Pathophysiology Test 2 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Anaplasia is recognized by loss or organization and a marked increase in nuclear size. T or F
answer
True
question
A hallmark of cancer cells is their immortality. T or F
answer
True
question
For the function of tumor suppressor genes to be lost, only one chromosome (allele) of the gene must be inactivated. T or F
answer
False
question
Most cancers must acquire mutation in six distinct areas: growth signals, antigrowth signals, evading apoptosis, replicating ability, angiogenesis, and invasion and metastasis. T or F
answer
True
question
There is no current evidence that associates obesity with cancer formation. T or F
answer
False
question
The term "neoplasm" can refer to a benign tumor. T or F
answer
True
question
The extracellular compartment contains approximately two thirds of the body water in healthy adults and is the larger of the two compartments. T or F
answer
False
question
Potassium is the most abundant cation in the body. T or F
answer
False
question
Edema of the brain, larynx, or lungs is not an acute life-threatening condition. T or F
answer
False
question
Polydipsia is a term that means excessive thrist. T or F
answer
True
question
Antidiuretic hormone has no direct effect on electrolyte levels. T or F
answer
True
question
A person with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) usually craves cold drinks. T or F
answer
True
question
Pituitary adenomas are malignant tumors. T or F
answer
False
question
Decreased vascular volume would yield manifestations such as full and bounding pulses, venous distension, and signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema, such as shortness of breath, crackles, dyspnea, and cough. T or F
answer
False
question
Thyroid carcinoma, although rare, is the most common endocrine malignancy. T or F
answer
True
question
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the capacity to generate multiple cell types. T or F
answer
True
question
DNA synthesis takes place during the G0 phase of the cell cycle. T or F
answer
False
question
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is characterized by increased levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). T or F
answer
True
question
The inflammatory phase of wound healing prepares the wound environment for the healing process. T or F
answer
True
question
The formation of granulation tissue involves the creation of new capillaries. T or F
answer
True
question
A large surface wound is likely to heal by the process of primary intention. T or F
answer
False
question
Cancer is a disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth. T or F
answer
True
question
Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are the only identified treatment modalities for cancer. T or F
answer
False
question
The Papanicolaou test is a cytologic method used to detect cancer cells. T or F
answer
True
question
Cell differentiation is the process whereby proliferating cells are transformed into different and more specialized cell types. T or F
answer
True
question
Benign neoplasms are less differentiated tumors that grow in a crab-like manner to invade surrounding tissues, have cells that break loose and travel to distant sites to form metastases, and inevitably cause suffering and death unless their growth can be controlled through treatment. T or F
answer
False
question
What are characteristics of cancer in situ? a. Cells have broken through the local basement membrane. b. Cells have invaded immediate surrounding tissue. c. Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells. d. Cellular and tissues changes indicate dysplasia.
answer
c
question
Cells from a muscle tumor show a reduced ability to form new muscle and appear highly disorganized. This is an example of: a. dysplasia. b. hyperplasia. c. myoplasia. d. anaplasia.
answer
d
question
What are tumor cell markers? a. Hormones, enzymes, antigens, and antibodies produced by cancer cells b. Receptor sites on tumor cells that can be identified and marked c. Cytokines produced against cancer cells d. Identification marks used in administering radiation therapy
answer
a
question
How are tumor cell markers used? a. To provide a definitive diagnosis of cancer b. To treat certain types of cancer c. To predict where cancers will develop d. To screen individuals at high risk for cancer
answer
d
question
Intestinal polyps are benign neoplasms and the first stage in development of colon cancer. These findings support the notion that: a. cancers of the colon are more easily diagnosed in the benign form because they can be visualized during colonoscopy. b. an accumulation of mutations in specific genes is required for the development of cancer. c. tumor invasion and metastasis progress more slowly in the gastrointestinal tract. d. apoptosis is triggered by diverse stimuli including excessive growth.
