question

The discovery of what cellular process confirmed Gregor Mendel's principles of segregation and independent assortment? Meiosis Mitosis Cell cycle Glycolysis DNA synthesis

answer

Meiosis

question

Pasteur's experiments provided data against what theory? The theory of evolution Spontaneous generation Cell theory Bacteria theory Cork theor

answer

Spontaneous generation

question

A dog breeder mates a female champion show dog with a male champion show dog in hopes of getting a puppy that will grow up to be a champion show dog. This is an example of what? Natural selection Artificial selection The evolution of dogs Survival of the fittest None of these

answer

Artificial Selection

question

Environments all over the world may be changing as a result of global warming. If environments change significantly, will this cause natural selection to occur? No. The environment is always changing and there is no reason to believe that there will be any long term effects. Yes. Traits that help individuals produce more offspring in warmer environments will increase in frequency. No. The only change will be that species from hot environments will expand their ranges. Yes. Mutations occur more frequently in hot environments.

answer

Yes. Traits that help individuals produce more offspring in warmer environments will increase in frequency.

question

A friend of yours calls to say that his car would not start this morning. He asks for your help. You say that you think the battery must be dead, and that if so, then jump-starting the car from a good battery will solve the problem. In doing so, you are: stating a hypothesis for why the car won't start. searching for observations that might inspire a hypothesis for why the car won't start. stating a prediction and a specific hypothesis about why the car won't start. performing an experimental test of a hypothesis for why the car won't start

answer

stating a prediction and a specific hypothesis about why the car won't start.

question

The direction of transfer of genetic information in most living things is: protein ? DNA ? mRNA. DNA ? tRNA ? protein. DNA ? mRNA ? protein. protein ? tRNA ? DNA. RNA ? DNA ? mRNA ? protein.

answer

DNA ? mRNA ? protein.

question

How does the word theory in science differ from its use in everyday English? There is no difference — the terms are interchangeable. All scientific theories have stood the test of time and do not have exceptions. Scientific theories are based on guesswork. They have not been rigorously tested. Scientific theories are testable explanations, not speculative guesses

answer

Scientific theories are testable explanations, not speculative guesses.

question

Why is it of vital importance to be conscious of your thinking behavior? For most people, thinking is subconscious; that is, never explicitly put into words. When you are not aware of your thinking you have no chance of 'correcting' it. Most people are 'victims' of their own thinking, harmed rather than helped by it. All of the above are reasons why we should put a great deal of effort into our thinking

answer

All of the above are reasons why we should put a great deal of effort into our thinking.

question

According our discussion in class, which implication is most supported by modern biological science? All living things have a common ancestor. The industrial revolution has irrevocably polluted our planet. Fossil fuels are running out, so we better find alternative energy sources. Nuclear energy produces more pollution than all other energy sources combined.

answer

All living things have a common ancestor.

question

Based on what you now know of critical thinking, which of the following is the most fundamental purpose of Biology 120? So students can fulfill the requirements of your college major. So students can complete a prerequisite for more advanced biology courses. So students can learn how biology is studied and researched using scientific method. It's just another hoop students have to jump through to get a job.

answer

So students can learn how biology is studied and researched using scientific method.

question

What is the role of a purpose in critical thinking?

answer

It defines the goal or objective of thinking.

question

What is the role of a key question in critical thinking?

answer

It is often expressed as hypotheses.

question

What is the role of an assumption in critical thinking?

answer

It allows us to discount variables within the system that we have not directly tested yet or do not quite understand completely.

question

What is the role of a concept in critical thinking?

answer

It is independent from the question being asked, but can be invoked to assist in finding answers.

question

What is the role of a point of view in critical thinking?

answer

It expresses bias that may incorrectly influence our perceptions and our interpretation of experimental results.

question

What is the purpose of the intellectual standards in critical thinking? They ensure that elements of thinking are implemented well. They provide a measure for how well the elements of critical thought have been defined. Their implementation allows reasoning skills to improve and the development of desirable intellectual traits. Their implementation can empower the thinker with the ability to explore their own thoughts and ideas, and to evaluate the world around them. All of the above are correct.

answer

All of the above are correct.

