PATHO FINAL CHAPTERS 21, 25, 27, 28 – Flashcards
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What is the most common cause of endocrine abnormalities?
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benign tumor
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Choose the statement that applies to Type I diabetes mellitus
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onset often occurs during childhood
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Which of the following does NOT usually develop as a complication of diabetes?
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osteoporosis
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Why is amputation frequently a necessity in diabetics?
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necrosis and gangrene in the feet and legs
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Which one of the following develops hypoglycemia more frequently?
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Type I diabetics
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Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes diabetes insipidus?
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deficit of ADH
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Which of the following applies to acromegaly?
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It results from excessive secretion of GH.
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Which of the following may cause goiter?
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- hyperthyroidism - hypothyroidism - lack of iodine in the diet
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Which signs are typical of Graves' disease?
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exophthalmos, heat intolerance, and restlessness
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Characteristics of Cushing's syndrome include all of the following EXCEPT:
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staring eyes with infrequent blinking
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What is caused by hyperparathyroidism?
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bone demineralization
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidney?
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production of albumin
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Which of the following describes the normal flow of urine?
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collecting duct to the renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder
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Which statement about the bladder is TRUE?
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Three openings from the urinary bladder form the trigone
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What would be the long-term effects of chronic infection or inflammation of the kidneys?
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gradual necrosis, fibrosis, and development of uremia
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Which of the following is a predisposing factor to bladder cancer?
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exposure to chemicals and cigarette smoke
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Which of the following is related to Wilms' tumor?
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a genetic defect
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Which of the following is a significant indicator of renal insufficiency?
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increased serum urea and creatinine
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The normal pH of urine is:
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4.5- 8.0
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Wilms' tumor is:
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an encapsulated mass in one kidney
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Reduced urine output resulting from inflammation and necrosis of the tubules is called:
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oliguria
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For patients with bladder cancer, the bladder should be _____________ during whole-bladder radiation.
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empty
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The most common type of kidney tumor is:
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Adenocarcinoma
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Which of the following may result from cryptorchidism?
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infertility and testicular cancer
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Which of the following applies to benign prostatic hypertrophy?
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manifestations include hesitancy, dribbling, and frequency
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Why does frequency occur with benign prostatic hypertrophy?
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incomplete emptying of the bladder
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Which of the following is the common first site for metastasis from prostatic cancer?
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bone
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What is a useful serum marker during treatment for prostatic cancer?
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prostate-specific antigen
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Which of the following is a common complication of leiomyomas?
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abnormal bleeding such as menorrhagia
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Which of the following refers to fibrocystic breast disease?
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progressive development of fluid-filled cysts and fibrous tissue
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Which of the following applies to carcinoma of the breast?
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Tumor cells may demonstrate estrogen receptors on the membrane.
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Which is considered to be the stage of carcinoma in situ in cervical cancer?
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noninvasive severe dysplasia
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What is a major predisposing factor to cervical cancer?
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infection with HPV
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What is a significant early sign of endometrial carcinoma?
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minor vaginal bleeding or spotting
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Benign prostatic hypertrophy usually progresses to prostatic cancer.
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false
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A hard nodule in the peripheral area of the prostate gland is typical of:
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a malignant tumor
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Testicular cancer usually spreads first to the:
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pelvic lymph nodes
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How do testicular tumors usually present?
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hard, painless unilateral mass
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Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation may be used in cases of breast cancer in order to:
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destroy any micrometastasis
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Ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis because:
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vague signs and hidden location lead to late diagnosis
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Specific genetic links have been shown for:
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testicular cancer breast cancer prostatic cancer
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Adenocarcinomas make up the most common cancers found in the:
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prostate
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The most common pathology of malignant tumors of the prostate is:
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adenocarcinoma
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The prostate gland is located _________ to the rectum.
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anterior
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Define cryptorchidism
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maldescent of the testis, this occurs when one of the testes fails to descend into the normal position in the scrotum during the later part of pregnancy
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What is BPH
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hyperplasia of the prostatic tissue with the formation of nodules surrounding the urethra; enlargement of the prostate gland common in men over 50 years, generally causes narrowing of the urethra
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What is the most common malignancy of males in the U.S.
