Patho Quiz 1-4 – Flashcards
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An ordered photographic display of a set of chromosomes from a single cell is a: disjunction proband. karyotype. trisomy 23. autosomal spread.
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Karyotype
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A 75-year-old male presents with chest pain with exertion. He was previously diagnosed with arteriosclerosis (narrowing and blockage of the vessels). The chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury secondary to: ischemia. free radicals. chemical toxicity. malnutrition.
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Ischemia
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Natriuretic hormones affect the balance of: magnesium. sodium. potassium. calcium.
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Sodium
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How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes? By active transport requiring ATP By diffusion By coupled channels By passive electrolyte channels
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By active transport requiring ATP
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The role of physical activity in the prevention of colon cancer is identified by which of the following? It increases gut motility thereby decreasing the time the bowel is exposed to mutagens. It increases blood supply thereby increasing oxygen to the colon. It increases the secretion of hydrochloric acid thereby killing mutants. It increases fluid loss leading to thirst and increased fluid intake, hydrating the colon.
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It increases gut motility thereby decreasing the time the bowel is exposed to mutagens
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Which of the following compounds has been shown to increase the risk of cancer when used in combination with smoking? Hypnotics Alcohol Antihistamines Steroids
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Alcohol
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When an aide asks why carcinomas rarely occur in childhood, how should the nurse respond? (Select all that apply.) Carcinomas need a long time from exposure to occurrence. Carcinomas cannot develop in an immunosuppressed environment. Carcinomas are due to environmental exposures. Carcinomas are mesodermal. Carcinomas occur primarily in secondary sexual organs.
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Carcinomas need a long time from exposure to occurrence Carcinomas are due to environmental exposures
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An athlete runs a marathon, after which his muscles feel fatigued and unable to contract. The athlete asks the nurse why this happened. How should the nurse respond? A deficiency in ________ can cause impaired muscle contraction. AMP GMP GTP ATP
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ATP
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The faculty member asked the student to identify the appropriate term for the movement of small, electrically uncharged molecules through a semipermeable barrier. Which answer indicates the nursing student understood the teaching? Active transport Osmosis Diffusion Hydrostatic pressure
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Diffusion
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A patient receives a hypertonic saline solution intravenously to replace the sodium and chloride lost in the stool. What effect will this fluid replacement have on cells? Cells will shrink. Cells will become hydrated. Cells will divide. Cells will swell or burst.
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Cells will shrink
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What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that initiates an action potential? Potassium gates open, and potassium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive. Sodium gates close, allowing potassium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative. Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive. Potassium gates close, allowing sodium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative.
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Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive.
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The nurse is teaching staff about the most common cause of Down syndrome. What is the nurse describing? Maternal translocations Maternal nondisjunction Paternal nondisjunction Paternal translocations
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Maternal nondisjunction
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An aide asks the nurse why people who have neurofibromatosis will show varying degrees of the disease. Which genetic principle should the nurse explain to the aide? Expressivity Penetrance Dominance Recessiveness
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Expressivity
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A child is born with blue eyes (bb). The child's mother has blue eyes and the father has brown eyes. Which of the following represents the father? BB Bb bb Bbb
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Bb
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A biologist is explaining how RNA directs the synthesis of protein. Which process is the biologist describing? Translation Transcription Translocation Termination
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Translation
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When the nurse is teaching the staff about X-linked recessive disorders, which information should the nurse include? (Select all that apply.) The trait never skips generations. The gene can be transmitted through a series of carrier females. The gene is passed from an affected father to all his daughters. The trait is never transmitted from father to son. The trait is seen much more often in females than in males
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The gene can be transmitted through a series of carrier females. The gene is passed from an affected father to all his daughters. The trait is never transmitted from father to son.