question

The elements of critical thinking must be sequential, starting with purpose and key question. do not have a particular order - you can begin with any of them. include clarity, precision, and accuracy. include humility, fair-mindedness, and completeness.

answer

do not have a particular order - you can begin with any of them.

question

When your thinking is primarily subconscious, thoughts tend not to be explicitly put into words. you have no chance of correcting it. you are in no position to see any problems in it. you won't be motivated to change it. All of the above are correct.

answer

All of the above are correct.

question

The following quote refers to an element of critical thinking: "...a step of the mind, an intellectual act by which one concludes that something is true in light of something else's being true, or seeming to be true." To which element of reason does this quote refer? Humility Implications Inferences Assumptions Fair-mindedness

answer

Inferences

question

Why is it of vital importance to be conscious of your thinking behavior? For most people, thinking is subconscious, that is, never explicitly put into words. When you are not aware of your thinking you have no chance of 'correcting' it. Most people are 'victims' of their own thinking, harmed rather than helped by it. All of the above are reasons why we should put a great deal of effort into our thinking.

answer

All of the above are reasons why we should put a great deal of effort into our thinking.

question

What is the appropriate order of steps in scientific method? Experiment, Question, Data, Conclusion Data, Question, Experiment, Conclusion Experiment, Data, Question, Conclusion Question, Experiment, Data, Conclusion Experiment, Data, Question, Conclusion

answer

Question, Experiment, Data, Conclusion

question

Which of the following is a necessary characteristic of scientific variables? The variable must vary continuously across the independent axis. The variable must be measurable either quantitatively or qualitatively. The variable must vary across space and/or time. The variable must directly or inversely co-vary with another variable. The variable must be measurable either quantitatively or qualitatively AND the variable must vary across space and/or time.

answer

The variable must be measurable either quantitatively or qualitatively AND the variable must vary across space and/or time.

question

All of the following are characteristics that define good scientific questions EXCEPT which one? They are the result of thought exercises and do not have to build on previous knowledge. They are based on observations made in the laboratory or in nature. They are answerable using experimentation or currently accessible knowledge. They are measurable using tools that easily can be developed, or are currently available. They lead to experimentation that seeks to manipulate the value of variables.

answer

They are the result of thought exercises and do not have to build on previous knowledge.

question

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a well thought-out experiment? Researchers can use hypotheses to make predictions about an outcome of an experiment. When they fail to turn out the way you think they should, you have failed. It is based on a key question and a good scientific hypothesis. It tracks the dynamics of a single variable. It includes experimental controls and treatments.

answer

When they fail to turn out the way you think they should, you have failed.

question

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of qualitative measurements? They cannot be assigned a numerical value, but differences among measurements are still discernable. They provide a great deal more information than do quantitative measurements. They cannot be ordered small to large on a continuous scale. Character states or categories have no underlying order. They can include presence/absence information.

answer

They provide a great deal more information than do quantitative measurements.

question

Good scientific questions are based on what? Observations of unexplained phenomena. Previous knowledge. The implications of past experimental results. Repetitive patterns of events. All of the above can be correct.

answer

All of the above can be correct.

question

Which of the following best describes a null hypothesis? A hypothesis that can be used as an experimental control. A hypothesis that predicts the dynamics of a system when it is influenced by extrinsic factors. A hypothesis that can be used as a negative control. A hypothesis that predicts the dynamics of a system in the absence of extrinsic factors. A hypothesis that can be used as a positive control.

answer

A hypothesis that predicts the dynamics of a system in the absence of extrinsic factors.

question

Do all scientific questions result in the testing of alternative hypotheses? Yes. Scientific method dictates that every scientific question requires the testing of hypotheses. Yes. If a question does not resulting the testing of hypotheses, no scientific knowledge is being produced. No. When questions require the detailed characterization of a system, experimentation takes on the form of detailed observations. No. Scientific questions do not have to result in anything in particular.

answer

Yes. Scientific method dictates that every scientific question requires the testing of hypotheses.