answer
b
question
What is autocrine stimulation? a. The ability of cancer cells to stimulate angiogenesis to create their own blood supply b. The ability of cancer cells to stimulate secretions that turn off normal growth inhibitors c. The ability of cancer cells to secrete growth factors that stimulate their own growth d. The ability of cancer cells to divert nutrients away from normal tissue for their own use
answer
c
question
Many cancers create a mutation of ras. What is ras? a. A tumor suppressor gene b. A growth promoting gene c. An intracellular signaling protein that regulates cell growth d. A cell surface receptor that allows signaling to the nucleus about cell growth
answer
c
question
Which are cancers arising from connective tissue tissues? a. Osteogenic sarcoma b. Basal cell carcinoma c. Multiple myeloma d. Adenocarcinoma
answer
a
question
What are oncogenes? a. Genes that have undergone mutation that direct the synthesis of protein to accelerate the rate of tissue proliferation b. Genes that direct synthesis of proteins to regulate growth and provide necessary replacement of tissue c. Genes that encode proteins that negatively regulate the synthesis of proteins to show or halt replacement of tissue d. Genes that have undergone mutation to direct malignant tissue toward blood vessels and lymph nodes for metastasis
answer
a
question
Carcinoma refers to abnormal cell proliferation originating from which tissue origin? a. Blood vessels b. Epithelium cells c. Connective tissue d. Glandular tissue
answer
b
question
Inherited mutations that predispose to cancer are almost invariably what kind of gene? a. Proto-oncogenes b. Oncogenes c. Tumor suppressor genes d. Growth promoting genes
answer
c
question
Target cells for parathyroid hormone (PTH) are located in the: a. tubules of nephrons. b. thyroid gland. c. glomeruli of nephrons. d. smooth and skeletal muscles.
answer
a
question
How does chronic inflammation cause cancer? a. By vasodilation and increased permeability that alter cellular response to DNA damage b. By liberating lysosomal enzymes when cells are damaged, which initiates mutations c. By releasing compounds such as reactive oxygen species that promote mutations d. By increasing the abundance of leukotrienes that are associated with some cancers
answer
c
question
What are characteristics of benign tumors? a. They invade local tissues. b. They spread through lymph. c. They cause systemic symptoms. d. They have a low mitotic index.
answer
d
question
Which of the following represents the correct nomenclature for benign and malignant tumors of adipose tissue, respectively? a. Liposarcoma, lipoma b. Lipoma, liposarcoma c. Adisarcoma, adipoma d. Adipoma, adisarcoma
answer
b
question
Most human cancers appear to arise via: a. autosomal recessive gene inheritance. b. spontaneous gene mutations. c. X-linked recessive gene inheritance. d. autosomal dominant gene inheritance.
answer
b
question
Smoking is associated with cancers of all of the following except: a. lung. b. skin. c. bladder. d. kidney. e. pancreas.
answer
b
question
The major virus involved in cervical cancer is: a. herpes simplex virus type 6. b. herpes simplex virus type 2. c. human papillomavirus. d. human immunodeficiency virus.
answer
c
question
The Papanicolaou (Pap) test is used to screen for which cancer? a. Ovarian b. Uterian c. Cervical d. Vaginal
answer
c
question
What effect does hyperphosphatemia have on other electrolytes? a. It increases serum calcium. b. It decreases serum calcium. c. It decreases serum magnesium. d. It increases serum magnesium.
answer
b
question
Which electrolyte does insulin transport in the cell? a. Potassium b. Calcium c. Sodium d. Magnesium
answer
a
question
What are the effects of high levels of aldosterone? a. Hypokalemia and alkalosis b. Hyperkalemia and alkalosis c. Hyperkalemia and acidosis d. Hypokalemia and acidosis
answer
a
question
What effect does aldosterone have on fluid and electrolyte imbalances? a. It directly increases magnesium reabsorption. b. It directly increases calcium reabsorption. c. It directly increases sodium reabsorption. d. It directly increases water reabsorption.