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A 52-year-old male suffered a myocardial infarction secondary to atherosclerosis and ischemia. Once oxygen returned to the damaged heart, reperfusion injury occurred as a result of: Increased metabolic state Lipid acceptor proteins Vacuolation Free radical formation
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Free radical formation
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A common pathway of irreversible cell injury involves increased intracellular: Sodium Magnesium Calcium Potassium
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Ca
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A 55-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is examined for respiratory disturbance. Examination of his airway (bronchial) reveals that stratified squamous epithelial cells have replaced the normal columnar ciliated cells. This type of cellular adaptation is called: Dysplasia Metaplasia Hyperplasia Anaplasia
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Metaplasia: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, sometimes a less differentiated cell type.
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A nurse is teaching the staff about antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which information should the nurse include? Secretion of ADH is stimulated by: Generalized edema Decreased renal blood flow Increased serum potassium Increased plasma osmolality
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Increased plasma osmolality: ADH is secreted when plasma osmolality increases or circulating blood volume decreases and blood pressure drops.
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Which statement by the staff indicates teaching was successful concerning aldosterone? Secretion of aldosterone results in: Increased blood volume Increased serum potassium levels Localized edema Decreased plasma osmolality
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Increased blood volume: Aldosterone promotes renal sodium and water reabsorption and excretion of potassium, thus, increasing blood volume.
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Which of the following patients is the most at risk for developing hypernatremia? A patient with: Diuretic use Dehydration Vomiting Hypoaldosteronism
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Dehydration
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For a patient experiencing metabolic acidosis, the body will compensate by: Hyperventilating Secreting aldosterone Retaining CO2 in the lungs Excreting H+ through the kidneys
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Hyperventilating: In an attempt to compensate for metabolic acidosis, the lungs hyperventilate to blow off CO2.
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A 54-year-old male with a long history of smoking complains of excessive tiredness, shortness of breath, and overall ill feelings. Lab results reveal decreased pH, increased CO2, and normal bicarbonate ion. These findings help to confirm the diagnosis of: Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory alkalosis Metabolic acidosis Respiratory acidosis
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Respiratory acidosis: A decreased pH indicates acidosis. With increased CO2, it is respiratory acidosis.
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Water movement between the ICF and ECF compartments is determined by: Buffer systems Antidiuretic hormone Osmotic forces Plasma oncotic pressure
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Osmotic forces
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When planning care for a dehydrated patient, the nurse remembers the principle of water balance is closely related to _____ balance. Potassium Chloride Sodium Bicarbonate
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Na
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The predominant phagocyte of early inflammation is the: Macrophage Eosinophil Neutrophil Lymphocyte
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Neutrophil
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A 25-year-old female experiences a headache and takes Advil for relief. A nurse recalls Advil relieves the headache by: Increasing platelet-activating factor Decreasing prostaglandin production Decreasing leukotriene production Increasing histamine release
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Decreasing prostaglandin production
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The nurse identified each of the following clinical manifestations of inflammation. Which would the nurse classify as a local response? (Select all that apply.) Heat Pain Fever Redness Swelling
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Heat Pain Redness Swelling
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A 10-year-old male is stung by a bee while playing in the yard. He experiences a severe allergic reaction and has to go to the ER. The nurse providing care realizes this reaction is the result of: IgA IgE Toxoids IgM
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IgE
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Which patient will develop active immunity? A patient who: Has T cells that become B cells Has natural exposure to an antigen or receives an immunization Receives immunoglobulin Receives preformed antibodies or T cells from a donor
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Has natural exposure to an antigen or receives an immunization
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When the immunoglobulin crosses the placenta, what type of immunity does the fetus receive? Cell-mediated Innate Passive Active
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Passive
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When a nurse cares for a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the nurse remembers this disease is an example of: Alloimmunity Homoimmunity Autoimmunity Alleimmunity
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Autoimmunity
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When a nurse notices that a patient has type O blood, the nurse realizes that anti-_____ antibodies are present in the patient's body. B only O A and B A only
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A and B