question

In the application of critical thinking to the basic steps of scientific method, what is the initial application of point of view? Step 2: Observations of the phenomenon are gathered and recorded. Step 3: A testable hypothesis and its alternative are formulated that offer explanation for the cause of the phenomenon, and allow the researcher to make predictions. Step 4: An experiment is designed by which the alternative hypotheses may be differentiated. Points of view cannot be applied to scientific method. Points of view greatly influence every step of the scientific method, but most greatly when making inferences in step seven and defining implications in step eight.

answer

Points of view greatly influence every step of the scientific method, but most greatly when making inferences in step seven and defining implications in step eight.

question

In the application of critical thinking to the basic steps of scientific method, what is the initial application of assumptions? Step 4: An experiment is designed by which the alternative hypotheses may be differentiated. Step 5: The experiment is carried out to its completion. Step 6: The results of the experiment are gathered, organized, and carefully analyzed. Step 7: Inferences and conclusions are derived from the data. Step 8: The implications of the conclusions are used to derive additional testable hypotheses.

answer

Step 4: An experiment is designed by which the alternative hypotheses may be differentiated.

question

Good scientific hypotheses can include all of the following characteristics EXCEPT which one? They are binary - the null hypothesis and its alternative are complementary such that when you reject one, all that is left is the other. They are rejectable in that by tabulating and analyzing the data, it is possible to reject them under certain circumstances. They can be rejected, but not proven if they are not rejected. They use deductive reasoning to produce powerful, robust conclusions. All of the above can be characteristics of good scientific hypotheses.

answer

All of the above can be characteristics of good scientific hypotheses.

question

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of quantitative measurements? They can be assigned a numerical value. They can be ordered small to large on a continuous scale. One measurement can be differentiated from another by calculating the arithmetic difference between the two. They have discrete character states that cannot be placed on a continuous scale. Differences among alternative character states are discernable, measurable, and can be described with a number.

answer

They have discrete character states that cannot be placed on a continuous scale.

question

In the application of critical thinking to the basic steps of scientific method, what is the initial application of concepts? (Hint: See the list in the introduction to Lesson 3.) Step 1: The scientist asks a question about the cause of a natural phenomenon. Step 3: A testable hypothesis and its alternative are formulated that offer explanation for the cause of the phenomenon, and allow the researcher to make predictions. Step 4: An experiment is designed by which the alternative hypotheses may be differentiated. Step 7: Inferences and conclusions are derived from the data. Step 8: The implications of the conclusions are used to derive additional testable hypotheses.

answer

Step 3: A testable hypothesis and its alternative are formulated that offer explanation for the cause of the phenomenon, and allow the researcher to make predictions.

question

Pasteur's experiment with the swan-necked flask rejected the spontaneous generation hypothesis by demonstrating that Cells can grow in broth after it has been boiled. Cells grow in broth unless the broth is sealed off from the air. Cells grow only in broth exposed to a source of preexisting cells. Bacteria, but not fungi, can grow in broth.

answer

Cells grow only in broth exposed to a source of preexisting cells.

question

Which of the following observations lead to the conclusion that the food competition hypothesis for giraffe neck length might NOT be correct? In the populations studied to date, giraffes never feed high in trees. In certain populations at certain times of the year, only male giraffes feed high in trees. Male and female giraffes spend most of their time feeding low in trees. Giraffes compete with other animals and among themselves for food during the dry season. Giraffes rarely die of starvation, so food availability is unimportant.

answer

Male and female giraffes spend most of their time feeding low in trees.

question

In Pasteur's experiment to test the hypothesis of spontaneous generation of cells, he changed only a single variable. Which one of the following variables did he change? The broth used in each flask. The shape of the flask. How long the broth was boiled. How long the flasks were allowed to sit before being sampled for cells.

answer

The shape of the flask.

question

Pasteur's experiment with the straight-necked flask excluded preexisting cells after boiling. rejected the spontaneous generation hypothesis. rejected the "all cells from cells hypothesis"—the hypothesis that cells arise only from preexisting cells. supported both the spontaneous generation hypothesis and the "all cells from cells" hypothesis.

answer

supported both the spontaneous generation hypothesis and the "all cells from cells" hypothesis.

