of a molecule increases, its ________.

Which of the following transport mechanisms is passive?

A carrier is a transmembrane protein that moves molecules across the membrane through

In general, the molecules that move through specific carrier proteins are determined by what?

In facilitated diffusion, a molecule is moved __________.

Most water molecules that cross the plasma membrane do so by

Which of the following transport mechanisms requires energy?

In active transport, the affinity of the carrier protein for the molecule being transported is greater on which side of the membrane?

Which of the following statements about glucose cotransport with sodium is true?

The Na+/K+ pump transports in which directions and what amounts per molecule of ATP hydrolyzed?

What is the meaning of carrier proteins and pumps becoming saturated?

Why are primary active transporters many times called ATPases?

What is the primary role of the Na+/K+ pump?

What effect does uncontrolled diabetes mellitus have on blood osmolarity?

The flow of water across a membrane down its concentration gradient is called ______.

The osmotic pressure of a solution is an _________.

An erythrocyte is placed in a hypotonic solution of 100 mOsm, what will happen to the cell?

White blood cells are an important component of our immune system. One thing they do is consume and destroy bacteria by extending their plasma membrane around the bacterium and bringing it inside the cell in a vesicle. By what process do they engulf the bacterium?

Vesicles formed during phagocytosis or endocytosis often fuse with the membrane of what organelles?

Endocytosis is a form of active transport (requiring energy) to move vesicles

Secretory vesicles are a part of what transport mechanism?

What is an example of receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Which of the following descriptions is an example of phagocytosis?

What is an example of pinocytosis?

The movement of a number of molecules across the apical surface of the epithelial cell by a secondary transporter is coupled to the ________ gradient that is maintained by the Na+/K+ pump.

In epithelial tissue, the cells are linked together by ______, which prevent paracellular movement from lumen to extracellular fluid.

In epithelial tissue, the portion of the plasma membrane facing the lumen is called the _________. The portion facing the connective tissue / interstitial fluid is called the _________.

In epithelial transport, movement from: internal ------> external environment is called ______. external ------> internal environment is called _______.