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prostate cancer
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What are the signs and symptoms of prostate cancer?
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a hard nodule in the periphery of the gland, often in the posterior lobe, may be detected on digital rectal exam. As the tumor develops, some obstruction occurs producing signs of hesitancy, decreased urine stream, urinary frequency or bladder infection.
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What diagnostic tests are used in the detection and diagnosis of prostate cancer?
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for screening: 2 serum markers are helpful in detection: prostatic specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase; bones and monoclonal antibody scans are also useful for detection. Complete physical and rectal exams are mandatory, histologic confirmation is needed for diagnosis through a sonography-guided needle biopsy, an MRI may also be used to evaluate patients
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What are the treatment options for prostate cancer?
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Radical prostatectomy (surgery) and radiation (including implants) are the treatment of choice. There is risk of impotence or incontinence. When the tumor is androgen sensitive, removal of the testes or anti-testosterone drug therapy may be suggested to reduce hormonal effects. Chemotherapy is also undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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What are the signs and symptoms of testicular cancer?
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hard, painless, usually unilateral masses. The testis may be enlarged or feel heavy. Eventually there may be a dull aching pain in the lower abdomen. In some cases, a hydrocele or epididymitis may develop because of inflammation or gynecomastia may become evident if hormones are secreted by the tumor.
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What are fibroids?
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benign tumors of the myometrium, the cause of which is unknown, but are hormone dependent. Growth of fibrous or scar tissue related to collagen deposits
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9. What are the management options for prostate cancer?
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Radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy; but patients were managed without any specific anticancer treatments until symptoms developed. Because prostate cancer has a slow clinical progression, observation is the reasonable measure for patients older than 75
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10. What is the most common malignancy in women in the U.S.
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breast cancer
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List the accessory structures of the skin
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appendages: hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands and the nails
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What is Mycoses Fungoides? And what are the treatment options?
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chronic progressive lymphoma arising in the skin. Initially, the disease stimulates eczema or other inflammatory dermatoses. In advanced cases, ulcerated tumors and infiltrations of lymph node may occur.
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What are the warning signs of skin cancer?
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--a sore throat that does not heal. --A change in the shape, size, color, and texture of a lesion, especially an expanding, irregular circumference or surface. --New moles or odd-shaped lesions that develop --A skin lesion that bleeds repeatedly, oozes fluid, or itches
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Which type of skin cancer is the most common?
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basal cell carcinoma
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Which type of skin cancer is the most lethal?
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malignant melanoma
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What are the ABCD signs that a mole may be Melanoma.
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A= (asymmetry: one half of the mole doesn't match the other half) **per textbook* A= area of the mole in increased B= border is irregular C= color is changed in mole D= diameter of the mole is increased (*newer addition*) E= evolution; has the tumor changed in size, shape, symptoms, surface, or color
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Describe malignant melanoma
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this type of cancer arises from melanocytes and development depends on genetics factors, exposure to UV rays and hormonal influences. It often appears as a multi-colored lesion with irregular borders and grow quickly, extending down into the tissues, metastasizing into the regional lymph nodes and then onward to other organs, leading to poor prognosis
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What causes actinic keratoses and what type of cancer may it develop into?
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the face or upper trunk
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[Xeroderma] Pigmentosum
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rare disease of the skin starting in childhood marked by disseminated pigment discolorations, ulcers, cutaneous, and muscular atrophy and death
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Albinism
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results from recessive trait leading to a lack of melanin production. A person with this trait has white skin and hair and lacks pigment in the iris of the eye
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actinic keratosis
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warty lesions or areas of red, scaly, patches occurring on the sun-exposed skin of the face or hand of older, light-skinned individuals
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Bowen disease
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precancerous dermatosis or carcinoma in situ characterized by the development of pink or brown papules covered with a thickened, horny layer