question

Starting from the wild mustard Brassica oleracea, breeders have created the strains known as brussel sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. Which of the following statements is supported by this observation? In this species, there is enough heritable variation to create a variety of features. Heritable variation is low—otherwise the wild strain would have different characteristics. Natural selection has not occurred very frequently in the wild populations. In this species, most of the variation present is due to differences in soil, nutrition, amount of sunlight, or other aspects of the environment.

answer

In this species, there is enough heritable variation to create a variety of features.

question

Which one of the following predictions follows from the sexual selection hypothesis for why giraffes have long necks? In contests over females, the best-nourished male should always, or almost always, win. In contests over females, the male with the longest neck should always, or almost always, win. In natural populations, female neck length should decline over time. Competition for limited resources during dry seasons has resulted in giraffes eating preferentially from the tops of trees. Young males that are given extra amounts of high-quality food should grow particularly long, strong necks.

answer

In contests over females, the male with the longest neck should always, or almost always, win.

question

Suppose that Zonosemata flies whose own wings had been clipped and reattached were attacked more frequently than untreated Zonosemata flies. How would this affect the reliability of the experimental results? All results for the groups involving wing surgery would be invalid. The reliability of the experimental results would not change. All the results for the experimental groups using houseflies would be unreliable. All the results for the experimental groups using Zonosemata flies would be unreliable.

answer

All results for the groups involving wing surgery would be invalid.

question

Which statement about spontaneous generation is FALSE? Pasteur demonstrated that spontaneous generation does not occur under normal laboratory conditions. Spontaneous generation may have occurred at least once - when life on Earth began. Spontaneous generation occurs every time a new species evolves from a preexisting species. Spontaneous generation addresses the formation of living cells from previously nonliving material

answer

Spontaneous generation occurs every time a new species evolves from a preexisting species.

question

How would the results from the Zonosemata experiment have differed if wing waving alone reduced predation by jumping spiders? Houseflies with Zonosemata wings would be attacked less frequently. Untreated Zonosemata flies would be attacked less frequently. Zonosemata flies with housefly wings would be attacked less frequently. Zonosemata flies with their own wings cut and reglued would be attacked less frequently.

answer

Zonosemata flies with housefly wings would be attacked less frequently.

question

For many years, no one bothered to test the food-competition hypothesis for why giraffes have long necks. Why? Technically it was much too difficult until recently. The hypothesis was so plausible that no one thought to question it. They tried, but the results were inconclusive. The hypothesis doesn't make any clear predictions that can be tested.

answer

The hypothesis was so plausible that no one thought to question it.

question

Recall the chili pepper experiment that tested whether capsaicin acts as a deterrent to predators. What was the rationale for studying the eating habits of the curve-billed thrasher—a known seed disperser? The thrasher should eat mild and hot chilies in order for the chilies' seeds to be dispersed. The thrasher should eat only the mild chilies, because the hot ones could cause damage to its mouth. The thrasher should eat only the hot chilies, because it is capable of finding water very quickly. The thrasher should not eat any of the chilies, because it would destroy the chilies' seeds.

answer

The thrasher should eat mild and hot chilies in order for the chilies' seeds to be dispersed.

question

In the Zonosemata experiment, jumping spiders attacked all untreated houseflies. Suppose that jumping spiders had retreated 75% of the time from untreated houseflies. Which of the following statements best summarizes this result? Something other than wing waving and wing markings reduces predation. The jumping spider may not have been hungry. Spiders avoid preying on houseflies. All of the above could be true.

answer

All of the above could be true.

question

Could both the food competition hypothesis and the sexual selection hypothesis explain why giraffes have long necks? Why or why not? No. In science, only one hypothesis can be correct. No. Observations have shown that the food competition hypothesis cannot be correct. Yes. Long necks could be advantageous for more than one reason. Yes. All giraffes have been shown to feed at the highest possible height and fight for mates.

answer

Yes. Long necks could be advantageous for more than one reason.

question

Nucleic acids are polymers made up of which of the following monomers? nucleotides sugars amino acids nitrogenous bases Nucleotides are the monomers from which nucleic acid polymers are formed.

