Physic 102 Ch. 16 – Flashcards

greenhouse gases

The amount of infrared radiation would decrease.

The amount of infrared radiation would increase.

Glass transmits solar radiation into the greenhouse and blocks infrared radiation from leaving the greenhouse. The same thing happens in the atmosphere.

Water vapor

The cooling rate will be the same as if the temperature were -20°C without wind.

Solar radiation peaks at shorter wavelengths in the visible, whereas terrestrial radiation peaks at longer wavelengths in the infrared.

Objects that are good emitters are equally good absorbers, so they absorb radiation as well as emit it.

Black, black

No. A good absorber reflects very little light.

It cools.

Poor thermal conductivity causes it to get colder with respect to the air than good thermal conductivity does.

There is no conduction and no convection through a vacuum, and silvered surfaces stops radiation.

Speeds decrease; temperature decreases.

The specific heat of water is greater than the specific heat of land. Water cools more slowly at night. The temperature difference drives convection and offshore winds.

decreases

Metal is a good conductor of heat, whereas air is a terrible conductor of heat.

to prevent boiling and cooling

It increases the amount of internal energy because it does not allow the heat to boil the water.

The pressure exerted by the bubbles is less than the atmospheric pressure below 100∘ C and equals the atmospheric pressure at 100∘ C.

It will first boil and then freeze.

The temperature increases until the ice reaches its melting point.

The temperature stays constant until all the ice is melted

The temperature increases until it reaches 100∘C

The temperature stays constant until all the water is boiled

-Conduction -Radiation -convection

Transfer of internal energy by electron and molecular collisions within a substance, especially a solid

-Good conductors conduct heat quickly -Substances with loosely held electrons transfer energy quickly to other electrons throughout the solid -examples: silver, copper

-poor conductors are insulators -molecules with tightly held electrons in a substance vibrate in place and transfer energy slowly -substances that trap air are good insulators like wool, fur, feathers, snow

-Doesn't prevent the flow of internal energy -Slows the rate at which internal energy flows

Transfer of heat involving only bulk motion of fluids

-Warm air expands, becomes less dense, and is buoyed upward. -It rises until its density equals that of the surrounding ai

Opposite to the warming that occurs when air is compressed

the cloudy region above the hot steam issuing the nozzle of a pressure cooker is cool to touch

this results in uneven heating of the air near the ground

-the ground warms more than the water in the daytime -warm air close to the ground rises and is replaced by cooler air from above the water

Transfer of energy from the Sun through empty space

-Transferred energy -Exists as electromagnetic waves ranging from long (radio waves) to short wavelengths (X-rays) -In visible region, ranges from long waves (red) to short waves (violet)

Related to frequency of vibration

-Every object above absolute zero radiates. -From the Sun's surface comes light, called electromagnetic radiation, or solar radiation. -From the Earth's surface comes terrestrial radiation in the form of infrared waves below our threshold of sight

infrared

-Occurs along with emission of radiant energy -Effects of surface of material on radiant energy

Any material that absorbs more than it emits

Any material that emits more than it absorbs

is relative to temperature of surroundings

emitters

emitters

-Opposite to absorption of radiant energy -Any surface that reflects very little or no radiant energy looks dark

absorbers

Approximately proportional to the temperature difference, ∆T, between the object and its surrounding -example: hot apple pie cools more each minute in a freezer than if left on the kitchen table

Object cooler than its surroundings warms up at a rate proportional to ∆T -example: frozen food will warm faster in a warm room than in a cold room

Named for a similar temperature-raising effect in florists' greenhouses

-Energy absorbed from the Sun -Part reradiated by Earth as longer-wavelength terrestrial radiation -Terrestrial radiation absorbed by atmospheric gases and re-emitted as long-wavelength terrestrial radiation back to Earth