Flashcards and Answers – Personality
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Personality is best defined as an individual's
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characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
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Freud believed that certain troubling symptoms could be traced to painful unconscious memories. This led him to suspect that these symptoms resulted from
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. psychological processes.
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Evan is so terrified of snakes that he can't go to the zoo for fear of seeing one. Evan can't remember the first time he was afraid of snakes. Evan's inability to recall when his fear began is best explained by which of the following Freudian concepts?
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repression
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Freud suggested that the remembered events and images in our dreams were a censored expression of the dream's
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latent content
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According to Freud's theory, the behavior of a newborn is controlled by
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the id
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Ego is to id as ________ is to ________.
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reality principle; pleasure principle
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Barry is a college freshman who seems more interested in partying with friends than studying, even though he is in danger of failing out of school. Freud would suggest that Barry's focus on present pleasures rather than on future success reveals
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an id-dominated person.
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Freud suggested that in a healthy person the
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ego is stronger than the id and superego.
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According to Freud, understanding how the id, ego, and superego interact is essential to grasping the nature of
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motivational conflict
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Saeb is a high school senior. He impulsively and carelessly spends all his time and money on his girlfriend and his car. Freud would have suggested that Saeb shows signs of a(n)
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weak superego
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Freud suggested that in the process of development, people pass through
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a latency stage before they enter a genital stage.
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According to Freud, boys are most likely to experience the Oedipus complex during the ________ stage.
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phallic
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Melissa is unconsciously fearful that her husband is a better cook than she. Recently, she refused his offer to prepare dinner because, said she, \"You could better spend the time playing with the kids.\" Melissa's comment best illustrates
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rationalization
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Alfred Adler was a neo-Freudian who coined the term
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inferiority complex.
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Both Karen Horney and Alfred Adler placed greater emphasis than did Freud on the role of ________ in personality development
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social interactions
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Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized that personality development is strongly influenced by feelings of inferiority?
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Alfred Adler
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Neo-Freudian personality theorists were most likely to disagree with Freud about the importance of
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childhood sexual instincts.
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Dr. Jordan believes in the importance of the unconscious and in the personality structures of the id, ego, and superego. She doubts sexual conflict shapes personality and focuses on the role of social interaction in personality development. Dr. Jordan is most likely a(n)
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neo-Freudian.
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Carl Jung referred to a shared reservoir of memory traces from our species history as the
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collective unconscious.
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Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized the influence of the collective unconscious in personality development?
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Carl Jung
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The famous test introduced by Hermann Rorschach asks test-takers to respond to
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meaningless inkblots.
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Abraham Maslow studied the lives of Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, and Eleanor Roosevelt in order to understand the nature of
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self-actualization.
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Carl Rogers believed that in order to be a fully-functioning individual, you must
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receive unconditional positive regard.
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According to Carl Rogers, people nurture our growth by being genuine, accepting, and
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empathic.
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Carl Rogers suggested that when the ideal and real self are nearly alike, then
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the self-concept is positive.
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Trait theorists are more concerned with ________ personality than with ________ it.
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describing; explaining
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The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator labels a person who is sympathetic, appreciative, and tactful as a(n) ________ type.
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feeling
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The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is considered a(n)
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objective test.
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A person who is helpful and trusting most clearly ranks high on the Big Five trait dimension known as
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agreeableness
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Emotional instability is most closely related to the Big Five trait dimension of
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neuroticism.
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Being sociable and fun-loving is most closely related to the Big Five trait dimension of
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extraversion
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Walter Mischel's studies of college students' conscientiousness revealed only a modest relationship between a student being conscientious on one occasion and being similarly conscientious on another occasion. According to Mischel, this should make psychologists more cautious about emphasizing the consistency of
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personality traits
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Learned helplessness is MOST likely to be associated with
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an external locus of control.
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Erik Erikson's theory predicted that adolescents are focused on forming a stable identity. This focus may explain why adolescents are especially prone to
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the spotlight effect.
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Religious and ethnic diversity are most likely to be appreciated in a culture characterized by
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. individualism
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According to the social-cognitive perspective, the best predictor of students' academic success in college would be their
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high school grade-point average.
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Within the framework of Bandura's reciprocal determinism, an external locus of control refers to a(n)
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cognitive factor.
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As personality descriptions become more positive, the Barnum effect becomes stronger. This best illustrates
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self-serving bias.
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Which of the following tests was empirically derived?
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MMPI
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Research on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) suggests that it may have limited value as a predictor of future job performance. Such criticisms question this assessment's
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validity
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Carl Rogers would have suggested that many of the defense mechanisms described by Freud are used to minimize the perceived discrepancy between
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the actual self and the ideal self
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Maslow studied the lives of exceptional, healthy, and creative people such as Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, and Eleanor Roosevelt. For this reason, his theories could be criticized for
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reduced generalizability
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Self-actualized people, as described by Maslow, are LEAST likely to
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experience defensive self-esteem.
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Karen Horney emphasized that childhood anxiety is caused by
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a sense of helplessness.
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A religious leader who attempts to overcome his hidden doubts with intense expressions of spiritual certainty illustrates most clearly the defense mechanism of
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reaction formation
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Shortly after receiving a traffic ticket for speeding, Fred made numerous hostile comments to his wife about the incompetence of women drivers. Fred's comments illustrate most clearly the defense mechanism of
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displacement.
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People who score high on the Big Five trait dimension known as ________ are also more likely to be morning types (\"larks\") rather than evening types (\"owls\")
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conscientiousness
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Laura fails to recognize any connection between her unsafe sexual practices and the likelihood of contracting a sexually transmitted infection. Laura's lack of perceptiveness best illustrates the dangers of
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. an external locus of control.
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As a student at East High you are much more likely to view your school as superior to West High. This tendency to see your group as superior is most likely fueled by
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the self-serving bias.
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Individualism is to collectivism as ________ is to ________.
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self-flattery; personal modesty
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Unrealistic optimism could best be described as a(n)
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self-serving bias.
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omar Halasa perceives shy, inhibited styles of behavior to be the interactive outcome of cultural expectations, autonomic nervous system reactivity, and unconscious thought processes. Omar's views best illustrate a(n) ________ approach
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biopsychosocial
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The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classifies people according to personality types identified by
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Carl Jung.
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Twelve-year-old Cawley demonstrates a strongly masculine sense of self-identity even though he was raised without a father or father substitute. This fact represents the most serious threat to ________ theory of personality.
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Sigmund Freud's
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Although Eduardo has repressed his own homosexual desires, he is distressed by a false suspicion that many men frequently stare lustfully at his body. According to psychoanalytic theory, Eduardo's thinking best illustrates
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projection.
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While shopping, Lisa sees a co-worker. Although she sees her co-worker daily, Lisa is suddenly unable to think of her name. Freud would suggest that Lisa's lack of recall was no accident but could be traced to a specific unconscious cause. Freud's belief illustrates which of the following?
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determinism