answer

nucleotides

question

Which of the following includes ALL of the pyrimidines found in RNA and DNA? cytosine and uracil cytosine and thymine cytosine, uracil, and thymine cytosine, uracil and guanine

answer

cytosine, uracil, and thymine

question

Which of the following nitrogenous bases are purines? cytosine and uracil cytosine and thymine cytosine, uracil, and thymine adenine and guanine

answer

adenine and guanine

question

Nucleic acids have a definite polarity, or directionality. Stated another way, one end of the molecule is different from the other end. Why? One end has a hydroxyl group on the 2´ carbon; the other end has a hydrogen atom on the 2´ carbon. One end contains a nitrogenous base; the other end lacks it. One end has an unlinked 3´ carbon; the other end has an unlinked 5´ carbon. One end has a phosphate group; the other end lacks it.

answer

One end has an unlinked 3´ carbon; the other end has an unlinked 5´ carbon.

question

Franklin and Wilkins analyzed DNA by bombarding DNA crystals with X-rays. Their analysis yielded two numbers that sparked interest—3.4 nm and 0.34 nm. What is the significance of these numbers? It turned out to be just a coincidence. DNA molecules are 3.4 nm long and 0.34 nm wide. The width of a DNA molecule is 3.4 nm, whereas the width of a nucleotide monomer is 0.34 m. These numbers tell us there are 10 rungs, or steps, on the DNA "ladder" for every turn of the helix. The 10-to-1 ratio signifies that DNA molecules are ten times longer than they are wide.

answer

These numbers tell us there are 10 rungs, or steps, on the DNA "ladder" for every turn of the helix.

question

By convention, the sequence of bases in a nucleic acid is always written in which direction? amino to carboxyl carboxyl to amino 3´ 5´ 5´ 3´

answer

5´ 3´

question

What is the difference between a ribonucleotide and a deoxyribonucleotide? Ribonucleotides contain a phosphate group. Ribonucleotides have a hydroxyl group on the 2´ carbon of their sugar subunit. Ribonucleotides contain a sugar with five carbon atoms. Ribonucleotides have a hydrogen atom on the 1´ carbon of their sugar subunit.

answer

Ribonucleotides have a hydroxyl group on the 2´ carbon of their sugar subunit.

question

Which of the following best describes DNA's secondary structure? beta-pleated sheet double parallel helical strands turn-loop-turn double antiparallel helical strands

answer

double antiparallel helical strands

question

Which of these scientists was NOT directly involved in the discovery of DNA's structure? James Watson Rosalind Franklin Sidney Altman Francis Crick Maurice Wilkins

answer

Sidney Altman

question

Consider a fragment of DNA that has a total of 16 bases, eight on each antiparallel strand. Five bases are adenines and three are cytosines. How many hydrogen bonds would there be in this fragment between purine/pyrimidine pairs? 15 16 19 21

answer

19

question

A nucleotide is made up of which of the following subunits? a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. a 5-carbon sugar, three phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base. a 5-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base. a 5-carbon sugar, an amino group, and an "R-group".

answer

a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

question

Why do many researchers consider RNA to be the best candidate for the first life-form? It is simple in structure. It may have been capable of self-replication and catalysis. It carries more information than any other molecule. All of its nucleotide components have been created under laboratory conditions that mimic early Earth.

answer

It may have been capable of self-replication and catalysis.

question

Which of the following did Watson and Crick know when they were trying to determine the structure of DNA? The number of purines is always larger than the number of pyrimidines. The number of pyrimidines is always larger than the number of purines. The number of cytosines is always the same as the number of adenines. The number of guanines is always the same as the number of thymines. The number of purines is always the same as the number of pyrimidines.

answer

The number of purines is always the same as the number of pyrimidines.

question

You are studying a protein that is shaped like a doughnut. The shape is a function of which level(s) of protein structure? primary only secondary only tertiary only secondary and tertiary only primary, secondary, and tertiary

answer

primary, secondary, and tertiary

question

How does the structure of an amino acid affect its most common function in cells? It can serve a wide variety of functions in a cell, because it contains the atoms most commonly found in organisms (C, H, N, and O). Because both carboxyl and amino groups are present, polymerization is exergonic. In addition, the presence of a side chain makes the molecule soluble in water. The presence of carboxyl and amino groups gives it the ability to form peptide bonds, and its side chain gives it unique chemical properties. Because each amino acid contains a variety of functional groups, they can participate in a wide variety of chemical reactions.

