Physiology A&P : Chapter 3 : cell metabolism – Flashcards

The sum of the thousands of chemical reactions that occur within the body is called?

The addition of two hydrogens and two electrons to NAD+ is an example of what type of chemical reaction?

In the presence of a limited oxygen supply, pyruvate is converted to what?

During what type of reaction are electrons removed from the reactant?

In order for a reaction to proceed past the transition state, the reaction must overcome what energy barrier?

The kinetic energy of a molecule can be increased by?

The energy that is stored within an object for later use s referred to as______ energy

Which of the following is a correct description of an anabolic pathway? a) the primary site of the synthesis of the triglycerides is in the liver b) proteins are transcribed from DNA in the nucleus c) proteins are degraded by mRNA in the cytoplasm d) The primary site of the breakdown of triglycerides is in the adipose tissue e)Glycogen is synthesized in the cytosol from glucose

Chemical reactions that involve the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids that produce water as a byproduct are called______reactions

Which of following is TRUE of an endergonic reaction? a) the change in energy of the reaction is positive b) the reaction proceeds spontaneously c) endergonic reactions never occur d) the only product of the reaction is heat e) the only product of the reaction is water

An energy-releasing reaction is referred to as an_______reaction

Decreasing temperatures will______the frequency of collisions between molecules, thereby______ the reaction rate.

Enzymes act as_______ to increase reaction rate

Enzymes are what class of molecule?

A substrate is the same as a?

The rate at which an enzyme-catalyzed reaction occurs can be increased by?

Some enzymes require trace metals to function as cofactors. What do the trace metals do?

What are coenzymes?

The greater the attractive forces between substrate and enzymes, that enzyme is said to have higher______ for the substrate.

In allosteric regulation, the modulator molecule binds to the?

What chemical group is most commonly added to a protein during covalent regulation?

What is the most important energy-transferring compound in cells?

Where does glycolysis occur?

ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation during which of the following?

Which of the following does NOT occur in mitochondria? a) production of carbon dioxide b) conversion of private to lactate c) Krebs cycle d) oxidative phosphorylation e) consumption of oxygen

The final product of glycolysis under aerobic conditions is pyruvate. What happens to pyruvate under aerobic conditions?

In terms of energy production, the Krebs cycle is significant because it?

What is the final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport?

Where is the electron transport chain?

Hydrogen ions activate the enzyme ATP synthase by moving from?

ATP synthase is able to use the potential energy that originates from______ to produce ATP.

Under anaerobic conditions, which of the following is a final product of glucose catabolism? a) water b)pyruvic acid c)carbon dioxide d) lactic acid e)acetyl coenzyme A

How is glucose stored in muscle and liver cells?

Which of the following molecules is NOT converted to glucose through the process of gluconeogenesis? a) glycerol b) fatty acids c) amino acids d) lactate e) pyruvate

What is glycogenolysis?

Gluconeogenesis refers to synthesis of______ and occurs in ________?

A substantial amount of ATP is generated from the metabolism of long carbon chains called?

Before converting amino acids into intermediates for energy metabolism, they must first undergo?

Any nutrient that is not synthesized by the body and must, therefore, be acquired through the diet is a(n)________nutrient.

The amine group removed from an amino acid must be converted to ________ before being eliminated from the human body

Insulin levels in the blood are elevated in response to which of the following? a) decreased blood triglycerides b) sleep c) fasting for 12 hours d) decreased blood fatty acids e) increased blood glucose levels

Glucose is synthesized by what process?

Glucose is stored in the form of glycogen primarily within what two organs?

Making or synthesizing a protein would be considered a(n)_______Reaction and the type of reaction that carries this process out is a________ reaction.

When a phosphate is added to ADP to form the energy-storing molecule ATP, this is known as______and, since water is also produced, this reaction is also considered a _________ reaction.

Metabolism includes_______reactions, which release energy and result in the breakdown of large biomolecules, and _________ reactions , which require a net input of energy and result in the synthesis of large biomolecules.

In the chemical equation A + B <---> C + D, the materials on the left-hand side of the equation are known as ________ whereas the materials on the right-hand side of the equation are known as_________.

If the energy change of a reaction (ΔE) is positive, then?

start with the following chemical reaction at equilibrium : A <---> B. If you add product B to the system from a separate pathway, then what change in the reaction occurs?

Which of the following statements about end-product inhibition is FALSE? a)the amount of product produced is increased by this process. b) it usually involves allosteric modulation of an enzyme c) the enzyme modulated is often the rate-limiting enzyme d) it is an example of negative feedback e)The last product of a metabolic pathway inhibits the activity of an enzyme earlier in that path.

In the presence of oxygen, the process of glycolysis produces which of the following products? a) 2 Pyruvate b) 1 lactate c) 2 lactate d)1 Pyruvate e) 2 Glycerol

What is the net energy yield for the anaerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule?

Beta-oxidation of a 14-chain fatty acid results in how many acetyl CoA molecules?