Philosophy 2/24-1 – Flashcards
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Lover and a thinker
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Who is a philosopher
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Does god exist? What is the meaning of life? What is the relationship between mind and body? What happens when we die? Who am I? What is right and wrong? How can we know anything?
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What are common philosophical questions
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Epistemology, Metaphysics, Logic, Ethics
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What is a common branch of philosophy?
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The philosophical study of art and the value of judgement about art
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What is aesthetics
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Metaphysics
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What branch of philosophy does not involve questions related to value
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Philosophical questions are simply semantic disputes in which no one opinion is better or worse than another
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Which of the following is a common myth of philosophy
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Giving a reason for belief
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In philosophy what is an argument
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Argumentum ad hominum
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What fallacy is it when argument attacks a person rather than a belief
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False dilemma
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What philosophy is it when an argument assumes two opinions
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Straw man
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Hang em now refers to what philosophy fallace
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The premises must be acceptable and must logically support the conclusion
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What must be a case for an argument to succeed
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Being
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What does the branch of philosophy called metaphyics study
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Knowledge
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What does the branch of philosophy called epistemology study
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The Malaysians
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What is Thales, Anazoragas, Anagziminar known as
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Everything is in accordance with numbers
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According to Theano what did patheragos claim
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Change
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What was the essence of reality for Heraclitus
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One and unchanging
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What is reality according to Parmenides
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Love and strife
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What is the cause of change for Empedocles
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He introduced philosophy to Athens, and he distinction between mind and matter
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What did Anaxagoras do
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Distinguished between atomic properties and relational properties
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What did the Atomists do?
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The experienced world is a manifestation of a more fundamental underlying reality
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What is a theme common to all the pre-Socratics
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He wanted to discover adequate definitions that would give knowledge to the essential nature of things
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What did Socrates hope to achieve by practicing the Socratic Method
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In a separate immaterial realm
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Where did forms exist according to Plato
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By reason
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How are the forms apprehended according to Plato
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The senses are source of error, illusion, and ignorance
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Which would Plato have agreed with
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Knowledge, love becoming, and the theory of forms
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What were Platos three famous theories
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Aware of his own ignorance
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When the Delphi oracle pronounced Socrates to be the wisest of the people, Socrates thought that the pronouncement referred to what fact that he was
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Apoloy, The Republic, and Meno
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Three of Plato's well known dialog
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Metaphysics
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Aristotle's primary area of interest was
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Weight
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One thing Aristotle didn't have in one of his ten basic categories he used to describe ways in which humans think about
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3
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How many souls did Aristotle believe humans had
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Metaphysics, poetics, and nicomoucein ethics
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Aristotle's work included
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A specific form in a particular matter
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What is a thing according Aristotle
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Where it came from
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What does Aristotle mean by the efficient cause of thing
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To say what a thing is
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Formal cause is
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It is movement from potentially to actuality
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Aristotle on the issue of change stated
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Was the property of being red
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An example of what Aristotle called a universal
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A logical fallacy
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What is syllogism
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Apicuirism
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Which is an ancient philosophical tradition Platonist represent
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The highest reality i one the indescribable god
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St. Augustine rejected this neo-platonic claim
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Nothing can be known
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Peroneous skeptics maintained
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A proposition of contradictory opposite cannot be true at the same time
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What is asserted by the principle of non-contradition
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When we are in doubt we at least know exist as a doubter
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Which argument did St.Augustine Academic to refute academic skepticism
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She asserted they are part of life and a means of testing implications of platonic and neo-platonic metaphysics and epistomology
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What did Hypatia think about the study of math and astronomy
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Stated philosophy is based on reason while theology is based on faith and revolution
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How did St.Thomas distinguish philosophy from theology
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a physical thing is matter plus form
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Thomas accepted the view that
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Was the essence of a thin is the same as its existence
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The one thing Thomas disagreed with Aristotle on
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Asserted that the soul is a direct creation of god
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What did St.Thomas maintain regarding the human soul?
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Truth
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Descartes said what was clarity and distinctness
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I thin therefore I am
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In terms of establishing existence, Descartes said Cogito Ergo Sum
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All psychological states derived from perception
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Thomas Hobs believed
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God is an eternal creator
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Ann Conway believed
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Monodology
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Ann Conway advocated for what sort of metaphysics
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A mode of god and nature
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What did Benedict Spinoza think a person is
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He believed the minds and bodes are aspects of infinite substance
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Why is there no mind body interaction for Spinoza
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He asserted knowledge of external world is based on the fact that some of the ideas we get through sense impressions which represent how things are in the world
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What did John Locke believe about perception
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There are no unperceived tables and chairs
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What did George Berkley mean about such things as tables and chairs
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God also percieves them that's why they continue to exist
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George Berkeley xplanation on the facts of rocks and trees continue to exist even when humans on't perceive them was the basis that
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Sense impressions
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David Hume said what do we directly observe
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Hume saw it as a sequence of perceptions
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David Hue on self in answerin a question what is the self
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Asserted, we can never observe connection between events
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David Humes, "Why can't we have cause and effect knowledge."