answer

The presence of carboxyl and amino groups gives it the ability to form peptide bonds, and its side chain gives it unique chemical properties.

question

Why are polymerization reactions endergonic? They reduce entropy. They release heat, making the reactant monomers move faster. Because the condensation and hydrolysis reactions are equally spontaneous. Because polymers are energetically more stable and have lower potential energy than monomers.

answer

They reduce entropy.

question

At the pH found in cells (about 7.0), what happens to the amino group on an amino acid? It acts as a base and gains a proton, giving it a positive charge. It acts as an acid and loses a proton, giving it a negative charge. It is reduced, and tends to act as an electron donor in redox reactions. It remains neutral, like water, and does not have a charge.

answer

It acts as a base and gains a proton, giving it a positive charge.

question

Which of the following is NOT true when comparing an uncatalyzed reaction to the same reaction with a catalyst? The catalyzed reaction will be faster. The catalyzed reaction will have a different G. The catalyzed reaction will have lower activation energy. The catalyzed reaction will not consume any of the catalyst.

answer

The catalyzed reaction will have a different G.

question

In solution, why do hydrolysis reactions occur more readily than condensation reactions? Hydrolysis increases entropy and is exothermic. Hydrolysis raises G, or Gibbs free energy. Hydrolysis decreases entropy and is exothermic. Hydrolysis increases entropy and is endothermic.

answer

Hydrolysis increases entropy and is exothermic.

question

Which of the following best describes secondary structure in proteins? It is the number of amino acids present in the complete protein. It is the number of peptide bonds in the complete protein. It is the sequence of amino acids in the complete protein. It is the -helices and -pleated sheets in the complete protein.

answer

It is the -helices and -pleated sheets in the complete protein.

question

Why do the proteins found in cells contain only the left-handed optical isomers of amino acids? The right-handed optical isomers are not nearly as stable. The right-handed optical isomers are not capable of forming peptide bonds. The right-handed optical isomers are only found in nucleic acids. No one knows.

answer

No one knows.

question

When polymerization of a protein is complete, but the protein is still completely linear, what is the highest level of structure that has been completed? primary secondary tertiary quaternary

answer

primary

question

A certain enzyme has a total of four active sites. When you denature the molecule and study its composition, you find that each active site occurs on a different polypeptide. Which of the following hypotheses does this observation support? The enzyme is subject to allosteric regulation. The enzyme requires a cofactor to function normally. The protein's structure is affected by temperature and pH. The protein has quaternary structure.

answer

The protein has quaternary structure.

question

HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. In the mid-1990s, researchers discovered an enzyme in HIV called protease. Once the enzyme's structure was known, researchers began looking for drugs that would fit into the active site and block it. If this strategy for stopping HIV infections were successful, it would be an example of what phenomenon? vaccination poisoning allosteric regulation competitive inhibition

answer

competitive inhibition

question

At the pH found in cells (about 7.0), what happens to the carboxyl group on an amino acid? It acts as a base and gains a proton, giving it a positive charge. It acts as an acid and loses a proton, giving it a negative charge. It is oxidized, and tends to act as an electron acceptor in redox reactions. It remains neutral, like water, and does not have a charge.

answer

It acts as an acid and loses a proton, giving it a negative charge.

question

What type of interaction is directly responsible for the formation of secondary structure? peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids peptide bonds between nonadjacent amino acids hydrogen bonds between sections of the polypeptide backbone hydrogen bonds between side chains of amino acids

answer

hydrogen bonds between sections of the polypeptide backbone

question

The term carbohydrate is very appropriate because of which of the following characteristics of sugars? They all have the general formula (CH2O)n. They all have the general formula (C2H2O2)n. They all have the general formula (C2HO)n. They all have the general formula (CHO2)n.

answer

They all have the general formula (CH2O)n.