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A 15-year-old male suffers from severe hemorrhage following a motor vehicle accident. He is given a blood transfusion, but shortly afterward the red blood cells are destroyed by agglutination and lysis. Which of the following blood type-transfusion type matches would cause this? B-O A-A AB-O A-AB
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A-AB: A person with type A blood also has circulating antibodies to the B carbohydrate antigen. If this person receives blood from a type AB or B individual, a severe transfusion reaction occurs, and the transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by agglutination
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After studying about viruses, which information indicates the student has a good understanding of viruses? Viruses: Replicate their genetic material inside host cells Are capable of independent reproduction Are easily killed by antimicrobials Contain no DNA or RNA
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Replicate their genetic material inside host cells
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What common symptom should be assessed in individuals with immunodeficiency? Autoantibody production Hypersensitivity Recurrent infections Anemia
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Recurrent infections
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A 10-year-old male is stung by a bee while playing in the yard. He begins itching and develops pain, swelling, redness, and respiratory difficulties. He is suffering from: Anaphylaxis Tissue-specific hypersensitivity Immunodeficiency Autoimmunity
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Anaphylaxis
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A 45-year-old female was recently diagnosed with cervical cancer. She reports a sexual history that includes 43 partners. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her cancer? Hepatitis B virus Rubella virus Herpes virus Human papillomavirus (HPV)
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HPV
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A 45-year-old male presents with persistent, severe stomach pain. Testing reveals a peptic ulcer. Further laboratory tests reveal the presence of Helicobacter pylori. Which of the following is of concern for this patient? Leukemia Gastric cancer Lung cancer Adenocarcinoma of the colon
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Gastric cancer
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Which information indicates a nurse understands characteristics of malignant tumors? Grows slowly Is well-differentiated Has a well-defined capsule Has a high mitotic index
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Has a high mitotic index: Malignant tumors grow rapidly.Malignant tumors are not encapsulated.Malignant tumors are poorly-differentiated.
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A 30-year-old female is diagnosed with cancer. Testing reveals that the cancer cells have spread to local lymph nodes. A nurse realizes this cancer would be documented as stage: 4 2 1 3
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3: Cancer that has spread to regional structures, such as lymph nodes, is stage 3.Cancer confined to the organ of origin is stage 1.Cancer that is locally invasive is stage 2.Cancer that has spread to distant sites, such as a liver cancer spreading to lung or a prostate cancer spreading to bone, is stage 4.
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Which information should the nurse include when teaching about angiogenic factors? In cancer, angiogenic factors stimulate: New blood vessel growth Release of growth factors Apoptosis Tumor regression
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New blood vessel growth
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In response to an increased workload, cardiac myocardial cells will: increase in size. increase in number. increase in excitability. decrease in length.
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increase in size (which is why some heart walls are thicker than others)
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Effects of elevated b-endorphins include: peripheral vasoconstriction. hyperglycemia. decreased immune cell activity. pain inhibition.
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pain inhibition
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A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the following will facilitate his continued muscle performance? Aerobic glycolysis Anaerobic glycolysis Electron-transport chain Oxidative phosphorylation
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Anaerobic glycolysis
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An epidemiological study reveals that a large population of people carry the same genetic mutation but only 75% of the people with that mutation express the disease. This finding can be described as which of the following? Hidden phenotype Karotypic malformation Incomplete penetrance Variable expressivity
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Incomplete penetrance
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A 23-year old diabetic male presents with a 3-day history of flu-like symptoms. His blood sugar is elevated and the arterial blood gas (ABG) values reveal a decreased pH, normal CO2, and decreased bicarbonate ion. The most likely diagnosis is: respiratory alkalosis. metabolic alkalosis. respiratory acidosis. metabolic acidosis.
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metabolic acidosis
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A nurse is reviewing the pedigree chart. When checking for a proband, what is the nurse looking for? The person who is first diagnosed with a genetic disease The codominance The individual who has a disease gene but is phenotypically normal The phenotype of genetic material
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The person who is first diagnosed with a genetic disease
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A 20 year old patient asks the nurse about side effects of the flu vaccine. The nurse knows that possible side effects include: pain at the injection site. an Australian accent. inability to ambulate in a forward direction. dystonia.
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Pain at the injection site