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It is because we never know whether or not the future will be like the past
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According to Hume why can't past experience justify the claims about the future
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The application of organizating principles of mind to sense impressions
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According to Emmanuel Kant's perception
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It is because there are no preconditions of experience based on minds own organizing principles
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According to Kant, why we can know that all our future experiences will be in space and time
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Is the world it really is independent of our experince of it
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What does Kant mean regarding Noumenal world
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He said because the organizing principles of mind do not apply to them
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Why doesn't Kant think that we can have knowledge in the things in themselves
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All reality is knowable
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What is the relationship between being real or knowable
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Stated that the infinite thought of thinking itself
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What is the highest reality for Hegel
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continental philosophy
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Which philosophical tradition includes existentialism
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Metaphysics can reveal the reason and purpose of life
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Which is not a theme in existentialism
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Rebel against absurd
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According to Camus how can we give life purpose in purposeless world
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There is no god
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According to Satre why is man abandoned
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It was taking responsibility for choices we make
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Which best describes what Satre mean by good faith
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Kant's distinction between phenomenal and noumenal worlds
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Phenomenology originated from which of the following distinctions
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Is there any reason not to commit suicide
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What is the fundamental philosophical question for Camus
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Logic, Espitemology, Metaphysics, and Ethics
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What are 4 branches of Philosophy
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Theory of Forms: What is truly real is not objects we encounter in sensory experience but rather forms and these can only be grasped intellectually Theory of Knowledge: He was convinced that ethical conduct must be founded on knowledge, and that knowledge must be knowledge of eternal values which are not subject to the shifting and changing impressions of senses or of subjective opinion, but are the same for all men and for peoples of all ages. Theory of love ad becoming: Love is meant to be force that brings all things together and beautiful
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3 Theories of Plato explained
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Switching the burden of proof, Begging the Question, Argumentum ad hominem, Straw man, False dilemma, appeal to emotion, and red herring
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What are the 7 Fallacies
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Formal cause (what is a thing), Material cause (what is it made of), Efficient cause (what made it), Final cause (What purpose does it serve)
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Four forms of causation for Aristotle
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Plato asserted that what ties two circular coins together, what they have in common, is the form of circularity
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Aristotle's third man argument
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1 Vegetative soul (the source of nourishment and reproduction) 2 Animal soul (the basis of sensation as well as the ability to move) 3 Soul is nous (intelligent or spiritual soul)
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3 souls for Aristotle's unity
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Aristotle assumed that the ways in which we think is about reality represents the way reality is
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Aristotle's logic
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The theory that certain knowledge is impossible. Heraclitus, Cratylus, Xenophanes, and Socrates
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Define skepticism and name 4 skeptics
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Realism, Nominalism, and idealism
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3 main positions regarding universals
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This view holds that what exists is either physical or mental, some things such as a human person have both a physical component, add a mental component
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What is dualism
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The theory that only physical entities exist and so cale mental things are manifestations of an underlying physical reality
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Materialism
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This view holds that only the mental or spiritual exists
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Idealism
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I think therefore I am
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Cogitu ergo sum
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There are two parallel and coordinated series of events one mental and the other physical. Interaction between mind and body
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Parallelism
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1. Every claim that something exists 2. Claims can be established only by observation or by casual inference ( you can tell if a car's engine is knocking) 3. Though, knowledge, belief, conception, and judgement each consists in having ideas 4. All ideas are derived from and are copies of impressions of sense or feelings that is perception
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David Hume's four assumptions
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Theory of perception: Analytic: all bachelors are unmarried Synthetic: All bachelors are happy
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Theory of immanuel Kant
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Kant saw it as possible to act on reason alone, and whether or not a person acted morally depended on whether they acted on reason alone
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Difference between Kant and Hume
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How an individual can find an authentic existence in this world in which there is no ultimate reason why things happen one way and not another
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Existentialism
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A psychological theory and therapeutic method developed by Sgimund Freud
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Psychoanalysis
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Judgments, Quantity, Quality, Relationships, Place, Time, Posture, Constitutions, Passivity, and Activity
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10 categories of understanding a things being according to Aristotle