question

Which of the following can vary among monosaccharides? the number of carbon atoms the presence of a carbonyl group the presence of hydroxyl groups all of the above

answer

the number of carbon atoms

question

Which of the following sugars might have the formula c6h12o6? triose pentose hexose heptose

answer

hexose

question

What is the difference between a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, and a polysaccharide? The number of carbon atoms in the molecule. The type of glycosidic linkage between monomers. The spatial arrangement of the various hydroxyl residues in the molecule. The number of monomers in the molecule.

answer

The number of monomers in the molecule.

question

Enzymes that readily break starch apart cannot hydrolyze the glycosidic linkages found in cellulose. Why is this logical? The geometry of the bonds is different, and the shapes of enzyme active sites are highly specific. Starch is held together by hydrogen bonding, not covalent bonding. Cellulose molecules are highly branched, and enzymes are too bulky to fit. Starch is held together by peptide bonds, not glycosidic linkages.

answer

The geometry of the bonds is different, and the shapes of enzyme active sites are highly specific.

question

Which of the following statements about monosaccharide structure is true? Aldoses and ketoses differ in the position of their hydroxyl groups. A six-carbon sugar is called a pentose. Monosaccharides can be classified according to the spatial arrangement of their atoms. All monosaccharides contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms.

answer

Monosaccharides can be classified according to the spatial arrangement of their atoms.

question

What is the major structural difference between starch and glycogen? The types of monosaccharide subunits in the molecules. The type of glycosidic linkages in the molecule. Whether glucose is in the - or - form. The amount of branching that occurs in the molecule.

answer

The amount of branching that occurs in the molecule.

question

What type of bond allows sugars to polymerize? glycosidic linkage phosphodiester bond peptide bond hydrogen bond

answer

glycosidic linkage

question

Peptidoglycan forms sheets that stiffen the cell walls of bacteria. How is the formation of sheets possible? The polysaccharides in peptidoglycan are highly branched and form a network. The glycosidic linkages between monosaccharides in peptidoglycan are extraordinarily strong. Individual strands are joined by peptide bonds—a type of covalent bond. The polysaccharides in peptidoglycan form helical structures, as in cellulose.

answer

Individual strands are joined by peptide bonds—a type of covalent bond.

question

Scientists believe polysaccharides played little role, if any, in chemical evolution. Which of the following is NOT true of polysaccharides, leading scientists to discount them as the first life-forms? They are incapable of catalyzing chemical reactions. Because there is no complementary pairing between monosaccharides, they cannot provide the information for copying themselves. The formation of glycosidic linkages between monosaccharides has been observed only with complex enzymes that would have come after chemical evolution—during biological evolution. Polysaccharides are polymers, meaning they contain many monomer subunits. Polymers have never been observed to form, in any type of molecule, under laboratory conditions.

answer

Polysaccharides are polymers, meaning they contain many monomer subunits. Polymers have never been observed to form, in any type of molecule, under laboratory conditions.

question

Which of the following structural features is common to cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan? They are all composed of glucose in either the ?- or ?- form. They all contain peptide bonds. They can all form bonds between molecules that create parallel strands. They all form highly branched fibers.

answer

They can all form bonds between molecules that create parallel strands.

question

A glycosidic linkage is analogous to which of the following in proteins? An amino group A peptide bond A disulfide bond A -pleated sheet

answer

A peptide bond

question

Which molecule is NOT a carbohydrate? Cellulose Starch Lipid Glycogen

answer

Lipid

question

According to the philosophy of Scientific Method, observing natural phenomena and coming up with a plausible explanation is not enough. Why? You must test the associated hypothesis and reject its alternative before you can accept it. You must perform a controlled experiment in the laboratory before you can accept it. You must collect data by observing nature before you can accept it. You must isolate or control the applicable variables to ensure that results are unambiguous. Each of the above options may be correct depending on the key question and hypotheses under consideration.

answer

Each of the above options may be correct depending on the key question and hypotheses under consideration.

question

Which of the following is a desirable characteristic of dependent variables? The experimenter manipulates dependent variables one at a time. As the independent variable changes, the dependent variable will change as well. As the independent variable changes, there is no change in the dependent variable. The values of dependent variables are known before the experiment begins and will not change during the course of the experiment.

answer

As the independent variable changes, the dependent variable will change as well.