answer
c
question
What tumor causes amenorrhea, galactorrhea, hirsutism, and osteopenia? a. Posterior pituitary adenoma b. Thymoma c. Prolactinoma d. Growth hormone adenoma
answer
c
question
An adult female had a thyroidectomy this morning. She develops muscle spasms, increased deep tendon reflexes, and laryngeal spasm. What is the most common cause of these findings? a. Calcium deficit due to reduced parathormone b. Overuse of radioactive iodine given pre-operatively c. A history of insufficient dietary intake of iodine d. An increase in serum phosphorous caused by reduced calcitonin
answer
a
question
What are the effects of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)? a. Solute retention and water retention b. Solute retention and water loss c. Solute dilution and water retention d. Solute dilution and water loss
answer
c
question
The nurse is evaluating a patient with oat cell adenocarcinoma of the lung for syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Which of the following laboratory values would the nurse expect to find if the patient had SIADH? a. Hypernatremia and urine hypo-osmolality b. Serum K+ 5 and urine hyperosmolality c. Serum Na+ 120 and serum hypo-osmolality d. Hypokalemia and serum hyperosmolality
answer
c
question
A patient with a closed head injury secondary to a motorcycle accident has a urine output of 6 to 8 L/day and electrolytes are within normal limits. The nurse draws a serum ADH level and conducts a water deprivation test. With no intake for 4 hours, there is no change in the patient's polyuria. The serum ADH level is low. These are an indication of: a. neurogenic diabetes insipidus. b. syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). c. psychogenic polydipsia. d. osmotically induced diuresis.
answer
a
question
What is the most probable cause of low serum calcium following thyroidectomy? a. Hyperparathyroidism secondary to Graves' disease b. Myxedema secondary to surgery c. Hypoparathyroidism caused by surgical injury d. Hypothyroidism caused by lack of thyroid replacement
answer
c
question
A neoplasm of mesenchymal origin a. Adenocarcinoma b. Chondroma c. Fibroma d. glioma e. sarcoma
answer
e
question
Labile cells exist here a. brain b. Liver c. Heart d. GI tract e. Blood
answer
d and e
question
What is the end product?pluripotent stem cell > myeloid stem cell > erythroblast > reticulocyte > ??? a. Eosinophil b. neutrophil c. megakaryocyte d. erythrocyte e. lymphocyte
answer
d
question
A decrease in the absolute number of cells a. Hypertrophy b. Hypotrophy c. Hyperplasia d. Hypoplasia e. Metaplasia
answer
d
question
Neoplasm of gland tissue or gland pattern a. glioma b. chondroma c. adenocarcinoma d. sarcoma e. fibroma
answer
c
question
Loss of differentiation
answer
Anaplasia
question
Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth
answer
Autocrine stimulation
question
Cells that vary in size and shape
answer
Pleomorphic
question
Unaltered normal allele
answer
Proto-oncogene
question
Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity
answer
Caretaker gene
question
_________ tissues contain cells that normally stop dividing when growth ceases.
answer
stable
question
The extracellular _______ is secreted locally and assembles into a network of spaces surrounding tissue cells during the process of tissue regeneration.
answer
matrix
question
When regeneration cannot occur, healing by replacement with a connective tissue occurs, a process that terminates in __________ formation.
answer
scar
question
The term ________ factor is generally applied to small hormone like proteins that increase cell size and cell division.
answer
growth
question
An abnormality in healing by scar tissue repair is the formation of __________, which are benign tumor like masses caused by excess production of scar tissue.
answer
keloids
question
The process of _________ a tumor involves the microscopic examination of cancer cells to determine their level of differentiation and the number of mitoses.
answer
grading
question
In general, benign tumors usually are named by adding the suffix "_________" to the parenchymal tissue type from which the growth originated.
answer
-oma
question
The term ___________ is used to describe the development of a secondary tumor in a location distant from the primary tumor.
answer
metastasis
question
_____________ spread would involve metastasis that occurs by way of the blood vessels.
answer
hematogenic
question
_______________ syndromes are defined as the production of signs and symptoms at sites that are not directly affected by the disease or cancer.
answer
paraneoplastic
question
Diabetes insipidus is a condition that is caused by a deficiency or a decreased response to the hormone __________, also known as vasopressin.
answer
ADH
question
The most serious effect of hyperkalemia is on ________ function.
answer
cardiac
question
Serum ________ levels are directly or indirectly regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D.
answer
calcium
question
Respiratory acidosis is characterized by a decrease in _______ levels, reflecting a decrease in ventilation and increase in PCO2.
answer
pH
question
Vomiting, removal of gastric secretions through the use of nasogastric suction, and low potassium levels resulting from diuretic therapy are the most common causes of __________ alkalosis in hospitalized patients.
answer
metabolic