question

Which of the following statements best describes an independent variable? It is the variable that the experimenter chooses to manipulate. It is the variable that the experimenter measures during experimentation. If graphed, it is the variable charted on the y-axis. If placed in a table, its units are usually listed in the headings of columns.

answer

It is the variable that the experimenter chooses to manipulate.

question

In the example of the equation of a line, y=mx+b, which variable is the independent variable? y m x b

answer

x

question

What aspect of experimental design is important for establishing a high degree of confidence in your experimental results? That effort is made to repeat the experiment to demonstrate the results are the same each time the experiment is performed. That effort is made to investigate how broadly experimental conclusions may be applied by testing hypotheses with other groups of subjects or species. That effort is made to independently verify the results in another setting and by another researcher. All of the above are important aspects of experimental design for ensuring confidence in experimental results.

answer

All of the above are important aspects of experimental design for ensuring confidence in experimental results.

question

How should experimental treatments and controls differ? You can always accurately predict the results of controls groups. You collect information for both treatments and controls, so they do not really differ. They should differ in just the one aspect that probes the key question being asked. Both 'a' and 'b' are correct.

answer

They should differ in just the one aspect that probes the key question being asked.

question

Why should every controlled experiment have a negative control? To ensure that a contaminant or variable the researcher did not consider is not significantly affecting the results of the experiment. To show that the act of performing the experiment is not affecting its results. To ensure that the experimental procedure is actually doing what the researcher thinks it is doing. To demonstrate that the dependent variable is significantly influenced by the independent variable.

answer

To ensure that a contaminant or variable the researcher did not consider is not significantly affecting the results of the experiment.

question

Why is careful consideration (critical thinking) necessary in designing appropriate experiments and defining key questions? It's not necessary because designing appropriate experiments is pretty easy. Although the purpose may be quite general, the key question must be specific and may probe only a portion of the scope covered by the purpose. Key questions are defined after the experiment is complete, so critical thinking is necessary for designing experiments that successfully define key questions.

answer

Although the purpose may be quite general, the key question must be specific and may probe only a portion of the scope covered by the purpose.

question

Why did the results of the Zonosemata experiment imply that both wing bands and wing-waving were important for predator avoidance? Because only the positive and experimental controls produced positive results. They didn't - only wing-waving was found to be important. They didn't - only wing bands were found to be important. Because only the negative control produced negative results.

answer

Because only the positive and experimental controls produced positive results.

question

During experiments, what are used as standards for evaluating experimental observations? Parameters Controls Dimensions Treatments

answer

Controls

question

Which of the following statements best describes an independent variable? It is the variable that the experimenter chooses to manipulate. It is the variable that the experimenter measures during experimentation. If graphed, it is the variable charted on the y-axis. If placed in a table, its units are usually listed in the headings of columns.

answer

It is the variable that the experimenter chooses to manipulate.

question

In the example of the Zonosemata flies, which control was used to evaluate the effect of the experimental process? The untreated Zonosemata The untreated housefly The housefly with Zonosemata wings The Zonosemata with its own wings reglued The Zonosemata with housefly wings

answer

The Zonosemata with its own wings reglued

question

What aspect of sampling is important to consider every time you design an experiment? That each potential subject has an equal chance of being chosen as a test subject. That a sufficient number of test subjects are chosen to avoid the effect of variables that cannot be controlled by the experimenter. That the potential subjects with the most positive anticipated results are placed in the positive control. Both 'a' and 'b' are important aspects to consider when designing an experiment.

answer

Both 'a' and 'b' are important aspects to consider when designing an experiment.

question

What is used to evaluate the effect of the experimental process on the test subjects? Negative controls Positive controls Experimental controls Experimental treatments

answer

Experimental controls

question

According to the philosophy of Scientific Method, observing natural phenomena and coming up with a plausible explanation is not enough. Why? You must test the associated hypothesis and reject its alternative before you can accept it. You must perform a controlled experiment in the laboratory before you can accept it. You must collect data by observing nature before you can accept it. You must isolate or control the applicable variables to ensure that results are unambiguous. Each of the above options may be correct depending on the key question and hypotheses under consideration.

answer

Each of the above options may be correct depending on the key question and hypotheses under consideration.

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